This document discusses the types and functions of muscle tissue in the human body. There are three main types of muscle tissue: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. Skeletal muscle is voluntary and attaches to bones, enabling movement. Cardiac muscle is involuntary and makes up the walls of the heart to pump blood. Smooth muscle is involuntary and lines organs to move their contents. The document also outlines properties of muscle tissue, the process of muscle contraction, motor unit control of muscles, electromyography, diseases that affect muscles, and ways to keep muscles healthy through diet and exercise.

2. INTRODUCTION
Humans rely on muscles for many of our physiological
processes, and virtually all our dynamic interactions with
the environment involve muscle tissue.
FUNCTIONS OF MUSCLES
Small muscles hold
vertebrae together
(Stabilize the
spinal column)
Hold bones tightly
together (Stabilize
joints)
Helps the body
maintain a
normal
temperature
Control
movement of
substances in and
out of passages

3. TYPES OF MUSCLES
.
There are three types of muscle tissue:
Skeletal muscle—Skeletal muscle tissue moves the body
by pulling on bones of the skeleton.
Cardiac muscle—Cardiac muscle tissue pushes blood
through the arteries and veins of the circulatory system.
Smooth muscle—Smooth muscle tissues push fluids and
solids along the digestive tract and perform varied functions in
other systems.

4. Skeletal muscle
Skeletal Muscle- skeletal, striated, & voluntary
location: attach to bones or indirectly to other connective tissues or cartilage
function: create movement of bones or facial skin via contractions
contraction 1. regulation: voluntary
2. speed: rapidly / great force tire easily
3. no rhythmic contractions

5. Cardiac muscle
Cardiac Muscle- cardiac, striated, & involuntary
location: walls of the heart
function: force movement of blood through heart chambers to arteries
contraction 1. regulation: involuntary
2. speed: slow does not tire easily
3. rhythmic contractions

6. Smooth muscle
Smooth Muscle- visceral, nonstriated, & involuntary
location: walls of hollow visceral organs stomach, respiratory passages
function: create movement of substances through a tract
contraction 1. regulation: involuntary
2. speed: very slow & sustained does not tire easily
3. rhythmic contractions in some

7. PROPERTIES OF MUSCLE TISSUES
There are four characteristics associated
with muscle tissue:
 Excitability
 Contractility
 Extensibility
 Elasticity
- Tissue can receive & respond to stimulation
- Tissue can shorten & thicken
- Tissue can lengthen
- After contracting or lengthening, tissue
always wants to return to its resting state

8. Physiology of Skeletal Muscle Contraction
1. Acetylcholine is released into the
neuromuscular junction by axonal terminal
2. Acetylcholine diffuses across the
neuromuscular junction & binds to
receptors on the sarcolemma
3. Depolarization occurs, and the action
potential is generated (see next page)
4. Action potential, carried deep into cell,
causes sarcoplasmic reticulum to release
calcium ions
5. Calcium ion concentration @
myofilaments increases; myofilaments
slide past one another,
and muscle cell shortens
6. As calcium is actively reabsorbed into
the sarcoplasmic reticulum, its
concentration at the
myofilaments decreases
7. The muscle cell relaxes and lengthens

9. Motor Units and Muscle Control
motor unit- a motor neuron
and all the muscle cells it
stimulates

10. The contraction of skeletal muscle results in generation
of action potentials in the individual fibres, record of
which is known as EMG.
Signal characteristics-
Frequency range 5 Hz-3 kHz
Signal voltage 25µV-5mV
Waveform like a random noise
ELECTROMYOGRAM

11. Electrodes for EMG
1) Surface Electrodes(no. Of muscles)
These electrodes are used to obtain bioelectric potentials
from the surface of the body.
2) Needle electrodes(specific to a muscle)
These electrodes are inserted into body to obtain localized
measurement of potentials from a specific muscle.
3) Microelectrodes(cellular level record)
Electrodes have tips sufficiently small to penetrate a single
cell in order to obtain readings from within cell.

12. DATA ACQUISITION OF EMG
TISSUE(s),MUSCLE
(s) OR SKIN
SURFACE
PREAMPLIFIER
FILTER CKT.
(BAND PASS & NOTCH)
CONFIGURATION OF
ELECTRODES
DSO CRT
DISPLAY

13. Diseases of the Muscular System
1) Bursitis :Bursitis is inflammation of a bursa. Bursa is a
fluid-filled sac between a tendon and skin, or between a
tendon and bone. Bursitis is very painful because of the
swelling that occurs.
2) Carpal tunnel syndrome occurs when the median
nerve is pinched. This can be due to swelling of nearby
tendons. When the nerve is pinched, it can cause
numbness and pain of the fingers, hand and forearm.
Without treatment, this damages the nerves and
muscles.

14. Diseases of the Muscular System
3) Compartment syndrome happens when too much
pressure builds up in and around the muscles. It can result
from injury, pressure on a blood vessel, or swelling which
creates pressure on the muscle tissue. Symptoms are severe
pain, a feeling of fullness or tightness in the muscle and a
tingling feeling. Numbness means death of the muscle cells
and damage may be permanent.
4) Muscular Dystrophy is a group of genetic diseases that
cause the muscle fibers to become easily damaged. There
are over one dozen different types. Symptoms are muscle
weakness, lack of coordination and loss of mobility.

15. 5) Myasthenia gravis is a disease causing weakness of the
skeletal muscles. The name is Latin and Greek for "grave
muscle weakness." Muscle weakness increases during
periods of activity and improves after periods of rest. A
common side effect is droopy eyelids.
6) Poliomyelitis affects mostly children. It spreads through
direct contact with mucous, phlegm, feces, or contact with
food and water contaminated by feces of an infected
person. When it invades the nervous system, it can cause
paralysis or death.
Diseases of the Muscular System

16. Keeping the Muscular System
Healthy
 The first part of keeping muscles healthy is a good diet. For muscles to
grow, they need the right kinds of food. Do not eat fatty foods. Eat
grains such as bread and pasta. Eat lots of fruits, vegetables and dairy
products. Drink at least eight 8-ounce glasses of water daily. Limit
drinks such as soda and certain juices. They are high in sugar and can
lead to fat storage in the muscles. Get regular exercise. A good exercise
program has five parts:
1) Warm up with light exercise
2) Stretch
3) Raise your heart rate with aerobic exercise
4) Build muscle with resistance exercise such as weights
5) Cool down with slow exercise

17. Thanks for Watching!
