its about commerce

1. By Mam Bushra

2. A barter system is an old method of exchange.
This system has been used for centuries and long before money was
invented.
People exchanged services and goods for other services and goods in
return.
Without using any medium of exchange.
Constraints of barter system:
1. Lack of double coincidence of wants.
2. Non existence of common measure of value.
3. Lack of direct contract between buyer and seller.
4. Lack of surplus stock.
Historical background of commerce

3.  Commerce is a process of exchanging goods and services. It includes all the
activities which are directly or indirectly involves the exchanges. Commerce is a
branch of business.
 Commerce includes the distribution process of the products from manufactures to
the consumers.
 According to James Stephenson, “Commerce is an organized system for the
exchange of goods between the members of the industrial world.”

5.  Business to Business commerce means, there a business provides their
services or products to other business. Business does not provide services
or products directly to consumers. they supply their raw material to another
business, and they build the products and then sell to the consumers
 Example: Intel makes microchip for Dell, Samsung makes Apple mobile
display

6. Business to Consumers e-commerce process means when Business
sells its products and services to the consumers directly. It is the
most preferred method of e-commerce. B2C is a traditional method
of commerce, But e-commerce is on the internet.
 Examples: Newegg.com, Overstock.com,Amazon.com

7.  Consumer to Consumer means when consumer sells their products or
services directly to another consumer. it is the best platform for those
consumers who want to get used products.
 Consumer to business means when consumers sell their products or
services to the business. it is best-preferred method when the company
needs to get feedback of the people.
 Example: Olx.com, Quicker.com

8. • commerce plays an important role in the distribution of
goods. It makes available to the users goods produced in
different parts of a country as well as from other countries.
• People are able to buy goods produced anywhere in
the world. The producers are relieved of the problem of
marketing the goods and can concentrate on increasing
production Commercial activities break the barrier
between producers and consumers.
• Commerce ensures a free and smooth flow of goods
from producers to consumers. Commerce provides the
advantages of specialization. It helps to better satisfy human
wants by collecting and distributing goods.

9. • Commerce provides the necessary link between the
producers and consumers of goods. It has brought
countries close to one another and the world has become
one big market.
• Large scale production is impossible without modern
commerce.
• The basic aim of commerce is to ensure the supply of
right goods at the right time at the right place and to right
persons. Commerce brings goods to the hands of ultimate
consumer.

10. 1. Hindrance of person (wholesalers to consumers)
2. Hindrance of place (Transport types)
3. Hindrance of time (willingness to buy)
4. Hindrance of risk of loss (Calamities)
5. Hindrance of knowledge (Communication + Innovation)
6. Hindrance of finance (Banks or financial institution)
7. Hindrance of exchange (Medium of exchange)
Hindrance meaning: delay,
obstruction.