A Tale of Two Cities
1. A TALE OF TWO CITIES By Charles Dickens
2. CHARLES DICKENS • Born February 7, 1812 (Portsmouth, England) • Father imprisoned for debt • “Cast away at a young age” • Began career reporting for London newspaper • First piece published 1836 (Pickwick Papers) • 1850s: father & daughter died; divorced • Wrote Bleak House, Hard Times and Little Dorrit in this period • 1865: train accident • Died June 9, 1870 of stroke • Buried in Poet’s corner, Westminster Abbey
3. HISTORY OF A TALE OF TWO CITIES • Based on the French Revolution (1789) • Written and published in 1859 • One of his last books completed • First book coming out of his “dark period” • Novels had a moral purpose: “to arouse innate moral sentiments and to encourage virtuous behavior in readers”
4. STRUCTURE & STYLE • Foreshadowing • Fewer sub-plots/characters comparatively • Did not fit into modern literary categories (similar to Shakespeare) • Genre: Historical Fiction • Repetition • Writing reflects mood
5. PLOT SYNOPSIS A Tale of Two Cities is based on the French Revolution and the adventures of Lucie Manette and her father, Dr. Manette. Lucie Manette, with the help of Jarvis Lorry, attempts to rescue her father and gets stuck in a love triangle in England with Charles Darnay, Mr. Stryver and Sydney Carton. When work takes Lorry and Darnay to France, they fall into a serious dilemma and need to escape the madness of the Revolutionists. Meanwhile, Madame Defarge and her husband, Ernest Defarge, plan the French Revolution and turn in their morals for loyalty to the new Republic. The multitude of Dickens’ characters meet in France and an unexpected turn of events takes place to conclude the virtuous story.
6. CHARACTERS: • Lucie Manette • Doctor Manette • Jarvis Lorry • Charles Darnay • Sydney Carton • Miss Pross • Ernest Defarge • Madame Defarge SETTING: • London, England • Poor district in Paris, France: St. Antoine
7. SYMBOLS: • Broken Wine Cask: blood shed • Imprisonment • Darkness/Weather: violence • Sea/Fire: Anger/Hatred THEMES: • Sacrificial love • Class inequality • Value of life • Family loyalty • End does not justify the means
8. MEANING & SIGNIFICANCE • Protests the cruelty and gruesome nature of revolution • Urges readers to see all humanity as worthy of life and equality • Illustrates sacrificial love that resonates deeply with the human soul
9. CRITICAL ESSAY • Compares A Tale of Two Cities to A French Revolution (Carlyle) • Accurate and detailed facts (e.g. number of prisoners escaped) • “Everyone who has common sense should have an idea about the events transpiring around him.” • Criticized for drawing out emotions; not qualified to write on history
A Brief Look at the Siglo de Oro or Golden Age of Spanish Culture for students in the Ist year of Masters in Spanish in Doon University. PPT is for further reference. Detailed explanations have been given in class and BBC documentary on Art of Spain has also been shown.
A Tale of Two Cities
1. A TALE OF TWO CITIES By Charles Dickens
2. CHARLES DICKENS • Born February 7, 1812 (Portsmouth, England) • Father imprisoned for debt • “Cast away at a young age” • Began career reporting for London newspaper • First piece published 1836 (Pickwick Papers) • 1850s: father & daughter died; divorced • Wrote Bleak House, Hard Times and Little Dorrit in this period • 1865: train accident • Died June 9, 1870 of stroke • Buried in Poet’s corner, Westminster Abbey
3. HISTORY OF A TALE OF TWO CITIES • Based on the French Revolution (1789) • Written and published in 1859 • One of his last books completed • First book coming out of his “dark period” • Novels had a moral purpose: “to arouse innate moral sentiments and to encourage virtuous behavior in readers”
4. STRUCTURE & STYLE • Foreshadowing • Fewer sub-plots/characters comparatively • Did not fit into modern literary categories (similar to Shakespeare) • Genre: Historical Fiction • Repetition • Writing reflects mood
5. PLOT SYNOPSIS A Tale of Two Cities is based on the French Revolution and the adventures of Lucie Manette and her father, Dr. Manette. Lucie Manette, with the help of Jarvis Lorry, attempts to rescue her father and gets stuck in a love triangle in England with Charles Darnay, Mr. Stryver and Sydney Carton. When work takes Lorry and Darnay to France, they fall into a serious dilemma and need to escape the madness of the Revolutionists. Meanwhile, Madame Defarge and her husband, Ernest Defarge, plan the French Revolution and turn in their morals for loyalty to the new Republic. The multitude of Dickens’ characters meet in France and an unexpected turn of events takes place to conclude the virtuous story.
6. CHARACTERS: • Lucie Manette • Doctor Manette • Jarvis Lorry • Charles Darnay • Sydney Carton • Miss Pross • Ernest Defarge • Madame Defarge SETTING: • London, England • Poor district in Paris, France: St. Antoine
7. SYMBOLS: • Broken Wine Cask: blood shed • Imprisonment • Darkness/Weather: violence • Sea/Fire: Anger/Hatred THEMES: • Sacrificial love • Class inequality • Value of life • Family loyalty • End does not justify the means
8. MEANING & SIGNIFICANCE • Protests the cruelty and gruesome nature of revolution • Urges readers to see all humanity as worthy of life and equality • Illustrates sacrificial love that resonates deeply with the human soul
9. CRITICAL ESSAY • Compares A Tale of Two Cities to A French Revolution (Carlyle) • Accurate and detailed facts (e.g. number of prisoners escaped) • “Everyone who has common sense should have an idea about the events transpiring around him.” • Criticized for drawing out emotions; not qualified to write on history
A Brief Look at the Siglo de Oro or Golden Age of Spanish Culture for students in the Ist year of Masters in Spanish in Doon University. PPT is for further reference. Detailed explanations have been given in class and BBC documentary on Art of Spain has also been shown.
Few painters have achieved success so early and remained so successful throughout their lives as Velazquez. Even in his teens he was acclaimed as a master painter. By the age of 24 he had become Court Painter to King Philip IV. For nearly 40 years he produced an incomparable series of the king and of other figures at court. H e created an art as moving and as varied as any in Europe and less comfined to its age than many other, seemingly freer, painters.
Few painters have achieved success so early and remained so successful throughout their lives as Velazquez. Even in his teens he was acclaimed as a master painter. By the age of 24 he had become Court Painter to King Philip IV. For nearly 40 years he produced an incomparable series of the king and of other figures at court. H e created an art as moving and as varied as any in Europe and less comfined to its age than many other, seemingly freer, painters.
Velázquez, painter of princes and jesters.ppsxguimera
At the age of 24 he was appointed painter to King Philip IV.
Four years later he was promoted to chamber painter, the most important position among court painters.
“Costumbrismo in Spanish Literature and Its European Analogues”, Nonfictional Romantic Prose. Expanding Borders, Steven P. Sondrup & Virgil Nemoianu (eds.), Ámsterdam/Filadelfia (PA), John Benjamins, 2004, pp. 333-346. ISBN: 90-272-3451-5. DOI: 10.1075/chlel.xviii.26los.
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The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
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1. The Poem of the Cid
the oldest preserved Castilian epic poem
2. Discussing
concepts
as epic
poetry or
minstrels
Mester de juglaría refers to the medieval tradition according to
which popular poems were passed down from generation to
generation, being changed in the process. These poems were
meant to be performed in public by minstrels (or juglares).
3. It is, however, incomplete, missing the first page and
two others in the middle, and is written in Old Spanish.
The existing
copy forms
part of a
14th-century
codex in the
Biblioteca
Nacional
de España,
in Madrid,
Spain.
4. Unlike other European medieval epics, the tone is realist.
There is no magic, even the apparition of archangel Gabriel
(verses 404–410) happens in a dream
As we were
minstrels we
performed
the
traditional
composition
differently.
5. By these heroic acts he regained the confidence of
the king and his honor was restored.
The story begins
with the exile of El
Cid, whose
enemies had
unjustly accused
him of stealing
money from the
king, Alfonso VI of
Castile and León,
leading to his exile.
To regain his honor,
he participated in
the battles against
the Moorish armies
and
conquered Valencia
.