This document summarizes a research study that assessed the impact of public sector interventions on business start-up rates among university entrepreneurship graduates in Nigeria. The study used a mixed-methods approach, surveying 391 graduates and interviewing 10. The results found that graduates exhibited high levels of entrepreneurial awareness and willingness to start businesses despite challenges in Nigeria's business environment. The study recommends that the government continue supporting university entrepreneurship programs and work to address obstacles in the business environment hindering new venture formation.
Many organizations and institutions are struggling to survive in a business and market environment
which is volatile and fierce, and thus they are doing everything within their means in their quest to keep the
motivation levels of their staff high and to ensure an increase in their competitiveness and an improvement in
performance. Several studies indicate that improved employee performance gives organizations an age over and
above the others in the same business
An Investigation of the Effect of Challenges Encounters Female Entrepreneuria...AkashSharma618775
The participation of females in entrepreneurial activities is such a satisfying ideal that has proven to
convey positive contribution towards economic process. To ascertain this; the subject matter has presented herein.
Such presentation has been done by giving detailed analysis of the effects of challenges encounters female
entrepreneurial taking Malaysia, which is one of the transformed economies as the country of context. There is a
promising growth in entrepreneurial activities in the recent years in Malaysia; yet, this growth has seen to have
many male entrepreneurs leaving females with minimal rate of participation. There are challenges identified,
evaluated and analyzed to be the very reasons that leads to this scenario. The study employed three challenges
called economic, resource and cultural extracted from Isa et al., (2018); the challenges which are henceforth
implemented as independent variables (IVs) of the study. The study has found the significant correlation between
each of these IVs (EoC) and its subject matter; that’s female entrepreneurial (FE) in Malaysia the DV with the
significant levels of 0.026 and 0.012 respectively. The extent of effects was regretted to be 62% within the inverse
correlation of 0.89 to mean that the increase of EoC results to the decrease of FE and the decrease of EoC leads to
the increase of FE. The statistical analytics were measured using SPSS and data were secondarily reviewed from
the study of Hossain et al., (2018). For further researches; an expansion to reach other stakeholders like police
makers and officers of financial institutions has been recommended because, this study has been established on the
mere perspectives and opinions of entrepreneurs and not other stakeholders of entreprenerial activities.
An Exploratory Study of Factors Influencing Corporate Sustainability on busin...AkashSharma618775
This study evaluates the effect of corporate sustainability on business performance of manufacturing
industries in USA, from 2012 to 2015. These Manufacturing industries are listed in Corporate Social
Responsibility Hub (CSRHub), Morning Star and Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). All data used in this report
were extracted from 37 manufacturing companies’ Sustainability, corporate social responsibility (CSR) and
annual reports. These companies are of diverse sectors such as Automobile, Health care, consumer goods, food,
beverages and technology. Quantitative method of research is used in this study; this also includes the use of
explanatory and descriptive research design. The main issues to be discussed in this study are Donation, Incident
rate reduction and Water Recycled as the independent variables, while Revenue is the dependent variable. Data
analysis was carried out using the regression analysis, descriptive statistics and correlation. E-views software
generated the data for further analysis. The findings imply that donation has a positive insignificance effect on
revenue, reduced incident rate reduction had positive significance effect on revenue and water recycling has
negative insignificant effect on revenue. In the future researches, larger samples of companies form diverse sectors
and subsectors should be studied to broaden the research on company performance especially the non-financial
aspect.
Audit Committee Characteristics and Financial Performance of Deposit Money Ba...AkashSharma618775
The purpose of this study was to assess the predictive power of audit committee features on the financial
performance of listed Deposit Money Banks (DMBs) in Nigeria between 2009 and 2018. Thirteen (13) banks were
used over 10 years making a total of 130 firm year observation. The independent variable was audit committee
size, while the dependent variable was DMB financial performance measured by return on capital employed
(ROCE). The study used an ex-post factor research approach to address the research questions and the nature of
the study data. The study used the panel fixed effect approach (and the estimates were obtained using E-views 9).
The results show that audit committee size does not significantly predict ROCE nor does audit committee financial
skill and frequency of audit committee meetings. None of the independent variables have significant predictive
power on the performance of Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria. Thus, instead of DMBs focusing on expanding the
members of Audit committee, they should instead consider other things that can be done to have an effective audit
committee, such as gender, religion, region, ownership, etc that could possibly influence the performance of banks
in Nigeria.
In technological developments and the demands of the times, it requires the Regional Secretariat of
East Java Province to have a strategy to provide excellent service to the citizens of East Java. Not achievement
yet of the predicate as a Regional Government with Excellent Service and the existence of various problems and
public complaints related to the public service bureaucracy triggers and spurs the East Java Provincial
Government to realize competitive organizational performance
Exposure to financial distress in businesses adversely affects the groups related to the business and
the general economic structure. Financial distress, which is one of the most important research topics in the
recent finance literature, has always been important in economies with high cyclical fluctuations such as Turkey
and has turned into an area where intensive studies are carried out
Government Intervention, Subjective Norms and the Entrepreneurial Intentions ...ijtsrd
The economic situation presently in Nigeria is such that there is massive youth unemployment and underemployment in Nigeria. The situation as a result has made it difficult to access assistance from family and friends. The main objective of this paper was the investigation of the effect of government interventions and subjective norms on the entrepreneurial intentions of graduates of Nigeria Universities. A sequential mixed research design was adopted. A structured questionnaire was used to elicit responses from graduates of two universities located in Anambra State, Nigeria. A census of the 391 graduates was conducted. Interviews were conducted using ten selected purposively graduates from the sample. Statistical Package for Social Sciences was used to carry out moderated and mediated regression analyses. The data collected were analysed to enable the assessment of the impact of government intervention and subjective norm predictor on entrepreneurial intention dependent variable . The results showed significant mediated and moderated relationships which implied that government intervention explained the relationship between this predictor and subjective norm, and the entrepreneurial intention. It was the finding of the study that there is a need for government to urgently ensure a conducive environment that provides the improvement of the economic situation, thereby generally giving hope to the youths and enabling family and friends to be able to encourage, advise, and give financial support to the graduates. Government should be sincere and equitable in the distribution of intervention programmes targeting youths and the graduates and should guarantee equity in the implementation of government programmes. Uzoka, Onyechi Leonard | Nwaizugbo, I. Chukwudi "Government Intervention, Subjective Norms and the Entrepreneurial Intentions of Nigerian University Graduates" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43691.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commanagement/other/43691/government-intervention-subjective-norms-and-the-entrepreneurial-intentions-of-nigerian-university-graduates/uzoka-onyechi-leonard
Many organizations and institutions are struggling to survive in a business and market environment
which is volatile and fierce, and thus they are doing everything within their means in their quest to keep the
motivation levels of their staff high and to ensure an increase in their competitiveness and an improvement in
performance. Several studies indicate that improved employee performance gives organizations an age over and
above the others in the same business
An Investigation of the Effect of Challenges Encounters Female Entrepreneuria...AkashSharma618775
The participation of females in entrepreneurial activities is such a satisfying ideal that has proven to
convey positive contribution towards economic process. To ascertain this; the subject matter has presented herein.
Such presentation has been done by giving detailed analysis of the effects of challenges encounters female
entrepreneurial taking Malaysia, which is one of the transformed economies as the country of context. There is a
promising growth in entrepreneurial activities in the recent years in Malaysia; yet, this growth has seen to have
many male entrepreneurs leaving females with minimal rate of participation. There are challenges identified,
evaluated and analyzed to be the very reasons that leads to this scenario. The study employed three challenges
called economic, resource and cultural extracted from Isa et al., (2018); the challenges which are henceforth
implemented as independent variables (IVs) of the study. The study has found the significant correlation between
each of these IVs (EoC) and its subject matter; that’s female entrepreneurial (FE) in Malaysia the DV with the
significant levels of 0.026 and 0.012 respectively. The extent of effects was regretted to be 62% within the inverse
correlation of 0.89 to mean that the increase of EoC results to the decrease of FE and the decrease of EoC leads to
the increase of FE. The statistical analytics were measured using SPSS and data were secondarily reviewed from
the study of Hossain et al., (2018). For further researches; an expansion to reach other stakeholders like police
makers and officers of financial institutions has been recommended because, this study has been established on the
mere perspectives and opinions of entrepreneurs and not other stakeholders of entreprenerial activities.
An Exploratory Study of Factors Influencing Corporate Sustainability on busin...AkashSharma618775
This study evaluates the effect of corporate sustainability on business performance of manufacturing
industries in USA, from 2012 to 2015. These Manufacturing industries are listed in Corporate Social
Responsibility Hub (CSRHub), Morning Star and Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). All data used in this report
were extracted from 37 manufacturing companies’ Sustainability, corporate social responsibility (CSR) and
annual reports. These companies are of diverse sectors such as Automobile, Health care, consumer goods, food,
beverages and technology. Quantitative method of research is used in this study; this also includes the use of
explanatory and descriptive research design. The main issues to be discussed in this study are Donation, Incident
rate reduction and Water Recycled as the independent variables, while Revenue is the dependent variable. Data
analysis was carried out using the regression analysis, descriptive statistics and correlation. E-views software
generated the data for further analysis. The findings imply that donation has a positive insignificance effect on
revenue, reduced incident rate reduction had positive significance effect on revenue and water recycling has
negative insignificant effect on revenue. In the future researches, larger samples of companies form diverse sectors
and subsectors should be studied to broaden the research on company performance especially the non-financial
aspect.
Audit Committee Characteristics and Financial Performance of Deposit Money Ba...AkashSharma618775
The purpose of this study was to assess the predictive power of audit committee features on the financial
performance of listed Deposit Money Banks (DMBs) in Nigeria between 2009 and 2018. Thirteen (13) banks were
used over 10 years making a total of 130 firm year observation. The independent variable was audit committee
size, while the dependent variable was DMB financial performance measured by return on capital employed
(ROCE). The study used an ex-post factor research approach to address the research questions and the nature of
the study data. The study used the panel fixed effect approach (and the estimates were obtained using E-views 9).
The results show that audit committee size does not significantly predict ROCE nor does audit committee financial
skill and frequency of audit committee meetings. None of the independent variables have significant predictive
power on the performance of Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria. Thus, instead of DMBs focusing on expanding the
members of Audit committee, they should instead consider other things that can be done to have an effective audit
committee, such as gender, religion, region, ownership, etc that could possibly influence the performance of banks
in Nigeria.
In technological developments and the demands of the times, it requires the Regional Secretariat of
East Java Province to have a strategy to provide excellent service to the citizens of East Java. Not achievement
yet of the predicate as a Regional Government with Excellent Service and the existence of various problems and
public complaints related to the public service bureaucracy triggers and spurs the East Java Provincial
Government to realize competitive organizational performance
Exposure to financial distress in businesses adversely affects the groups related to the business and
the general economic structure. Financial distress, which is one of the most important research topics in the
recent finance literature, has always been important in economies with high cyclical fluctuations such as Turkey
and has turned into an area where intensive studies are carried out
Government Intervention, Subjective Norms and the Entrepreneurial Intentions ...ijtsrd
The economic situation presently in Nigeria is such that there is massive youth unemployment and underemployment in Nigeria. The situation as a result has made it difficult to access assistance from family and friends. The main objective of this paper was the investigation of the effect of government interventions and subjective norms on the entrepreneurial intentions of graduates of Nigeria Universities. A sequential mixed research design was adopted. A structured questionnaire was used to elicit responses from graduates of two universities located in Anambra State, Nigeria. A census of the 391 graduates was conducted. Interviews were conducted using ten selected purposively graduates from the sample. Statistical Package for Social Sciences was used to carry out moderated and mediated regression analyses. The data collected were analysed to enable the assessment of the impact of government intervention and subjective norm predictor on entrepreneurial intention dependent variable . The results showed significant mediated and moderated relationships which implied that government intervention explained the relationship between this predictor and subjective norm, and the entrepreneurial intention. It was the finding of the study that there is a need for government to urgently ensure a conducive environment that provides the improvement of the economic situation, thereby generally giving hope to the youths and enabling family and friends to be able to encourage, advise, and give financial support to the graduates. Government should be sincere and equitable in the distribution of intervention programmes targeting youths and the graduates and should guarantee equity in the implementation of government programmes. Uzoka, Onyechi Leonard | Nwaizugbo, I. Chukwudi "Government Intervention, Subjective Norms and the Entrepreneurial Intentions of Nigerian University Graduates" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43691.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commanagement/other/43691/government-intervention-subjective-norms-and-the-entrepreneurial-intentions-of-nigerian-university-graduates/uzoka-onyechi-leonard
Integration of Traditional Business School Models to Entrepreneurship Develop...ijtsrd
This paper advocates the possibility of integrating the models of traditional business school to entrepreneurship development and job creation in Nigeria. Drawing insights from extensive review of literature, the paper utilizes secondary data in its analytical discourse. The papers theoretical foundation was Theodore W. Schultzs human capital theory formulated in 1961, and results from the paper showed that government policies can encourage the survival and expansion of MSMEs in Nigeria. Based on the research done for this paper, it was suggested that the government can utilize the innovative spirit of entrepreneurship present in the Igbo apprenticeship system to create policies that will bring the vast majority of the informal sector into the formal economy, where there can be better coordination and regulation to ensure the sectors continued success and growth. It was also suggested that current entrepreneurial opportunities like digital marketing and sales, ICT, web development, digital data management, etc. be incorporated into the curriculum development of schools, universities, and other vocational and technical colleges. This is in addition to honing attention on tried and true methods of skill development like cooking and handiwork. Obi, Emeka Francis | Prof. Emma E. O. Chukwuemeka "Integration of Traditional Business School Models to Entrepreneurship Development and Job Creation in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-4, August 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd58612.pdf Paper Url:https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/58612/integration-of-traditional-business-school-models-to-entrepreneurship-development-and-job-creation-in-nigeria/obi-emeka-francis
THE ROLE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF NIGERIANAJHSSR Journal
: Entrepreneurial industries was selected one from each Geo political zone in Nigeria with
population of 387 on the whole descriptive survey design was used and correlation coefficient was used in
determining the relationship between these variable and economic development in Nigeria. Entrepreneurship, all
over the world is acclaimed as a significant factor in economic development. Entrepreneurship does not only
increase per capital income it also increases factor utilization. It is also a veritable change agent of the structure
of business and society. As a change agent it acts as a catalyst for the generation of new ideas, products,
methods of production and the distribution of the products so produced. The jobs created, the new technologies
developed, the improved production method, the increase in output both in terms of quantity and quality are all
the ingredients for economic growth and development. The paper has explored the roles of entrepreneurship at
different sectors of the economy. In carrying out the research this paper is of the view that because of the
capacity of entrepreneurship to generate increased output, its ability to create jobs through formation of new
enterprises, to facilitate transfer of technology or adoption of technology, to invigorate large scale enterprises, to
harness resources, that might otherwise be latent and to stimulate growth in those sectors which supply it with
input; because it is able to encourage and sustain economic dynamism that enables a country to adjust
successfully in a rapidly changing global economy, entrepreneurial development is a sine qua non in the
development of any country especially, a developing country. Conclusion were made and the study
recommended that more job opportunity will be created policies strengthened, environment should be improved
for financing and investment welcomed.
Role of Finance and Organizational Climate on Entrepreneurial Development amo...ijtsrd
Entrepreneurship is a key driver of economic growth and economic development. It is also a medium through which unemployment can be reduced and innovation can be promoted. It is a fact to say that entrepreneurship is a panacea for poverty reduction and eradication which is one of the cardinal eight point agenda of Millennium Development Goals. Entrepreneurship is seen as a key vehicle for employment creation, creation of economic wealth, and an essential means of enhancing the innovation dynamics in the local, regional and national economies Chris 2010 . Entrepreneurship provides a satisfying and rewarding working life, provides a flexible lifestyle and considerable business autonomy. It is becoming an increasingly important career option for unemployed people, secondary school and university graduates. At the national level, entrepreneurial activity contributes to economic growth and economic development Chris 2010 . Many researchers have written extensively on entrepreneurship and its effectiveness to the development of any given economy. Akanni 2008 further opined that the experiences of developed economies in relation to the roles played by entrepreneurship buttresses the fact that the significance of entrepreneurship cannot be overemphasize particularly among developing countries. In order to highlight its importance in relation to the growth and development of a given economy, entrepreneurship has been variously referred to as "source of economic growth". This is because entrepreneurial activities have been found to be capable of making positive impact on the economy of a nation and the quality of life of the people Adejumo, 2000 . Ojo Adeshina Akinwumi | Abifarin Olusola Michael | Dr. Okoklie Emmanuel Azuka "Role of Finance and Organizational Climate on Entrepreneurial Development among Selected Residents" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30297.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/30297/role-of-finance-and-organizational-climate-on-entrepreneurial-development-among-selected-residents/ojo-adeshina-akinwumi
This accelerates the employment generation and economic development. Entrepreneurship Development focuses on the individual who wishes to initiate or expand a business. SME development, on the other hand, it focuses on developing the enterprise, whether or not it employs or it is led by the individuals who can be considered entrepreneurial. Moreover, Entrepreneurship Development concentrates more on growth potential and innovation than the SME development does. However, many of the lessons learned from the experiences in both types of development are similar(Ojea, 2015).
Promoting Economic Security and Employment Generation through Effective Manag...iosrjce
This paper focused on promoting economic security and employment generation through effective
management of education and entrepreneurial skills in Nigeria. Highlighted in the paper were some means
through which economic security, employment generation and entrepreneurial skills could be enhanced for
students in tertiary institutions. The definition of some terms was outlined. Further discussed in the paper were:
the importance of developing entrepreneurial skills curriculum in education; managing education through
effective utilization of entrepreneurship education for promotion of economic security and employment
generation; and the challenges affecting effective utilization of entrepreneurship education for promotion of
economic security and employment generation. Some recommendations were proffered towards managing
education through effective utilization of entrepreneurship education as means for promoting economic and
employment generation. Among such recommendations included: education stakeholders and government
should ensure adequate funding of education; and effective propagation and utilization of entrepreneurship
education into the school curricular. This should be done throughout all the levels of education from basic
education, secondary education and higher education in order to inculcate into individuals entrepreneurial
skills that will promote economic security and employment generation.
Entrepreneurship Intention among Undergraduate Students of Selected Universit...ijtsrd
Global entrepreneurship monitor showed that there is a need to introduce entrepreneurship early in universities. This paper discussed four objectives, risk taking, creativity, and innovation that will contribute to the success of intention of university graduates which will help them to embrace entrepreneurship early and become successful in life and be self employed to reduce the cluster of pilling up seeking for a white collar job. This work examined entrepreneurship intention amongst undergraduates of selected universities in Anambra State theoretical framework was based on theory of Plan behaviour. The population of the study was 1929, the sample was determined using Borh and Gall of 1973 to be 371, data was generated by the use of questionnaire and was analysed using table and percentage further multiple regression analysis was conducted to test the hypothesis, multiple regression analysis was also used to access relative predictive power of independent variables on dependent variables. The result shows that Risk taking has a significant positive effect on the intentions of undergraduate students of selected universities in Anambra state. Creativity has a significant positive effect on intentions of undergraduate of selected universities in Anambra state. Innovativeness has a significant positive effect on the intentions of undergraduates of selected universities in Anambra state. The study concluded that with a more positive relationship with entrepreneurship and these variables it has a greater chance of success. The study recommended that efforts should be made by various universities mainly those selected in Anambra State to create awareness and help undergraduates to have an interest in entrepreneurship all added on their curriculum to help the student master what is involved in entrepreneurship early and embrace it for better living. Chinwe Gloria Obananya "Entrepreneurship Intention among Undergraduate Students of Selected Universities in Anambra State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd55115.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/55115/entrepreneurship-intention-among-undergraduate-students-of-selected-universities-in-anambra-state/chinwe-gloria-obananya
THE POLICY OF NATIONAL DIRECTORATE OF EMPLOYMENT: FOCUS ON THE AGRICULTURAL A...jpsjournal
The study aimed at assessing the distribution of the Rural Agricultural Development Training Scheme v(RADTS) of the Nigerian National Directorate of Employment based on gender across the states of the federation between 2011 and 2014. In pursuit of the objective of the study, data will be collected from a
secondary source and the annual report of the directorate will be consulted. The paper posits that the directorate has a well-focused Rural Agricultural Development Training Scheme but with a lot of gender disparity. It further reveals that 30 states out of 36 states and FCT enjoy a steady male dominance over the
females in the distribution of the scheme of the directorate. It recommended that the technique used in the distribution of the scheme by the directorate be reviewed in other to correct the existing lopsidedness.
The study was carried out to explore the relationship between entrepreneurship and sustainable development in
Nigeria based on the Dangote phenomenon. Entrepreneurship implicates the state of being an entrepreneur. The
entrepreneurship process leads to employment generation and poverty reduction all of which help in sustainable
development, which is the type of development that protects the environment, meets the current needs of society and
also enables future generations to meet their own needs. Entrepreneurship is concerned with change because it is
capable of creating opportunities and threats. The consequences of change may present viable business opportunities
or render current products or services obsolete. Therefore, a meaningful entrepreneurship research must provide
necessary information about successful entrepreneurs as a guide. The qualitative case study approach was employed
for the study, empirical literature provided relevant information for analysis and it was found that entrepreneurship
has significant positive relationship with sustainable development.
Various Variables to Trigger Entrepreneurial Intention for Young Entrepreneur...inventionjournals
Indonesia faces major problems related to the development of the entrepreneurial spirit of the young people. To Strengthen Indonesia's competitiveness at the global level, the strengthening of the entrepreneurial movement should be as the main agenda and to be done consistently. The majority of the Indonesian population is the group of young people. So, a systematic effort to foster an interest in entrepreneurship of a young people is required. This study examines various variables triggering the growing of entrepreneurship intention of the young entrepreneurs in East Java. This study found that family support is a major factor for strengthening the young entrepreneurs' intention in entrepreneurship. The study also showed that entrepreneurship education and social environmental support as an initial trigger which influence the growth of entrepreneurial intention of young entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship education will influence the personality of the young entrepreneurs, while the environmental support will influence the entrepreneurial attitude of the young entrepreneurs. Furthermore, personality and entrepreneurial attitude will influence the growth of entrepreneurial intention. Based on this study, it is suggested that entrepreneurship education needs to be done earlier, ranging from primary education to the higher education. Furthermore, there should be further studies, specifically intended to strengthen entrepreneurship education and strengthen the role of the environment to foster entrepreneurship intention.
Corporate Social Sustainability Practice and Financial Performance of Consume...ijtsrd
Background Sustainability practice deals with the measurement, analysis and communication of interactions and links between social, environmental and economic issues constituting the three dimensions of sustainabilityAim This study empirically investigated the relationship between corporate social sustainability practice and financial performance of listed consumer goods firms’ in Nigeria. The study is vital as it portrays the extent to which corporate social sustainability practice influences firms’ performance. In order to determine the relationship between corporate social sustainability practice CSSP and firms’ performance, corporate social sustainability disclosure index by GRI was used while firms’ performance on the other hand was represented by return on equity ROE . Materials and Methods Four hypotheses were formulated to guide the investigation and the statistical test of parameter estimates was conducted using OLS regression model operated with STATA 15. Ex Post Facto design was adopted and data for the study were obtained from the Nigerian Stock Exchange Factbook and the published annual financial reports of the entire listed consumer goods firms on NSE with data spanning from 2016 2021. Results The finding generally indicates that human rights disclosure, labour practices and decent work disclosure, product responsibility disclosure and societal disclosure have significant influence on firms’ performance ROE at 1 5 significant level. Conclusion Based on the findings of the study, the study concludes that corporate social sustainability practice has positively improved firms performance over the years. Recommendation The study however suggests that firms should disclose more of this information in their annual reports in order to legitimize their operations by making public known about her commitment of business to contribute to sustainable economic development, working with employees, their families and the local communities as this disclosure is relevant for investors decision making. Obiora Fabian. | Onuora, J. K. J. | Egwuom Mary Jane. I "Corporate Social Sustainability Practice and Financial Performance of Consumer Goods Firms in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49501.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/49501/corporate-social-sustainability-practice-and-financial-performance-of-consumer-goods-firms-in-nigeria/obiora-fabian
Entrepreneurial Orientation and Performance of Small and Medium Scale Enterpr...YogeshIJTSRD
Ineffective and poor entrepreneurial orientation seems to adversely affect performance of small and medium scale enterprises SMEs in Nigeria. Thus, the study was designed to examine relationship that exists between entrepreneurial orientation and performance of SMEs in South Eastern Nigeria. The study adopted a survey research design. The target population of the study comprised of 35,535 SMEs in South East Nigeria with a sample of 396 respondents, arrived at using Taro Yamane Formula. Data was collected using structured questionnaire and analyzed using, frequency, percentage and mean. Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was used to test the hypotheses at 5 level of significance. Results indicated that there exist a strong positive relationship between strategic orientation and market expansion of SMEs r=0.76, p value 0.05 and that there exist a strong positive relationship between market orientation and market sustainability of SMEs business activities r=0.83, p value 0.05 The study concluded that entrepreneurial orientation has positive impact on the performance of SMEs in South East Nigeria and recommended among others that SMEs need to embrace entrepreneurial orientation, strategic orientation and market orientation, to improve business performance. Chinedu Cosmas Onyemesi | Michael Augustine Ikon "Entrepreneurial Orientation and Performance of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMES) in South-Eastern Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43904.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/business-economics/43904/entrepreneurial-orientation-and-performance-of-small-and-medium-scale-enterprises-smes-in-southeastern-nigeria/chinedu-cosmas-onyemesi
10 Video Ideas Any Business Can Make RIGHT NOW!
You'll never draw a blank again on what kind of video to make for your business. Go beyond the basic categories and truly reimagine a brand new advanced way to brainstorm video content creation. During this masterclass you'll be challenged to think creatively and outside of the box and view your videos through lenses you may have never thought of previously. It's guaranteed that you'll leave with more than 10 video ideas, but I like to under-promise and over-deliver. Don't miss this session.
Key Takeaways:
How to use the Video Matrix
How to use additional "Lenses"
Where to source original video ideas
Most small businesses struggle to see marketing results. In this session, we will eliminate any confusion about what to do next, solving your marketing problems so your business can thrive. You’ll learn how to create a foundational marketing OS (operating system) based on neuroscience and backed by real-world results. You’ll be taught how to develop deep customer connections, and how to have your CRM dynamically segment and sell at any stage in the customer’s journey. By the end of the session, you’ll remove confusion and chaos and replace it with clarity and confidence for long-term marketing success.
Key Takeaways:
• Uncover the power of a foundational marketing system that dynamically communicates with prospects and customers on autopilot.
• Harness neuroscience and Tribal Alignment to transform your communication strategies, turning potential clients into fans and those fans into loyal customers.
• Discover the art of automated segmentation, pinpointing your most lucrative customers and identifying the optimal moments for successful conversions.
• Streamline your business with a content production plan that eliminates guesswork, wasted time, and money.
5 big bets to drive growth in 2024 without one additional marketing dollar AND how to adapt to the biggest shifting eCommerce trend- AI.
1) Romance Your Customers - Retention
2) ‘Alternative’ Lead Gen - Advocacy
3) The Beautiful Basics - Conversion Rate Optimization
4) Land that Bottom Line - Profitability
5) Roll the Dice - New Business Models
When most people in the industry talk about online or digital reputation management, what they're really saying is Google search and PPC. And it's usually reactive, left dealing with the aftermath of negative information published somewhere online. That's outdated. It leaves executives, organizations and other high-profile individuals at a high risk of a digital reputation attack that spans channels and tactics. But the tools needed to safeguard against an attack are more cybersecurity-oriented than most marketing and communications professionals can manage. Business leaders Leaders grasp the importance; 83% of executives place reputation in their top five areas of risk, yet only 23% are confident in their ability to address it. To succeed in 2024 and beyond, you need to turn online reputation on its axis and think like an attacker.\
Key Takeaways:
- New framework for examining and safeguarding an online reputation
- Tools and techniques to keep you a step ahead
- Practical examples that demonstrate when to act, how to act and how to recover
Short video marketing has sweeped the nation and is the fastest way to build an online brand on social media in 2024. In this session you will learn:- What is short video marketing- Which platforms work best for your business- Content strategies that are on brand for your business- How to sell organically without paying for ads.
In this presentation, Danny Leibrandt explains the impact of AI on SEO and what Google has been doing about it. Learn how to take your SEO game to the next level and win over Google with his new strategy anyone can use. Get actionable steps to rank your name, your business, and your clients on Google - the right way.
Key Takeaways:
1. Real content is king
2. Find ways to show EEAT
3. Repurpose across all platforms
Mastering Local SEO for Service Businesses in the AI Era is tailored specifically for local service providers like plumbers, dentists, and others seeking to dominate their local search landscape. This session delves into leveraging AI advancements to enhance your online visibility and search rankings through the Content Factory model, designed for creating high-impact, SEO-driven content. Discover the Dollar-a-Day advertising strategy, a cost-effective approach to boost your local SEO efforts and attract more customers with minimal investment. Gain practical insights on optimizing your online presence to meet the specific needs of local service seekers, ensuring your business not only appears but stands out in local searches. This concise, action-oriented workshop is your roadmap to navigating the complexities of digital marketing in the AI age, driving more leads, conversions, and ultimately, success for your local service business.
Key Takeaways:
Embrace AI for Local SEO: Learn to harness the power of AI technologies to optimize your website and content for local search. Understand the pivotal role AI plays in analyzing search trends and consumer behavior, enabling you to tailor your SEO strategies to meet the specific demands of your target local audience. Leverage the Content Factory Model: Discover the step-by-step process of creating SEO-optimized content at scale. This approach ensures a steady stream of high-quality content that engages local customers and boosts your search rankings. Get an action guide on implementing this model, complete with templates and scheduling strategies to maintain a consistent online presence. Maximize ROI with Dollar-a-Day Advertising: Dive into the cost-effective Dollar-a-Day advertising strategy that amplifies your visibility in local searches without breaking the bank. Learn how to strategically allocate your budget across platforms to target potential local customers effectively. The session includes an action guide on setting up, monitoring, and optimizing your ad campaigns to ensure maximum impact with minimal investment.
Digital Commerce Lecture for Advanced Digital & Social Media Strategy at UCLA...Valters Lauzums
E-commerce in 2024 is characterized by a dynamic blend of opportunities and significant challenges. Supply chain disruptions and inventory shortages are critical issues, leading to increased shipping delays and rising costs, which impact timely delivery and squeeze profit margins. Efficient logistics management is essential, yet it is often hampered by these external factors. Payment processing, while needing to ensure security and user convenience, grapples with preventing fraud and integrating diverse payment methods, adding another layer of complexity. Furthermore, fulfillment operations require a streamlined approach to handle volume spikes and maintain accuracy in order picking, packing, and shipping, all while meeting customers' heightened expectations for faster delivery times.
Amid these operational challenges, customer data has emerged as an important strategy. By focusing on personalization and enhancing customer experience from historical behavior, businesses can deliver improved website and brand experienced, better product recommendations, optimal promotions, and content to meet individual preferences. Better data analytics can also help in effectively creating marketing campaigns, improving customer retention, and driving product development and inventory management.
Innovative formats such as social commerce and live shopping are beginning to impact the digital commerce landscape, offering new ways to engage with customers and drive sales, and may provide opportunity for brands that have been priced out or seen a downturn with post-pandemic shopping behavior. Social commerce integrates shopping experiences directly into social media platforms, tapping into the massive user bases of these networks to increase reach and engagement. Live shopping, on the other hand, combines entertainment and real-time interaction, providing a dynamic platform for showcasing products and encouraging immediate purchases. These innovations not only enhance customer engagement but also provide valuable data for businesses to refine their strategies and deliver superior shopping experiences.
The e-commerce sector is evolving rapidly, and businesses that effectively manage operational challenges and implement innovative strategies are best positioned for long-term success.
The digital marketing industry is changing faster than ever and those who don’t adapt with the times are losing market share. Where should marketers be focusing their efforts? What strategies are the experts seeing get the best results? Get up-to-speed with the latest industry insights, trends and predictions for the future in this panel discussion with some leading digital marketing experts.
For too many years marketing and sales have operated in silos...while in some forward thinking companies, the two organizations work together to drive new opportunity development and revenue. This session will explore the lessons learned in that beautiful dance that can occur when marketing and sales work together...to drive new opportunity development, account expansion and customer satisfaction.
No, this is not a conversation about MQLs and SQLs. Instead we will focus on a framework that allows the two organizations to drive company success together.
Mastering Multi-Touchpoint Content Strategy: Navigate Fragmented User JourneysSearch Engine Journal
Digital platforms are constantly multiplying, and with that, user engagement is becoming more intricate and fragmented.
So how do you effectively navigate distributing and tailoring your content across these various touchpoints?
Watch this webinar as we dive into the evolving landscape of content strategy tailored for today's fragmented user journeys. Understanding how to deliver your content to your users is more crucial than ever, and we’ll provide actionable tips for navigating these intricate challenges.
You’ll learn:
- How today’s users engage with content across various channels and devices.
- The latest methodologies for identifying and addressing content gaps to keep your content strategy proactive and relevant.
- What digital shelf space is and how your content strategy needs to pivot.
With Wayne Cichanski, we’ll explore innovative strategies to map out and meet the diverse needs of your audience, ensuring every piece of content resonates and connects, regardless of where or how it is consumed.
Search Engine Marketing - Competitor and Keyword researchETMARK ACADEMY
Over 2 Trillion searches are made per day in Google search, which means there are more than 2 Trillion visits happening across the websites of the world wide web.
People search various questions, phrases or words. But some words and phrases are searched
more often than others.
For example, the words, ‘running shoes’ are searched more often than ‘best road running
shoes for men’
These words or phrases which people use to search on Google are called Keywords.
Some keywords are searched more often than others. Number of times a keyword is searched
for in a month is called keyword volume.
Some keywords have more relevant results than others. For the phrase “running shoes” we
get more than 80M relevant results, whereas for “best road running shoes for men” we get
only 8.
The former keyword ‘running shoes’ has way more competition from popular websites to
new and small blogs, whereas the latter keyword doesn’t have that much competition. This
search competition for a keyword is called search difficulty of a keyword or keyword
difficulty.
In other words, if the keyword difficulty is ‘low’ or ‘easy’, there won’t be any competition
and if you target such keywords on your site, you can easily rank on the front page of Google.
Some keywords are searched for, just to know or to learn some information about something,
that’s their search intention. For example, “What shoe size should I choose?” or “How to pick
the right shoe size?”
These keywords which are searched just to know about stuff are called informational
keywords. Typically people who are searching this type of keywords are top of a Conversion
funnel.
Conversion funnel is the journey that search visitors go through on their way to an email
subscription or a premium subscription to the services you offer or a purchase of products
you sell or recommend using your referral link.
For some buyers, research is the most important part when they have to buy a product.
Depending on that, their journey either widens or narrows down. These types of buyers are
Researchers and they spend more time with informational keywords.
Conversion is the action you want from your search visitors. Number of conversions that you
get for every 100 search visitors is called Conversion rate.
People who are at different stages of a conversion funnel use different types of keywords.
SMM Cheap - No. 1 SMM panel in the worldsmmpanel567
Boost your social media marketing with our SMM Panel services offering SMM Cheap services! Get cost-effective services for your business and increase followers, likes, and engagement across all social media platforms. Get affordable services perfect for businesses and influencers looking to increase their social proof. See how cheap SMM strategies can help improve your social media presence and be a pro at the social media game.
It's another new era of digital and marketers are faced with making big bets on their digital strategy. If you are looking at modernizing your tech stack to support your digital evolution, there are a few can't miss (often overlooked) areas that should be part of every conversation. We'll cover setting your vision, avoiding siloes, adding a democratized approach to data strategy, localization, creating critical governance requirements and more. Attendees will walk away with actions they can take into initiatives they are running today and consider for the future.
SEO as the Backbone of Digital MarketingFelipe Bazon
In this talk Felipe Bazon will share how him and his team at Hedgehog Digital share our journey of making C-Levels alike, specially CMOS realize that SEO is the backbone of digital marketing by showing how SEO can contribute to brand awareness, reputation and authority and above all how to use SEO to create more robust global marketing strategies.
AI-Powered Personalization: Principles, Use Cases, and Its Impact on CROVWO
In today’s era of AI, personalization is more than just a trend—it’s a fundamental strategy that unlocks numerous opportunities.
When done effectively, personalization builds trust, loyalty, and satisfaction among your users—key factors for business success. However, relying solely on AI capabilities isn’t enough. You need to anchor your approach in solid principles, understand your users’ context, and master the art of persuasion.
Join us as Sarjak Patel and Naitry Saggu from 3rd Eye Consulting unveil a transformative framework. This approach seamlessly integrates your unique context, consumer insights, and conversion goals, paving the way for unparalleled success in personalization.
AI-Powered Personalization: Principles, Use Cases, and Its Impact on CRO
G475464.pdf
1. American International Journal of Business Management (AIJBM)
ISSN- 2379-106X, www.aijbm.com Volume 4, Issue 07 (July-2021), PP 54-64
*Corresponding Author: Onyechi Leonard Uzoka 1
www.aijbm.com 54 | Page
Assessment of Public Sector Interventions and Business Start-Up
Status of University Entrepreneurship Graduates
*Onyechi Leonard Uzoka1
, and Irenus Chukwudi Nwaizugbo2
1. PhD Student, Department of Marketing, Faculty of Management Sciences
, Nnamdi
Azikiwe University Awka.
2. Professor, Department of Marketing, Faculty of Management Sciences, Nnamdi
Azikiwe University Awka.
ABSTRACT: Since the year 2005, the Nigeria Government introduced entrepreneurship as a compulsory
component of all courses in institutions of tertiary education. Also, universities started introducing
entrepreneurship degree programmes as part of the policy. All these were done to produce graduates who
become entrepreneurs and job creators rather than job seekers. This research effort was carried out mainly to
undertake an empirical investigation of the effect of government interventions in the area of entrepreneurship
development in Nigeria. A sequential mixed-method design was used to study BSc. entrepreneurship
graduates. A census of the 391 graduates of two universities in Southeast Nigeria was conducted since the
population was small. Ten respondents were purposively selected for interviews. A chi-squared test for the
quantitative and content analyses for qualitative data was also carried out. Tests of the hypothesis were
conducted at a 0.05 level of significance using SPSS 20.0. The results of the study indicate a significant level
of ownership of business start-ups by the graduates. The graduates also exhibited a high degree of
entrepreneurship awareness and willingness to engage in starting and running businesses even in the face of a
turbulent and hostile Nigerian business environment. The study recommends amongst other things that the
government; 1) encourage universities that have the BSc programmes to continue and investigate the reasons
why other universities have not started so that obstacles hindering the starting of the programme can be
removed ensuring commencement; 2) must remove the factors that make the business environment presently
hostile and hinder new business formation.
KEYWORDS: Start-up Business, Marketing Public Sector Intervention, Entrepreneurship Education, and
Entrepreneurship Development
I. INTRODUCTION
The importance of entrepreneurship in economies around the world has been recognised as a catalyst
for growth and development. (Anah, 2017; Adiak, and Katurab 2014; Nwachukwu, 2012) “Entrepreneurs create
employment opportunities not only for themselves but for others as well. Entrepreneurial activities may
influence a country’s economic performance by bringing new products, methods, and production processes to
the market and by boosting productivity and competition more broadly” (Kritikos, 2014). According to
Kurotimi, Agada, Godsave, and Opigo (2017) “Entrepreneurship, however, cannot be discussed without the
mention of two key elements as it does not function in a vacuum. These elements are 1) the entrepreneur and 2)
an enabling environment”. The need to have an abundance of entrepreneurs and create an enabling environment
for them underscores the devotion of large amounts of resources to implement government programmes aimed
at entrepreneurship development (Ojo, Abayomi, and Odozi, 2014). Nigeria since 2005 has implemented such
a programme with the introduction of an entrepreneurship education policy. Other support policies have also
been implemented through Corporate Affairs Commission(CAC), Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), Bank of
Industry (BOI), Bank of Agriculture (BOA); agencies like Small and Medium Enterprises Development Agency
of Nigeria (SMEDAN), Agricultural development programme, ADP, grant awarding agencies and so on. The
government has also embarked upon promotional activities like conferences, seminars, workshops and other
forms of interactive programmes aimed at promoting entrepreneurship. Even with all these agencies and
intervention programmes there exist a very high rate of unemployment, poverty; and obstacles to the
development of entrepreneurship persist (Ihugba, Odii & Njoku, 2013; Nkechi, Ikechukwu, and Okechukwu,
2012).
1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:
The Nigerian government's Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) policy and encouragement
programmes are on the side of encouraging small business start-ups sustainably from a firm emphasis; as
opposed to the other side that is the promotion of individual business start-ups (entrepreneurship development).
2. Assessment of Public Sector Interventions and Business Start-Up Status.....
*Corresponding Author: Onyechi Leonard Uzoka 1
www.aijbm.com 55 | Page
According to Uzoka and Nwaizugbo (2021) “the government programmes of intervention in the SME sector
seems not to be impacting on the SMEs and the young graduates”. So the introduction of BSc. degree
programmes in 2011 in Nigerian universities was an additional intervention to impact the Entrepreneurship
development in the economy (National Universities Commission NUC), 2011). The Gap that exists is the deficit
in knowledge as to the extent of the policy implementation and the effects of these policies on the graduates of
this programme.
1.2 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The purpose of this study was to amongst other things, first to undertake an empirical investigation of
the effect of the government interventions in the area of entrepreneurship development in Nigeria. This involved
a unique reappraisal of the public sector policy of promoting and providing educated, entrepreneurially minded,
job-creating, and self-reliant graduates. Specifically, there exists a need to investigate the extent to which the
policy implementation has been undertaken and the impacts if any it has had on the ability to create business
start-ups by the products of the BSc. degree programme.
1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
The main objective of this study was to investigate the impact of Public Sector Interventions on
University Graduates’ tendency to own Start-up businesses. The specific objectives of this study included the
following:
1. To identify the public sector marketing/policy interventions aimed at entrepreneurship
development by the Nigerian government.
2. To verify if the BSc. Entrepreneurship graduates significantly own start-up businesses
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
To assist in attaining the objectives of this research the following: questions are advanced;
1. Are there identifiable public sector policy interventions aimed at entrepreneurship development by
the Nigerian government?
2. Do the Nigerian university graduates significantly own start-up businesses?
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
The following hypothesis was advanced for this study:
H01 The graduates do not significantly own their start-up businesses.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The Public sector interventions considered spanned the pre-entry, during and post-graduation periods. The
units of analysis consist of 20142015 to 2019/2020 academic sessions graduates of BSc. Entrepreneurship
programmes in two universities in Anambra State South-east Nigeria.
II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
According to Ellingsgaard (2013), TPB is a theory of the relationship between three measurable
psychological constructs (attitude, subjective norm and perceived control) and behavioural intention (Ajzen,
1991). However, according to Ellingsgaard (2013) “generally, few theoretical perspectives have been
employed mostly focusing on psychological determinants of behaviour while the properties of the behaviours
involved have received practically no attention”. Furthermore, consideration as to the environment in which the
behaviour occurs is of importance. The nature and characteristics of this environment will determine the kinds
of behaviour that will be permissible and encouraged. This is where the role of public sector policies and their
implementation come to bear on the kind of activities that go on in the market environment.
In discussing marketing and the public sector, Serrat (2010) observed that there are wide differences of
opinion among socialist, liberal, and libertarian political philosophies in respect of the role of the public sector,
which contrast further, when the economic circumstances change like recessions are put aside. “It is generally
accepted that the public sector is to make ensuring content and process decisions aimed at the collective social
improvement from which all human lives should gain”(Serrat 2010). Serrat (2010) citing an example in support
- the case of economic stabilisation arising from the presence of externalities that require the institution of laws
and other measures. These laws and other measures enable an environment for market operations to be
conducive. In turn, this need to enable an environment for market operations to be conducive leads to the
reinforcement of handling of these public sector issues through the application of marketing. the aim is the
encouragement of growth and development, ensured by a conducive market environment.
Discussions have been ongoing in development economic studies over the years about the nature of
development. According to Naudé (2013), there are at least three “grand” ideas in development economics. The
first is that development requires a structural transformation of what, how and where production and
consumption take place: from low-value-added, low productivity and rural-based activities to more productive,
higher value-added activities in services and manufacturing located in cities. The second idea is that
development is a multi-dimensional concept that requires more than just the eradication of income poverty. The
3. Assessment of Public Sector Interventions and Business Start-Up Status.....
*Corresponding Author: Onyechi Leonard Uzoka 1
www.aijbm.com 56 | Page
third is the idea that market failures are prevalent and that the state has an important coordinating and regulatory
role to play in development.
Entrepreneurship has been topical as to its connection and relevance to advancing and promoting development.
Naude (2013) opined that the relevance of entrepreneurship for development lies in defining it in the context of
its evolution. Naude (2013) stated that “the evolution in scholarly views of entrepreneurship is reflected in the
categories of behavioural, occupational, and synthesis definitions”. These have been summarized by the present
authors from Naude (2013)’s narrative into a concise form. Furthermore, the relevance and policy implications
of these definitions differ to the extent of the entrepreneurial processes being viewed from these different points.
The policy implications that can be deduced, particularly as it concerns developing countries like
Nigeria are listed below:
a) Governments of developing countries should intervene to promote entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship
especially to increase the knowledge and capabilities of entrepreneurs
b) These government interventions emanating from Government policy should promote entrepreneurship,
especially, to reduce uncertainty and transaction costs.
c) Government should acquire knowledge about sector distribution or its preferred distribution of
entrepreneurs and intervene in the sector location of entrepreneurs.
d) This should be done at the inception of the programme to ensure that entrepreneurship benefits broader
institutional characteristics of society and the individual as an entrepreneur.
Following these three points and in agreement with Naude (2013) there is a clear case theoretically, for
state intervention, to address the market failures that plague entrepreneurial start-up and innovation activities
(thereby reducing transaction cost and risk attached), identify sector needs for entrepreneurs and selectively
target the entrepreneurial individuals (not for mere political/ rent-seeking business people). This view is
supported by Potishuk and Krantzer (2017) who opined that entrepreneurship’s long list of characteristics lends
it to service of the common good from society-wide down to individual level such as the provision of
employment and creation of businesses. When it is varied further, it changes to being a catalyst for growth
enablers like taxes, ideas and innovation, as well as a wealth creator, at risk in terms of time, equity and career.
2.2 MARKETING PUBLIC POLICY INTERVENTIONS TARGETING ENTREPRENEURSHIP
DEVELOPMENT
According to Ingram (2019), “governments and business are inextricably linked with the actions of one
often imposing consequences on the other” It is of importance, the author says, and “in the governments best
interest to keep the economy healthy by, among other things, ensuring an encouraging environment for small
and large business”. The argument, according to Akinyemi and Adejumo (2018) for this is “that though
entrepreneurs possess some traits and characteristics that make them dynamic and high achievers, government
policies relating to taxes and business regulations often affect entrepreneurial activities”. Additional rationale
for this according to UNCTAD (2015a) is that “entrepreneurship can make a critical contribution towards
attaining the sustainable development goals of the post-2015 development agenda, including poverty alleviation,
empowerment of youths and women and other disadvantaged groups, and full and productive employment for
all.” So, Akinyemi and Adejumo, (2018) have observed that;
“In recognition of the need for entrepreneurship policies, many countries have implemented both general
and specific policies to promote entrepreneurial activities. General policies such as tax rates, labour laws,
and market regulations have shaped the entrepreneurship climate to a great extent in different economies.
Also, some specific policies have been specifically targeted to promote entrepreneurship”.
This, UNCTAD (2015a) states, “will require supporting the evolution towards a new generation of
entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship policymakers with a vision and joint commitment to promote
entrepreneurship for sustainable development.” This implies that the government must recognise the value of
interaction and communication with the entrepreneurs to attain a reasonable synergy towards sustainability in
the entrepreneurial development drive. These derive are also informed by the fact that the government is trying
to market entrepreneurship through assistance and “building an enabling environment to foster entrepreneurship
based on the entrepreneurship policy framework through the Empretec network and other technical assistance
programmes” (United Nations Conference On Trade And Development- UNCTAD, 2015a).
However, Obaji and Olugu(2014) have cited authors who have argued against policymakers
interventions; for instance, Shane (2009) stated that “policymakers had better discontinue subsidizing the
establishment of the generic start-up; instead consideration should be on businesses with growth potentials”.
Accordingly to Obaji and Olugu (2014), Shane (2009) defends his stance thus; “his argument relates to how
these policies direct people to commence marginal companies that are likely to be unsuccessful or have slight
economic effect as well as making small employment.
However, According to Mason and Brown (2014) who cited Pose (2013) and Warwick (2013),
“policymakers are now beginning to recognise the merits of a more systems-based form of support for higher
4. Assessment of Public Sector Interventions and Business Start-Up Status.....
*Corresponding Author: Onyechi Leonard Uzoka 1
www.aijbm.com 57 | Page
growth entrepreneurship. This represents a shift away from company-specific interventions towards a more
holistic activity which focuses on developing networks, aligning priorities, building new institutional capacities
and fostering synergies between different stakeholders”. Therefore according to Obaji and Olugu, (2013) “the
importance of policy towards entrepreneurship cannot be overemphasised since it, in turn, shapes the
institutional environment in which entrepreneurial decisions are made”. So what are these promotional
interventions that public policymakers use?
According to Ingram (2019), the various tools at the disposal of public sector administrators to promote
business, in general, include lower interest rates, tax incentives, friendly trade policies, providing contract works
to private companies, and providing grants, loans and disbursements. Where these are provided there must be a
marketing effort to get the targeted individuals and businesses to be aware of the availability of such
intervention. The search for and obtaining of the intervention must also be very accessible and practicable.
Developing and implementing government interventions is just one aspect of government function in
entrepreneurship development.
According to UNCTAD, (2015) “Raising awareness about entrepreneurial opportunities is essential in
ensuring that young people have access to relevant business information that will help them in their endeavours
as well as in promoting a culture of entrepreneurship”. This communication in marketing refers to the promotion
that involves one and/or two-way communications. These include advertising, sales promotion, public relations,
networking and other forms of interactions between the intervention organisation and the young entrepreneurs.
The promotional activities would include seminars for the youths, sales promotion during fairs, conferences and
other follow-up activities that target the graduate entrepreneurs. Without these communications, the
entrepreneurs would not be aware of the interventions that are available to them, and may not be able to partake
in the benefits of such interventions. There will not be a feedback mechanism for information to flow back to
the implementing agency, programme or government. Encouraging networking amongst the entrepreneurs also
would enable interactions between the entrepreneurs and would foster an exchange of knowledge leading to
further awareness. UNCTAD, 2015b.)
Around the world, entrepreneurship intervention programmes have been used in various economies.
General government policies have been applied in the effort to intervene in entrepreneurial and small business
areas. According to Akinyemi and Adejumo (2018) “the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program
established in America increased the survival and growth rates of SMEs in the region”. They cite Lin, Chang, &
Shen, (2010) also who described that of Taiwan thus; in “ Taiwan, for instance, policy measures such as the
establishment of industrial parks, Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI), and local industrial
clustering, have enhanced entrepreneurial vitality”. Those in the Nigerian case had to do with taxation related to
Agro-allied businesses which were exempted from tax during five years. (Akinyemi and Adejumo (2018).
While in the case of South Africa The “Act of the Republic of South Africa (RSA, 1996) was promulgated to
promote entrepreneurial activities in South Africa. (Ladzani and Van Viuuran, 2001)” (Akinyemi and Adejumo,
2018). These were not specific policy interventions and could potentially affect every kind of business new and
old. They were generally targeted at making the business environment conducive.
The specific programmes were also applied globally, and these differed from country to country. For
Nigeria, there were various and numerous types of interventions ranging from those targeting SMEs, and
entrepreneurs. The Small and Medium Enterprises Development Agency (SMEDAN) and others like it that
offer advisory services (Onwuka, Ugwu and Kalu; 2014;273), the Bank of Agriculture (BOI) and others that
offer low-interest loans (Adebayo, 2015), Federal Government grants and agencies that represent the
governments like You WIN Connect Nigeria and other bodies like it, international bodies like the World Bank
in association with the Federal Republic of Nigeria and similar bodies and their agencies.. These are accessible
online and target young people between the ages of 18 to 35 years of age though some target a younger age
bracket 18-22 years of age like those that offer competitive prices (Adebayo, 2015). The list goes on and on.
This showed that there were a large number of grants, loans and other forms of assistance to young
entrepreneurs and business people and organisations, the requirements were the membership of cooperatives,
procession of a good business plan and being within the age limit. Akinyemi and Adejumo (2018) posited that
government policies do not have an equal impact on all the entrepreneurial phases. Some policies are more
favourable in some phases than others. Furthermore, Safati (2012) had in an earlier study concluded that
“countries are subject to structural limitations and other economic choices, such as their level of economic
integration. Under adverse conditions, these policies can fail to produce positive effects, not by flaws in policy
design, but rather due to structural limitations”. But the author argues that “the absence of public policies that
foster entrepreneurship rarely produces positive effects, even considering adverse scenarios. In other words,
without government intervention entrepreneurship will not positively impact economic development”(Safati,
2012).
From their study findings and conclusion, Onwuka, Ugwu and Kalu (2014) observed that
“entrepreneurship development has not impacted economic growth of Nigeria economy over time.”. This they
5. Assessment of Public Sector Interventions and Business Start-Up Status.....
*Corresponding Author: Onyechi Leonard Uzoka 1
www.aijbm.com 58 | Page
attributed to several problems; first the political instability in the country, giving rise to none programme
continuity. Then there is the problem of supervision of banks to ensure conformity to policies, the curriculum of
the educational institutions, lack of adequate business incubators, offering laboratory services, inadequate
facilities like road, water supply, electricity and other amenities, and corruption amongst other factors. These
factors are bound to affect young entrepreneurs. However, according to Adebayo (2015) “there exists a
significant relationship between financial intervention schemes such as grants (private and government and
loans (soft and special)) and entrepreneurial consciousness among the youth. This means the higher or easier
access to finance the higher the probability new business creation among the youths”. These could indicate that
with the abundance of the types of government intervention in Nigeria and the fact that the higher the public
sector interventions, the more likely that a higher rate of start-up creation will be and the more sustainable the
start-ups.
To promote these interventions and network with the young business people and entrepreneurs,
government bodies like the CBN, SMEDAN and others on, at the least, a yearly basis hold interactive
conferences, workshops, pieces of training which are either attached to or not to grants, loans or other forms of
assistance. Competitions are also held by NUC/Centres of Entrepreneurship in the various universities.
III. METHODOLOGY
3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN:
This study applied an explanatory sequential mixed method design. A survey of BSc. entrepreneurship
studies graduates’ view of entrepreneurship aimed at collecting quantitative data. Next, some members of the
surveyed graduates were selected for interviews to gain insights into the survey data obtained.
The study population was 391 graduates of BSc. entrepreneurship studies programmes from .two
universities, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University (COOU), Igbariam and Nnamdi Azikiwe University
(NAU), Awka, in Anambra State, South-east, Nigeria. The researchers used a structured quantitative survey
questionnaire containing questions bordering on the demographics and other variables. Structured and
unstructured interviews were conducted. Reliability and validity tests were carried out using the pilot test data
involving twenty BSc. entrepreneurship graduates of COOU. Since the population was small a census was
conducted. The instrument was administered via SMS texts with hyper-ink to Google Form, with follow-up
calls and SMS text reminders. One hundred and twenty-two respondents returned duly completed forms.
3.2 Method of Data Analysis
Content analyses were used on the qualitative data. Quantitative data were presented using tables and
figures, and analysis was conducted using Chi-squared test as follow;
The equation with employment status -owning a business, as representing actual entrepreneurial behaviour for
Chi-Squared test at 05 levels of significance.
χ2
= Σ equation (1)
where Observedi =Observed frequency in cell i, Expected frequency in cell i, n= number of cells. To test the
hypothesis; if the Chi-Squared value calculated is significant reject the null.
IV. PRESENTATION of DATA, RESULTS and DISCUSSIONS
The data collected were analysed using SPSS 20 for the quantitative data and presented. Information
obtained from the interviews and analysed data from the content analysis were also presented.
4.1 QUANTITATIVE PRESENTATION OF DATA
4.1.1 DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS
The data for graduates that responded have been put into tables and other useful and relevant forms of statistics.
There were slightly more male (50.8%) than female(49.2%) respondent graduates surveyed representing a
relatively very small difference. Graduates were between eighteen to thirty-eight years old years. This conforms
with the short duration of the existence of the BSc entrepreneurship programme.
(Observedi - Expectedi)2
Expectedi
n
i-1
6. Assessment of Public Sector Interventions and Business Start-Up Status.....
*Corresponding Author: Onyechi Leonard Uzoka 1
www.aijbm.com 59 | Page
The vast majority of respondents (96.7%) have generally not gone beyond BSc. degree level. However, apart
from the seminars which formed part of their curriculum, as can be seen in the chart below a majority (99.2%)
have gone on various forms of seminar/pieces of training.
The table above shows that the graduates that owned start-up businesses are in the majority.
4.1.2 QUALITATIVE PRESENTATION OF DATA
Analysis was done on the data generated from the interviews of graduates. Content analysis resulted in
the following statements:
“Why should I be an employee, when I can be an employer? You have to start from somewhere no
matter how small it is; after studying entrepreneurship you can never rest. You will always think of what to do
next; I want to be independent and don’t want to work for anybody: entrepreneurship is a livewire; right now I
am making more profits. I have many offices. I have one in Onitsha and also one in Port-Harcourt. I am a
professional entrepreneur. We are not depending on anyone, just working for ourselves, it is a big challenge.
Generally, it has been a bit difficult, you have ideas but you need capital to actualise the ideas. Accessing funds
is very difficult even, though the skill, knowledge, financial discipline is there. I was employed but had to leave
this job to focus full time on my fashion design and attend to our clients. I had ventured into some business but
due to lack of funds things are not going smoothly. It is not all that we started with are still in the business. A lot
of people have given up. I can do any business I put my mind to. I have my own business and also have a
partnership and I also get a part-time employment. Currently, I am in full-time employment. I am an academic. I
am employed but trying to save money to achieve my aims.”
In terms of government intervention programmes and their impacts the respondents offered the
following:
“The curriculum is adequate; the lecturer I had were the best that is why I keep coming back to consult
them. My sister asked why I should not go looking for a job. I remembered one lecturer told me that he will be
disappointed if I went with a file in hand looking for a job. I wouldn’t say my lecturers as they do not know
anything about entrepreneurship only a few know. Most of them are just teaching the course because it is their
responsibility.
I was lucky to participate in federal government funding for small scale businesses and got paid
N90,000.00. I have been attending several workshops organised by Agricultural Development Programme,
Ministry of Agriculture Anambra State. I have also attended CBN programmes. Have received government
Seminar attendance
Yes
No
Table 4.1: Employment Status- Graduates Ownership of Business
Observed N
1 Graduates own start-up business 92
2 Graduates do not own start-up business 30
Total 122
Source: Fied survey 2021
Figure 1. Attendance of Respondents as Students to Seminars and Other
Trainings
Source: Survey 2021
7. Assessment of Public Sector Interventions and Business Start-Up Status.....
*Corresponding Author: Onyechi Leonard Uzoka 1
www.aijbm.com 60 | Page
funding, have also applied for COVID-19 Fund but have yet to receive any response. It is not easy to get any
government federal government funding. If you wait for the government to support you, you will wait forever.
The government did not help there were no loans from the government. Most of us look at the other side of the
coin. Over the years, there is little or nothing they (government) have done. Sometimes last year the CBN
through business women initiative helped a lot. They gave us a loan with minimal to no interest. I have not
gotten any assistance from the government. I heard about funding entrepreneurs, I applied and nothing has been
heard from it. For me, I have not benefited anything from the Government. I have applied to lots and lots of
these things but have not benefited”.
The respondents are aware of government programmes aimed at the graduates mainly targeted at other
groups like women, SMEs and some have benefited from them. No specifically targeted programmes have
benefited them. There seems to be a gap in communications between government and its programmes on the
one hand and the graduates on the other because there are government support programmes and yet most of the
graduates complain of lack of these programmes. A majority have lost confidence in the government offering
any assistance to them. They appreciate the efforts of the universities and their lecturers even though some
graduates feel that some of the lecturers are just teaching their courses because they have to and not because
they have the competence. As a result of the unemployment situation and lack of capital, the government has
been viewed very negatively. The majority of the respondents expressed the feeling that the government had
never assisted them except the university BSc. degree Programme that is offered by the public universities they
attended. Because of the very high prevalence of corruption, they have been disillusioned about the prospects of
getting assistance in terms of funding for their start-ups and keeping them sustainably. They also feel that the
universities have not been adequately funded to give required practical pieces of training in universities. The
government has not targeted them specifically for assistance. This a very sore point in that government had set
up this programme and that they were to assist the graduates after graduation as they were informed in school.
They are not many and yet they have not been targeted like those under the SMEs’ policy.
. In terms of the general business environment and government interventions, the interviewees stated
thus:
“It is the economic situation in the country that is causing all these, but we will keep struggling; the economic
situation is so bad. Doing business is getting harder every day but we will survive. With the current economic
situation, we have problems with the clients as their purchasing power is diminishing. Being a woman is not
helpful also in sourcing funds. I have a focus on the problems facing me and have a grip on the problems; the
challenges are external like companies we deal with in terms of supply and product which is affecting the whole
sector. The economy is also affecting business. We have serious security challenges. We are worried about the
crime rate thou it is coming down. During the COVID-19 lockdown, the business was not progressing as usual.
Some people who are in the same business after COVID-19 closed down”.
4.2. ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS/HYPOTHESIS TESTING
The data for the chi-squared test are found in Table 4.1, analysed data are presented in Table 4.2. The
results for the tests are found in Tables 4.3 and 4.4.
This table shows that the graduates that owned start-up businesses are in the majority. After the chi-
square calculations using non-parametric analysis in SPSS 20.0 for the two groups, the following table was
obtained.
Table 4.2: Employment Status- Graduates Ownership of Business
Observed N Expected N Residual
1 Graduates own start-up business 92 61.0 31.0
2 Graduates do not own start-up
business
30 61.0 -31.0
Total 122
Source: Table 4.1
Table 4.3: Test Statistics -Employment Status- Graduates Ownership of
Business
Chi-Square 31.508a
df 1
Asymp. Sig. .000
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected frequencies less than 5. The minimum expected cell
frequency is 61.0.
8. Assessment of Public Sector Interventions and Business Start-Up Status.....
*Corresponding Author: Onyechi Leonard Uzoka 1
www.aijbm.com 61 | Page
These test statistics are applied in the next section for the test of the hypothesis.
4.2.1 TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
The test of the hypothesis was conducted using the results obtained from analyses using Chi-Squared
statistics using SPSS 20. The following table contains the result of the test of hypothesis Ho1.:
The null was not supported, therefore, we state that the graduates had significantly owned start-up businesses.
4.3 DISCUSSIONS
If the government programmes aimed at them are meant for them, then there is first a communication
gap. There is a big disconnect between the graduates and government, so much so that government is unaware
of the potentials that they have built up over the past nine years following the setting up of the BMAS
entrepreneurship programme in 2011. The graduates are majorly youths between the ages of 24 to 38 years
(their prime of employment and start-up creation years). It seems that government is unaware of their existence.
They are in majority owners of their businesses, without gender biases in their make-up. The results of the test
of hypothesis indicated that the graduates of the BSc. degree programme of the two universities had
significantly created and owned their businesses. This has vindicated the framers of the Nigerian education
policy targeted at the encouragement of graduates to become self-employed and start-up creators. This is in
agreement with the findings of Ojiaku, Nkmanebe and Nwaizugbo (2018) to the effect that their findings
specifically revealed that, the pull factors, of which one of them is government support, significantly influences
entrepreneurial intentions. (Ojiaku, Nkmnebe and Nwaizugbo (2018).
In a similar study by Kurotimi et al (2017), though the graduates were those “within the Yenagoa
metropolis that took entrepreneurship as a module during their course of study in the university or its equivalent
were used in this study”, similar results were obtained. “The engagement of graduates in small scale businesses
was unexpected and surprising as the youths in Yenagoa have always been tagged to be lazy, militants and
irresponsible but the research results showed a vibrant set of youths ready to take on risks and challenges as
inherent in business start-up and management”
Previous studies corroborated by Pittaway and Cope (2006) have indicated that “entrepreneurship
education has had an impact on student propensity and intentionality. What is unclear is the extent to which
such education impacts on the level of graduate entrepreneurship or whether it enables graduates to become
more effective entrepreneurs”. This present study’ results have filled this knowledge gap. However, These
young graduates do not view as an obstacle the present high rate of unemployment they are even encouraged
that there are no jobs. From the interviews, a majority of those who have jobs stated that their objective of
staying on the job (for a while) is because they found it difficult to access capital otherwise. So they resorted to
any legal means to acquire capital which included working against their wishes in paid employment.
In terms of the resilience of the graduate is not in doubt, the existence of the kind of business
environment required is. According to Kritikos (2014), “the gains of entrepreneurship are only realized,
however, if the business environment is receptive to innovation. In addition, policymakers need to prepare for
the potential job losses that can occur in the medium term through “creative destruction” as entrepreneurs strive
for increased productivity”. The situation at present in the business environment in which the graduate
respondents operate as reported by them is not conducive. There is general insecurity of lives and property.
Access to capital is very difficult. There seems to lack of knowledge of where and how to access grants and
other assistance offered by the government. The use of business incubators provided by the government is
nearly absent.
V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
This study set out to give insights into the state of implementation of government interventions
programmes aimed at BSc entrepreneurship graduates of universities in Southeast, Nigeria. The following are
the findings of this research effort.
5.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
1) The graduates had a very positive entrepreneurial mindset. They are largely aware of what is required in
terms of resources, especially capital and are eager to suffer personal sacrifices to succeed.
Table 4.4: Hypothesis Test Summary - Employment Status- Graduates Ownership of Business
Null hypothesis test sig Decision
H010: The categories of employment,
status own business
one sample Chi-Square
Test
.000 Reject the null Hypothesis
Source: Table 4.3:
9. Assessment of Public Sector Interventions and Business Start-Up Status.....
*Corresponding Author: Onyechi Leonard Uzoka 1
www.aijbm.com 62 | Page
2) The graduates were significantly owners of business start-ups and self-employed
3) Amongst those that were īn formal employment, a majority of these BSc. entrepreneurship graduates in
formal paid employment were there with aim of raising capital for starting a business
4) The business environment under which they operate was described as hostile, unfriendly, and insecure.
Crime is at a high level, while access to capital remains very difficult especially for females.
5) They indicated low levels of awareness of government programmes available, however, some of them have
benefited from the programmes.
5.2 IMPLICATIONS OF FINDINGS
i) If the present graduates’ entrepreneurial mindset is not encouraged there is the likelihood that the
momentum may decline. The efforts of the young graduates, parents, the government and the community
at large may be in vain.
ii) Since the graduates were significantly owners of business start-ups and self-employed they require
assistance and encouragement. There needs to be a serious effort to sustain the production of more
graduates like the ones involved in this study. The implementing universities and those yet to start this
BSc.degree programme should be encouraged.
iii) While in school it seems the graduates were not informed about the numerous grants and other forms of
assistance available from the government and non-governmental sources. This knowledge is important
because generally, loans are difficult to access by start-up business owners of the likes of the group under
study.
iv) With a business environment described as hostile, unfriendly, and insecure, crime is at a high level, the
young graduates are facing a serious uphill task of attempting to start, let alone sustain the start-up
operationally. The effect would be that the envisaged gains of entrepreneurial activities from the graduates
are lost. A majority of the graduates would abandon their entrepreneurial aspirations and increase the
numbers of unemployed and under-employed graduates. the implication would be severe.
5. 3 CONCLUSION
Specifically, the researchers ascertained that there was a significant start-up creation by the graduates
of the degree programme. The nature of the business environment the graduates encountered was hostile, and
insecure, therefore, not conducive to starting or sustainably running a business for now and in the foreseeable
future. However, their reaction to this environment has been to go into it and start-up businesses against all
odds. This has also been reported by other studies involving graduates in Nigeria. This gives hope, but also to a
greater extent raises concerns about the adverse effects on them in the long run. In general, they are owners of
start-up businesses, though some are in formal paid employment. Capital remains their major problem. The
graduates have indicated a high level of entrepreneurial mindset indicating that government entrepreneurship
education programme at the university level is working.
5. 4 RECOMMENDATIONS
i) To sustain the present momentum of the efforts at entrepreneurship by the university graduates’ of BSc.
entrepreneurship and their mindset the government should initiate more specific intervention programmes
specifically and intentionally targeted at them. Those graduates that transit to the SME sector after a
specified period or attainment of a criterion can crossover and obtain intervention meant for SMEs. This
will have the effect of balancing the two sides of the same coin containing the SMEs on the one side and the
entrepreneurship development on the other.
ii) The creation of awareness of grants that are available from government sources must be a priority for
government agencies that are charged with the implementation of such interventions. The universities
should advise their Centres for Entrepreneurship Development, the departments and units of
entrepreneurship about the existing public and private sources of grants. While in school the students should
be taught about these sources so that either in school or out as graduates they may enjoy these grants.
iii) Institutions that have started the programme must be encouraged by the provision of adequate funding and
other forms of assistance. Efforts must be made to find out why a majority of the universities have not
started the BSc. entrepreneurship programme and encourage more to start by removing obstacles and
encourage them to commence.
5.5 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDIES
There is a need to carry out studies that would investigate the universities that have commenced the
BSc programmes and ascertain the reasons for the state of their programmes, to fill the gap in knowledge about
their stages in setting up the programme, how they are fairing and what factors either act as obstacles that hinder
or promote the starting and sustaining their programmes. Studies that investigate specific interventions and their
effect that could potentially promote or encourage the BSc entrepreneurship students and graduates may also be
embarked upon.
10. Assessment of Public Sector Interventions and Business Start-Up Status.....
*Corresponding Author: Onyechi Leonard Uzoka 1
www.aijbm.com 63 | Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: We wish to thank Venerable Professor A D Nkamnebe and Professor DCS
Amobi, of Department of Marketing and Department of Pubic administration, Faculty of Management Sciences
Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka for assistance in this research work. We also acknowledge the immense
contribution of the Head, Department of Marketing Professor Titus Okeke for his academic leadership and
guidance throughout this research effort. We are also grateful to Mr Solomon Eze of the Department of
Business Admīnistration Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka for his assistance in supervising, collecting and
collating of the data used for this study.
REFERENCES
[1]. Adebayo, P. O. (2015) . Impact of Government Entrepreneurial Programmes on Youth SMEs
participation in Nigeria IIARD International Journal of Economics and Business Management 1 (8),
65-75.
[2]. Adebayo, N. A. and Nassar, M. L. (2014). Impact of Micro and Small Business Entrepreneurship on
Poverty Reduction in Ibadan Metropolis, South Western Nigeria. International Review of Management
and Business Research 3(3), 1603-1626
[3]. Adiak, M. W. and J. I. Katura (2014) Entrepreneurial education at the tertiary level in Nigeria-
Imperative for poverty reduction and economic development. International Journal of Sciences: Basic
and Applied Research (IJSBAR). 110-128.
[4]. Ajzen, I. (1991) The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior And Human Decision
Processes, 50, 179-211. from https://www.dphu.org/uploads/attachements/books/books_4931_0.pdf,
on 19 -4-2019.
[5]. Akinyemi, F. O. and Adejumo, O. O. (2018). Government policies and entrepreneurship phases in
emerging economies: Nigeria and South Africa. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research. 1-18.
from https://doi.org/10.1186/s40497-018-0131-5 on 4-5-2021
[6]. Anah, A. S. (2017). Public policy and entrepreneurship development in Nigeria. African Journal of
Education, Science and Technology, 3(4), 146-154.
[7]. Ellingsgaard, H. V. (2013) Adding to complexity: how a revived use of psychological theory can
benefit attempts to stimulate change in patterns of personal travel. Proceedings from the Annual
Transport Conference at Aalborg University, 1-12.
[8]. Ihugba, O. A., Odii, A. & Njoku, A. C. (2013). Challenges and prospects of entrepreneurship in
Nigeria: Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 2(5), 25-36
[9]. Ingram, D. (2019). In What Ways Can the Government Encourage Business Activity?, CHRON,
Retreived from https://smallbusiness.chron.com/ways-can-government-encourage-business-
activity-2282.html on 20-6-2021
[10]. Kurotimi, F. M., Agada, F., Godsave, A. and H. Opigo (2017) Entrepreneurship education as a 21st
century strategy for economic growth and sustainable development. International Scholarly and
Scientific Research and Innovation, 11(9), 2168-2179.
[11]. Mason, C. and Brown, R. (2013). Entrepreneurial ecosystems and growth oriented entrepreneurship.
The Hague, Background paper prepared for the workshop organised by the OECD LEED Programme
and the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs, Nov 7. Retreived from
https://www.oecd.org/cfe/leed/Entrepreneurial-ecosystems.pdf on 16-4-2021
[12]. National Universities Commission (NUC) (2011) Benchmark Minimum Academic Standards For
Undergraduate Programmes In Nigerian Universities: GST Entrepreneurship. Abuja, National
Universities Commission.
[13]. Naudé, W. (2013) Entrepreneurship and economic development: theory, evidence and policy. The
Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Discussion Paper No. 7507, 1-17. from
http://ftp.iza.org/dp7507.pdf, on 6-8-2019.
[14]. Nkechi, A., Ikechukwu, E. and Okechukwu, U. F. (2012) Entrepreneurship development and
employment generation in Nigeria: Problems and prospects. Universal Journal of Education and
General Studies. 1(4). 88-102.
[15]. Nwachukwu, A. C. (2012). The Role of Entrepreneurship in Economic Development: The Nigerian
Perspective. European Journal of Business and Management. 8(4). 95-105.
[16]. Obaji, N. O. and Olugu, M. U. (2014). The role of government policy in entrepreneurship
development. Science Journal of Business and Management, 2(4): 109-115. from doi:
10.11648/j.sjbm.20140204.12 on 4-26-2021.
[17]. Ojiaku, O. C., Nkamnebe, A. D. and Nwaizugbo, I. C. (2018). Determinants of entrepreneurial
intentions among young graduates: perspectives of push-pull-mooring model. Journal of Global
11. Assessment of Public Sector Interventions and Business Start-Up Status.....
*Corresponding Author: Onyechi Leonard Uzoka 1
www.aijbm.com 64 | Page
Entrepreneurship Research, 8(24), 1-14. from https://journal-
jger.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s40497-018-0109-3.pdf. on 12-2-2021.
[18]. Ojo, L. B., Abayomi, A. A. and Odozi, A. F. (2014). Entrepreneurship education: A viable tool for
youth empowerment in Nigeria. In E. U. Okafor, Nwafor, N. E., Ighofivwioni, and P. Peter (2015).
Entrepreneurship Education as A Lead Way to University Graduate Employability in Rivers State.
International Journal of Education and Evaluation, 1(8), 23-35.
[19]. Okafor, E. U., Nwafor, N., Ighofivwioni, E. and Precious, P. (2015) Entrepreneurship Education as A
Lead Way to University Graduate Employability in Rivers State. International Journal of Education
and Evaluation, 1(8), 23-35.
[20]. Onwuka E. M., Ugwu, K. E., and Kalu, A. U. (2021) The effect of policy measures on entrepreneurship
development analysis of Nigeria’s experience European Journal of Business and Management, 6 (24),
270-276
[21]. Pittaway, L. And Cope, J. (2006). Entrepreneurship Education: A Systematic Review of the Evidence.
Sheffield , National Council for Graduate Entrepreneurship Working Paper 002/2006. from
http://www.ncge.org.uk/research.php on 5-4-2021.
[22]. Potishuk, V. and J. Kratzer (2017). Factors affecting entrepreneurial intentions and entrepreneurial
attitudes in higher education. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 20(1), 25-44. from
https://www.abacademies.org/articles/factors-affecting-entrepreneurial-intentions-and-entrepreneurial-
attitudes-in-higher-education-1528-2651-20-1-102.pdf, on 13-5-2019
[23]. Serrat, O. (2010) Marketing in the public sector. Washington, DC: Asian Development Bank. from
https://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/intl/144?utm_source=digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu%2Fintl%2
F144&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages, on 18-5- 2019
[24]. Safati, G.(2012). Do policies for entrepreneurship make a difference? Prospective scenarios for
Canada, Ireland and Italy Future Studies Research Journal, 4, (1), 114 - 139
[25]. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)(2015a). Promoting
entrepreneurship for development, Geneva, Trade and Development Board Investment and
Development Commission Seventh Session, 20-24 April. TD/B/C.11/29. from
https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/diaeed2017d6_en.pdf on 27-5-2021
[26]. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development(UNCTAD)(2015b). Policy guide on youth
entrepreneurship. Geneva, United Nations. from https://unctad.org/system/files/official-
document/webdiaeed2015d1_en.pdf on 27-5-2021.
[27]. Uzoka, O. L. and Nwaizugbo, I. C. (2021) "Government Intervention, Subjective Norms and the
Entrepreneurial Intentions of Nigerian University Graduates" Published in International Journal of
Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, 5 (4), 1650-659, URL:
www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43691.pdf on 25-6-2021.