While the fundamental needs of researchers and functions of scholarly journals have remained largely unchanged, the form of digital journals differs little from paper journals. At a macro level, journals continue to serve the needs of author mode (registration, certification, dissemination) and reader mode (identification, selection, consumption). However, at a micro level, increased formalization and rhetorical mechanisms in digital journals reflect growth in researcher populations. The conservative evolution of journals is driven by the relatively constant human and philosophical requirements for knowledge generation, occupied information ecological niches, and emphasis on efficiency over novelty in tools. Future changes may come from sustainability pressures, groupthink, or disruptive technologies, but core functions are expected to persist due to their alignment with fundamental needs.
Iatefl 2019 How to be successful in discovering and publishing researchCaroline Moore
About me as a researcher/ research publisher
Types of Scholarly publishing
How researchers find content
Finding ELT-related content
New trends and research tools
Publishing your own research
This presentation was provided by Robert Wolven of Columbia University, Dr. Thomas B. Hickey of OCLC, and Helen L. Henderson of Ringgold, Inc. during the NISO Webinar "Identifiers: New Problems, New Solutions, Part One" held on March 10, 2010.
This document discusses knowledge engineering and the use of knowledge on the web. It covers web data representation using standards like RDF, HTML5 and SKOS. It discusses categorizing knowledge from different sources and aligning categories. It also discusses using knowledge through techniques like visualization, graph-based search across linked data, and improving search through vocabulary alignment and location-based queries.
This document summarizes a presentation on breaking boundaries in scholarly publishing. It discusses how the life cycle of scholarly content is changing, with findings from Palgrave Macmillan research showing most researchers want more flexible formats between journal articles and monographs. New publishing models and platforms are emerging, including video journals, open access publishing, and enhanced ebooks. Business models are also evolving with patron-driven acquisition, article processing charges, and institution-funded content. The future may see more integrated models combining multiple resource types and assessment tools, with libraries playing a central role in providing content. Boundaries in scholarly publishing and communication are continually being pushed.
This document provides an overview of historiography and research strategies for historians. It discusses the current state of research, developing a research plan, and using scholarly and popular resources. It outlines a seven step research process and describes various sources like primary, secondary and tertiary sources. It also discusses evaluating different media formats and their storage densities and stability over time. Finally, it provides guidance on searching catalogs and databases, evaluating websites, and when to seek help from librarians.
This document discusses key questions about the study and teaching of political communication. It examines what constitutes political communication, who is studied, when and where it occurs, how it is studied, and why it is studied. It argues that the field could broaden its focus beyond U.S. presidential rhetoric and elections to study other levels of government, international contexts, and historical periods. It also calls for more attention to context, ethics, civic virtue, and progress in the study and teaching of political communication.
The document discusses Singapore's population policies and challenges over time. It notes that Singapore experienced rapid population growth from the 1960s-1980s due to economic boom, but then growth slowed from the 1980s onward. This aging population trend will impact Singapore, requiring policies to fund retirees and meet elderly needs. Singapore's policies have shifted over time in response to these changing demographic situations.
Iatefl 2019 How to be successful in discovering and publishing researchCaroline Moore
About me as a researcher/ research publisher
Types of Scholarly publishing
How researchers find content
Finding ELT-related content
New trends and research tools
Publishing your own research
This presentation was provided by Robert Wolven of Columbia University, Dr. Thomas B. Hickey of OCLC, and Helen L. Henderson of Ringgold, Inc. during the NISO Webinar "Identifiers: New Problems, New Solutions, Part One" held on March 10, 2010.
This document discusses knowledge engineering and the use of knowledge on the web. It covers web data representation using standards like RDF, HTML5 and SKOS. It discusses categorizing knowledge from different sources and aligning categories. It also discusses using knowledge through techniques like visualization, graph-based search across linked data, and improving search through vocabulary alignment and location-based queries.
This document summarizes a presentation on breaking boundaries in scholarly publishing. It discusses how the life cycle of scholarly content is changing, with findings from Palgrave Macmillan research showing most researchers want more flexible formats between journal articles and monographs. New publishing models and platforms are emerging, including video journals, open access publishing, and enhanced ebooks. Business models are also evolving with patron-driven acquisition, article processing charges, and institution-funded content. The future may see more integrated models combining multiple resource types and assessment tools, with libraries playing a central role in providing content. Boundaries in scholarly publishing and communication are continually being pushed.
This document provides an overview of historiography and research strategies for historians. It discusses the current state of research, developing a research plan, and using scholarly and popular resources. It outlines a seven step research process and describes various sources like primary, secondary and tertiary sources. It also discusses evaluating different media formats and their storage densities and stability over time. Finally, it provides guidance on searching catalogs and databases, evaluating websites, and when to seek help from librarians.
This document discusses key questions about the study and teaching of political communication. It examines what constitutes political communication, who is studied, when and where it occurs, how it is studied, and why it is studied. It argues that the field could broaden its focus beyond U.S. presidential rhetoric and elections to study other levels of government, international contexts, and historical periods. It also calls for more attention to context, ethics, civic virtue, and progress in the study and teaching of political communication.
The document discusses Singapore's population policies and challenges over time. It notes that Singapore experienced rapid population growth from the 1960s-1980s due to economic boom, but then growth slowed from the 1980s onward. This aging population trend will impact Singapore, requiring policies to fund retirees and meet elderly needs. Singapore's policies have shifted over time in response to these changing demographic situations.
Future of Publishing - a session on innovations in academic journal publishin...PublishingSGM
With so many changes affecting scholarly publishing, how can new and experienced authors ensure their research is captured by quality journals in a highly discoverable and accessible way? The publishing team at SGM organised the Future of Publishing session at SGM’s 2014 conference in order to explore these questions.
To share some of the knowledge that was imparted and the debates that arose from the session, we have outlined the structure of the event below and have created a Storify board, including the Twitter activity which can be found here: storify.com/PublishingSGM/future-of-publishing-2014
The current Chair of SGM’s Publishing Committee, Colin Harwood, chaired the session and opened by introducing the panel. Aharon Oheren kicked off the presentations with an introduction to current practices in journal publishing. He described the role of the editor and what happens to your paper after it is submitted, suggested what authors should consider before submitting their paper and discussed different models of peer review, both old and new. He also advised authors on how to handle rejection and the best way to deal with negative reviews.
Paul Hoskisson then explored some of the new methods for communicating research, including social media, as well as new journal models including open access and mega journals. He also considered how altmetrics could be used to measure the impact of science over current methods. He finished by encouraging the audience to take opportunities to influence change in academic publishing.
Leighton Chipperfield then rounded off the presentations by providing a brief summary of innovation in publishing at SGM, including the recent addition of ORCID IDs (have you got yours?). He also explored how semantics are making material more dicoverable and how, as publishers, we’re moving away from traditional publishing models to truly managing knowledge.
The discussion was followed by a Q&A with the whole panel.
Session Co-ordinators: Parita Patel, Product Manager (p.patel@sgm.ac.uk) and Sally Hawkins, Digital Projects Administrator (s.hawkins@sgm.ac.uk)
Session hashtag: #SGMFoP
The document discusses breaking boundaries in scholarly publishing. It begins by outlining the typical life cycle of scholarly content from research to publishing. It then discusses findings from a Palgrave Macmillan research project that found many researchers are dissatisfied with standard journal article and monograph lengths and would publish in a mid-length format. The document also notes changing research and publishing models including open access, video content, and brief or mid-length formats. It ends by questioning what future boundaries may be broken in scholarly publishing and formats.
This session offers the results of a study that tests the assertion that the online dissemination of theses has a positive impact on the research profile of the institution. Based on a combination of primary and secondary research, with some fascinating statistical comparative information, the study outlines the types of metrics an institution may use to measure the impact of its corpus of digitised dissertations and examines how these metrics may be generated. It is the result of a year-long study undertaken with the London School of Economics which focuses on the outcomes achieved through its programme of theses digitisation, disseminated simultaneously through its institutional repository and through the ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Database (PDTD). Results achieved by the LSE will be compared with metrics gathered globally by ProQuest via its PDTD. The session will be of interest to all librarians and academics involved in the use of digitised theses as a research resource, digitisation projects (retrospective or ongoing) and university rankings.
Advocating Open Access: Before, during and after HEFCENick Sheppard
Since “self-archiving” of research outputs was first mooted in the mid-1990s, initiatives towards “green” Open Access (OA) across the sector have met with generally limited success and coverage in institutional and subject repositories is generally cited at around 20-30%. However, since the Finch report in 2012 combined with OA policies from RCUK, also in 2012, and HEFCE the following year, there is little doubt that a tipping point of awareness has been reached. This session will aim to contextualise the HEFCE policy in the broader history of Open Access and present a case study of a non-research intensive University and how the repository manager has sought to liaise with academic support services in order to facilitate knowledge exchange across the University. - See more at: http://www.cilip.org.uk/events/open-access-advocacy#sthash.9YqReHt0.dpuf
This document provides an overview of how to conduct a literature review. It discusses key aspects of developing good research questions, operational definitions, and formulating hypotheses. It also reviews important components of the literature review chapter, including reviewing theories, types of hypotheses, and evaluating primary vs. secondary sources. Finally, it outlines steps for analyzing literature, such as distinguishing between assertions and evidence, identifying trends, and evaluating references for currency and coverage of the topic. The overall document serves as a guide for graduate students on how to effectively conduct a literature review.
Jisc, the Wellcome Library, and non UK universities and professional societies, have been working on a three-year large-scale digitisation project of more than 15 million pages of 19th century published works, resulting in the UK Medical Heritage Library, a valuable resource for the exploration of medical humanities.
I hosted a live lab day on the 26th October, with researchers and developers, at the Wellcome Library, to look at how this resource can be developed. These are the results of the discussion.
Leveraging Exhibitions as a Needs-Based Skill Development Program in Librarie...Sara Sterkenburg
This presentation was delivered on June 24, 2015 at the 2015 Rare Book and Manuscript Pre-conference in Oakland, CA.
Summary:
In 2014, Vanderbilt’s exhibition team discussed changing its curatorial model to be less aligned with the museum model, and more oriented toward the 21st century technologies demanded widely by our users. We designed the current season around this idea, leveraging ourselves as a skill-development program. We focused on teaching XML markup, version control using Github, copyright, open access, and descriptive metadata.
Challenging budgets push many institutions to rely on webinars to teach new concepts, often with minimal results. The big learning curve of some technologies calls for hands-on learning in a project environment. This can be jump-started by exhibition programs in special collections libraries, often with few people and at minimal cost. I will discuss our process, including workflow, training, roadblocks/troubleshooting, and takeaways.
4.16.15 Slides, “Enhancing Early Career Researcher Profiles: VIVO & ORCID Int...DuraSpace
Hot Topics: The DuraSpace Community Webinar Series
Series 11: Integrating ORCID Persistent Identifiers with DSpace, Fedora and VIVO
Webinar 3: “Enhancing Early Career Researcher Profiles: VIVO & ORCID Integration”
April 16, 2015
Curated by Josh Brown, ORCID
Presented by: Simeon Warner, Library Information Systems, Cornell University, Jon Corson-Rikert, Head of Information Technology Services, Cornell University and Kristi Holmes, Director, Galter Health Sciences Library, Northwestern University
The following decks will be presented on 25 Jan 2017 to increase the understanding in dissemination and science communication, outside the the standard requirements, eg: journal article etc.
This document summarizes an EPQ support workshop covering various topics related to researching and writing an Extended Project Qualification (EPQ). The workshop covers thinking about resources, finding information, becoming a critical searcher, searching and recording information, and referencing. Attendees learn about evaluating different types of sources, developing effective search strategies, keeping records of their research, and the importance of critical analysis and referencing sources. The goal is to provide students with the skills to conduct detailed research by selecting, analyzing, and applying a wide range of relevant resources to their EPQ topics.
Research and Information Literacy RIL ENG 216 A Professor Jennifer RansomJennifer L. Ransom
This document provides an overview of a research and information literacy course taught by Professor Jennifer Ransom. The course introduces students to various types of information sources and formats, the research process, and developing information literacy skills. It outlines the course objectives, format, assignments, policies and final project requirements. Students will learn to effectively search for and evaluate information, develop research strategies, cite sources, and complete a portfolio demonstrating their skills.
OA discussion at BILETA 2017, Universidade do Minho, Portugal, focusing on legal journal publication. Co-authored with Catherine Easton and Abhilash Hair
This document provides information about open access for PhD students in business. It defines open access as free digital resources without copyright or licensing restrictions. It explains that open access matters for career development as articles are viewed more when freely available. It outlines how students can make their thesis and publications open access through Imperial College's institutional repository Spiral or open access journals. It also discusses relevant policies from research funders and selecting appropriate journals for publication.
MA Film Television and Animation: Library InductionSusanNolan
This document provides an overview of library research methods and resources for students completing an MA degree at Middlesex University. It discusses services available from the library, how to search the library catalog and databases, developing effective search strategies, evaluating information sources, managing research, and referencing materials. Tips are provided on identifying keywords, using search tools like AND/OR/NOT, and searching databases relevant to film and television studies like Film Index International.
This document provides an overview of methodology and tools for scientific publishing. It discusses the objectives of the course, which are to understand facets of publishing such as journals, conferences, books, and publication workflows. It also covers obtaining an idea of publication-based evaluation metrics like impact factor and h-index. The document outlines different types of scientific documents, principles of publication, economics of publishing, and bibliometrics.
This document discusses new digital research literacies and publishing platforms. It covers 1) digital research literacies, 2) scholarly peer networks like Academia and ResearchGate, 3) publishing platforms like blogs, SlideShare and Twitter, 4) moving from bibliometrics to altmetrics to measure impact, and 5) findings about the effects of digital research on open access to knowledge and gender differences in citation rates. The document concludes with recommendations for ANU Law researchers to acknowledge emerging technologies, base practices on collaboration, support open teaching and research, and use new media to shape research narratives and impact.
This document provides an overview of scientific paper writing. It discusses why publishing research is important, different types of venues and their review processes. It also covers topics such as ethics in publishing, rankings of venues and authors, and types of papers. The document then describes how to structure a research paper, including sections such as the introduction, main body, related work, and conclusions. Finally, it provides tips for scientific writing and the publication process.
This document discusses challenges with the current scientific publishing system and proposes a vision for next generation scientific publishing (NGSP). Some key problems include retractions due to misconduct, lack of reproducibility, and non-reusable data and methods. NGSP would feature transparent and computable data and methods, open annotation of narratives and objects, and no restrictions on text mining or remixing. It would move information more quickly and allow verification through an open, service-oriented system without walled gardens. Taking NGSP forward will require collaboration across stakeholders in research communications.
This document discusses how social media can benefit academic research. It begins by outlining the research process and how research takes place within "academic agglomerations" of other researchers. It then draws parallels between how economic activity benefits from agglomerations and how research can benefit from interactions within academic communities.
The document argues that social media like blogs and research networks can foster academic agglomerations for researchers working in isolation by providing infrastructure for interactions, diverse inputs, better matching with collaborators, and knowledge spillovers. This speedier dissemination of ideas and feedback through social media can help improve research impact. Evidence suggests blogging raises researcher profiles and increases knowledge dissemination and interest in research careers. The document concludes
A framework for analysing research types and practicesLaura Czerniewicz
A presentation at Networked Learning Conference Edinburgh 2014
Full paper Czerniewicz, L; Kell, C; Willmers, M; King, T (2014), “Changing Research Communication Practices and Open Scholarship: A Framework for Analysis”, available http://openuct.uct.ac.za/article/scap-outputs-changing-research-communication-practices
Sierra Williams: From academic blog to networked scholarly community: Lessons...Pratt_Symposium
The document summarizes lessons learned from running the LSE Impact Blog, a multi-author academic blog. It finds that blogs allow for more frequent, multimedia posts that reach a wider audience than traditional journals. However, blogging also presents challenges like the significant time commitment required, pressures around maintaining regular posts, and uncertainties around issues like commenting and copyright. Academic incentives still prioritize traditional publications over public engagement. Supporting blogging and social media use remains an ongoing challenge.
Stuart Dunn: Contested Geographies, Captive Audiences: Frontiers and Their Pu...Pratt_Symposium
This document discusses frontiers and their public meanings. It notes that frontiers are public objects that shape ideas, identities and histories. The document examines how the Roman Wall in Britain has been interpreted and presented to the public over time, from ancient writers to modern organizations like English Heritage. It discusses how authoritative interpretations can affect the physical experience of encountering the landscape and frontier.
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With so many changes affecting scholarly publishing, how can new and experienced authors ensure their research is captured by quality journals in a highly discoverable and accessible way? The publishing team at SGM organised the Future of Publishing session at SGM’s 2014 conference in order to explore these questions.
To share some of the knowledge that was imparted and the debates that arose from the session, we have outlined the structure of the event below and have created a Storify board, including the Twitter activity which can be found here: storify.com/PublishingSGM/future-of-publishing-2014
The current Chair of SGM’s Publishing Committee, Colin Harwood, chaired the session and opened by introducing the panel. Aharon Oheren kicked off the presentations with an introduction to current practices in journal publishing. He described the role of the editor and what happens to your paper after it is submitted, suggested what authors should consider before submitting their paper and discussed different models of peer review, both old and new. He also advised authors on how to handle rejection and the best way to deal with negative reviews.
Paul Hoskisson then explored some of the new methods for communicating research, including social media, as well as new journal models including open access and mega journals. He also considered how altmetrics could be used to measure the impact of science over current methods. He finished by encouraging the audience to take opportunities to influence change in academic publishing.
Leighton Chipperfield then rounded off the presentations by providing a brief summary of innovation in publishing at SGM, including the recent addition of ORCID IDs (have you got yours?). He also explored how semantics are making material more dicoverable and how, as publishers, we’re moving away from traditional publishing models to truly managing knowledge.
The discussion was followed by a Q&A with the whole panel.
Session Co-ordinators: Parita Patel, Product Manager (p.patel@sgm.ac.uk) and Sally Hawkins, Digital Projects Administrator (s.hawkins@sgm.ac.uk)
Session hashtag: #SGMFoP
The document discusses breaking boundaries in scholarly publishing. It begins by outlining the typical life cycle of scholarly content from research to publishing. It then discusses findings from a Palgrave Macmillan research project that found many researchers are dissatisfied with standard journal article and monograph lengths and would publish in a mid-length format. The document also notes changing research and publishing models including open access, video content, and brief or mid-length formats. It ends by questioning what future boundaries may be broken in scholarly publishing and formats.
This session offers the results of a study that tests the assertion that the online dissemination of theses has a positive impact on the research profile of the institution. Based on a combination of primary and secondary research, with some fascinating statistical comparative information, the study outlines the types of metrics an institution may use to measure the impact of its corpus of digitised dissertations and examines how these metrics may be generated. It is the result of a year-long study undertaken with the London School of Economics which focuses on the outcomes achieved through its programme of theses digitisation, disseminated simultaneously through its institutional repository and through the ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Database (PDTD). Results achieved by the LSE will be compared with metrics gathered globally by ProQuest via its PDTD. The session will be of interest to all librarians and academics involved in the use of digitised theses as a research resource, digitisation projects (retrospective or ongoing) and university rankings.
Advocating Open Access: Before, during and after HEFCENick Sheppard
Since “self-archiving” of research outputs was first mooted in the mid-1990s, initiatives towards “green” Open Access (OA) across the sector have met with generally limited success and coverage in institutional and subject repositories is generally cited at around 20-30%. However, since the Finch report in 2012 combined with OA policies from RCUK, also in 2012, and HEFCE the following year, there is little doubt that a tipping point of awareness has been reached. This session will aim to contextualise the HEFCE policy in the broader history of Open Access and present a case study of a non-research intensive University and how the repository manager has sought to liaise with academic support services in order to facilitate knowledge exchange across the University. - See more at: http://www.cilip.org.uk/events/open-access-advocacy#sthash.9YqReHt0.dpuf
This document provides an overview of how to conduct a literature review. It discusses key aspects of developing good research questions, operational definitions, and formulating hypotheses. It also reviews important components of the literature review chapter, including reviewing theories, types of hypotheses, and evaluating primary vs. secondary sources. Finally, it outlines steps for analyzing literature, such as distinguishing between assertions and evidence, identifying trends, and evaluating references for currency and coverage of the topic. The overall document serves as a guide for graduate students on how to effectively conduct a literature review.
Jisc, the Wellcome Library, and non UK universities and professional societies, have been working on a three-year large-scale digitisation project of more than 15 million pages of 19th century published works, resulting in the UK Medical Heritage Library, a valuable resource for the exploration of medical humanities.
I hosted a live lab day on the 26th October, with researchers and developers, at the Wellcome Library, to look at how this resource can be developed. These are the results of the discussion.
Leveraging Exhibitions as a Needs-Based Skill Development Program in Librarie...Sara Sterkenburg
This presentation was delivered on June 24, 2015 at the 2015 Rare Book and Manuscript Pre-conference in Oakland, CA.
Summary:
In 2014, Vanderbilt’s exhibition team discussed changing its curatorial model to be less aligned with the museum model, and more oriented toward the 21st century technologies demanded widely by our users. We designed the current season around this idea, leveraging ourselves as a skill-development program. We focused on teaching XML markup, version control using Github, copyright, open access, and descriptive metadata.
Challenging budgets push many institutions to rely on webinars to teach new concepts, often with minimal results. The big learning curve of some technologies calls for hands-on learning in a project environment. This can be jump-started by exhibition programs in special collections libraries, often with few people and at minimal cost. I will discuss our process, including workflow, training, roadblocks/troubleshooting, and takeaways.
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April 16, 2015
Curated by Josh Brown, ORCID
Presented by: Simeon Warner, Library Information Systems, Cornell University, Jon Corson-Rikert, Head of Information Technology Services, Cornell University and Kristi Holmes, Director, Galter Health Sciences Library, Northwestern University
The following decks will be presented on 25 Jan 2017 to increase the understanding in dissemination and science communication, outside the the standard requirements, eg: journal article etc.
This document summarizes an EPQ support workshop covering various topics related to researching and writing an Extended Project Qualification (EPQ). The workshop covers thinking about resources, finding information, becoming a critical searcher, searching and recording information, and referencing. Attendees learn about evaluating different types of sources, developing effective search strategies, keeping records of their research, and the importance of critical analysis and referencing sources. The goal is to provide students with the skills to conduct detailed research by selecting, analyzing, and applying a wide range of relevant resources to their EPQ topics.
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OA discussion at BILETA 2017, Universidade do Minho, Portugal, focusing on legal journal publication. Co-authored with Catherine Easton and Abhilash Hair
This document provides information about open access for PhD students in business. It defines open access as free digital resources without copyright or licensing restrictions. It explains that open access matters for career development as articles are viewed more when freely available. It outlines how students can make their thesis and publications open access through Imperial College's institutional repository Spiral or open access journals. It also discusses relevant policies from research funders and selecting appropriate journals for publication.
MA Film Television and Animation: Library InductionSusanNolan
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This document provides an overview of methodology and tools for scientific publishing. It discusses the objectives of the course, which are to understand facets of publishing such as journals, conferences, books, and publication workflows. It also covers obtaining an idea of publication-based evaluation metrics like impact factor and h-index. The document outlines different types of scientific documents, principles of publication, economics of publishing, and bibliometrics.
This document discusses new digital research literacies and publishing platforms. It covers 1) digital research literacies, 2) scholarly peer networks like Academia and ResearchGate, 3) publishing platforms like blogs, SlideShare and Twitter, 4) moving from bibliometrics to altmetrics to measure impact, and 5) findings about the effects of digital research on open access to knowledge and gender differences in citation rates. The document concludes with recommendations for ANU Law researchers to acknowledge emerging technologies, base practices on collaboration, support open teaching and research, and use new media to shape research narratives and impact.
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This document discusses challenges with the current scientific publishing system and proposes a vision for next generation scientific publishing (NGSP). Some key problems include retractions due to misconduct, lack of reproducibility, and non-reusable data and methods. NGSP would feature transparent and computable data and methods, open annotation of narratives and objects, and no restrictions on text mining or remixing. It would move information more quickly and allow verification through an open, service-oriented system without walled gardens. Taking NGSP forward will require collaboration across stakeholders in research communications.
This document discusses how social media can benefit academic research. It begins by outlining the research process and how research takes place within "academic agglomerations" of other researchers. It then draws parallels between how economic activity benefits from agglomerations and how research can benefit from interactions within academic communities.
The document argues that social media like blogs and research networks can foster academic agglomerations for researchers working in isolation by providing infrastructure for interactions, diverse inputs, better matching with collaborators, and knowledge spillovers. This speedier dissemination of ideas and feedback through social media can help improve research impact. Evidence suggests blogging raises researcher profiles and increases knowledge dissemination and interest in research careers. The document concludes
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Full paper Czerniewicz, L; Kell, C; Willmers, M; King, T (2014), “Changing Research Communication Practices and Open Scholarship: A Framework for Analysis”, available http://openuct.uct.ac.za/article/scap-outputs-changing-research-communication-practices
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The more things change, the more they stay the same...”: Why digital journals differ so little from paper
1. “The more things change, the more
they stay the same...”:
Why digital journals differ so little from paper
Michael A Mabe
CEO, STM
&
Visiting Professor, Information Science,
University College, London
2. Prof. Sir D’Arcy Wentworth
Thompson
On Growth and Form
First Published 1917
7. Fundamental needs of researchers (I)
AUTHOR MODE
• To be seen to report an idea first
• To feel secure in communicating that idea
• [For empirical disciplines] To persuade
readers that their results are general and arise
from enactment of the scientific method
• To have their claim accepted by peers
• To report their idea to the right audience
• To get recognition for their idea
• To have a permanent public record of their
work
8. Fundamental Needs of Researchers (II)
READER MODE
• To identify relevant content
• To select based on trust and authority
• To locate and consume it
• To cite it
• To be sure it is final and permanent
9. 9
Functions of the journal à la Oldenburg
• Date stamping or priority via registration
• Quality stamping through peer-review
• Recording the final, definitive, authorised
versions of papers and archiving them
• Dissemination to targeted scholarly
audience
• [Added later] For readers, search and
navigation
– Achieved via creation and then management
of the “journal brand”
• (journal title and its associated attributes for
researchers)
10. • [We must be] very careful of registring as well the person
and time of any new matter.., as the matter itselfe;
whereby the honor of ye invention will be inviolably
preserved to all posterity.
[Oldenburg, 24 November 1664]
• all Ingenious men will be thereby incouraged to impart
their knowledge and discoveryes
[Oldenburg, 3 December 1664]
• [I should not] neglect the opportunity of having some of my
Memoirs preserv’d, by being incorporated into a Collection,
that is like to be as lasting as usefull
[Boyle, 1665]
• “[Phil. Trans. should be] licensed under the charter by the
Council of the Society, being first reviewed by some of the
members of the same.”
[R.Soc. Order in Council 1/3/1665]
Inventing the Journal: Oldenburg’s Letters
11. Evidence of researcher needs
Data from 36,188 Authors;
0= unimportant
10= very important
2=
1
6
5
7
8
4
2=
QUALITY
&
SPEED
Source: Elsevier Author Feedback Programme
CERTIFICATION
REGISTRATION
13. Motivations for Publishing
57%
20%
13%
8%
2%
18%
27%
40%
15%
3%
73%
13%
5% 5% 4%
11%
26% 25%
20%
16%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Disseminate
results
Further my
career
Future funding Recognition Establish
precedence
1993. B. R. Coles: “STM Information System in the UK”. Royal
Society/ ALPSP/ British Lib.
2005. Elsevier/NOP study
What would you say are the two most important motivations for
publishing? Base: (6344)
1st
most important motivation (93) 2nd most important motivation (93)
1st
most important motivation (05) 2nd most important motivation (05)
14. Motivational change over 10 years
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
Disseminate
results
Further my
career
Future
funding
Recognition Establish
precedence
First most important motivation 93/05 diff
Second most important motivation 93/05 diff
15. Similarities
• Form follows function...
... and function follows need
• At a macro/fundamental level
– researcher human needs change little over
time...
... so functions remain constant
... and gross form remains stable
19. Form follows function: macro level
• Relatively short articles
• Author names prominent
• Dates of submission, acceptance,
publication present
• Registration, certification, dissemination
and archive achieved simultaneously via
the act of formal publication
• Branded by journal title
20. Differences
• Form follows function...
... and function follows need
• At a micro/detailed level, as researcher
populations increase
– Need for independent trust and authority grows
... rhetorical mechanisms are more important
...increased formalisation of structure
...exemplars of scientific method
25. ACCEPTANCE AS FACTACCEPTANCE AS FACT
CRITICAL EVALUATION
COMMUNICATION
OBSERVATIONOBSERVATION
Private Co-workers Invisible college Speciality Discipline Public
research
Peer reviewed paper
in a journal
Pre-print
monograph historytextbook
reference
work
Review
paper
prizes
Science
journalism
Draft
for
comment
1st
draft Seminar/workshop/conference
Draft
mss
Create
Discuss
& revisit
Criticism
Formal
public
evaluation
Formal
confirmation
Acceptance
& integration
Macro Rhetoric and Articles
26. Micro Rhetoric of Articles
• Publication is not just communication
• Articles are written to persuade readers
that
– a singular observation made by one observer
is generally true for all observers at all times
– the research reported is an enactment of the
idealised scientific method
27. Micro Rhetoric of Articles
• The structure and language of an article
reflect these intentions
– standardised impersonal sections
• methods, results, discussion etc.
– passive voice, generalised language
• E.g., “A reaction was observed...” NOT “I saw...”
– embedding the article in network of other
articles through reference and citation
– using others results to support the conclusions
• See: A G Gross Rhetoric of Science
28. Scholarly Communication &
Information Ecology
• Communication Dimensionality
– Mode
• 1:1, 1:many, many:many
– Directionality
• unidirectional, interactive
– Delivery regime
• oral, written
– Temporality
• Live or recorded
– Register:
• private, public, informal, formal
– Enhancement:
• local, at a distance
29. • Case of an oral lecture (like this!)
– Mode: one-to-many
– Directionality: unidirectional (except for Q&A)
– Delivery regime: oral
– Temporality: live
– Register: public, formal
– Enhancement: in the lecture hall none
• but technology allows development to “at a distance”
– broadcast, but reduced directionality
– webcast, no reduced directionality
Scholarly Communication &
Information Ecology: An Example
30. Delivery
regime
Mode Old New
Instances Directionality Instances Directionality
Oral One-to-one
in person
conversation
verbal question
instant messaging
audiovisual
verbal question
telephone
conversation
verbal question
Voip
telephony
verbal question
One-to-many
lecture/conference
talk
verbal question
instant messaging
audiovisual
verbal question
television broadcast n/a web video email
Written One-to-one letters letter reply email email
One-to-many printed publication
counter
publication
Written
correspondence
web based
publication
blogs
rapid response
commentaries
Many-to-
many
n/a n/a wikis in-built
e whiteboards in-built
31. Future Change
• Formal scholarly publishing system has
evolved to satisfy
– Human needs of researchers
– Philosophical requirements of knowledge
generation
...and to occupy its
– Information ecological niches
• Needs and niches are relatively constant over
time
• Conservatism of form reflects this constancy
• Technology enables greater efficiency
– New tools, but new tools for old purposes
32. Future Change II
• New dimensions to “natural
selection” pressures?
– Sustainability of business models
– Group wish think
– Mythical “killer app”?
• Post “asteroid” mass extinction?
The most comprehensive study of the motivations for publishing in the ‘paper’ age was conducted in 1993 by B.R.Coles in the “STM Information System in the UK”, our study re-visits those questions.
What the researcher was asked was what was their most important motivation for publishing, and then also their second most important motivation.
Those bars coloured in dark blue are the first most important motivation for publishing and those in light blue the second most important motivation.
Clearly, dissemination is the most significant factor, with 57% indicating it is the most important reason.
Examining motivations can be a difficult matter. Individuals are not always as forthright as they might be. You can overcome this by thinking of the first order motivations as the overt motivations, and the second order motivations, as the covert and possibly most important motivations.
Once you view dissemination in this context you can see that Furthering my career and securing future funding are key differentiators.
We’ll now look at the results from 2005. Those bars coloured in red and orange are from the 2005 study.
When comparing the two studies it is worth noting that the 1993 study was conducted in the UK, in contrast our survey was global, so any conclusions are indicative rather than definitive. However, that said, we did examine the UK data from the 2005 study and saw little difference comparative to the global data
In the 10 year period between the studies, an era in which internet usage has increased in both in terms of quantity and the maturity of use, motivations remain largely consistent
Dissemination is still most significant factor, with 73% indicating it is the most important motivation, and furthering my career and securing future funding are still the key second order differentiators.s
If we examine the differences more closely we see….
….over the 10 year period that there has been a shift towards recognition and establishing precedence.
In the internet age it is tempting to interpret this movement, as researchers seeking to establish themselves in an environment where there is an ever increasing volumes of material available
Research begins as an essentially private process, during which observations are made and initial theories created. As these theories are developed in discussions with colleagues, an initial draft talk or manuscript is prepared. As the draft moves outward for comment, a wider audience is involved, leading to informal discussions at conferences, and (in some fields) the posting of the article on a pre-print server.
The next major point is the publication of an article in a peer-reviewed journal. This lies at the core of the science process since it is only after peer-review and the formal, public announcement of the results in a journal that further formal criticism and research by others occurs. From research to initial publication by a first observer may take about 18 months to two years.
If the results are very contentious the formal article will spur other researchers to make contributions in response, both supportive and critical. Eventually a consensus will build, usually after many papers and over ten to fifteen years.
From there, the key articles in the scientific debate may be discussed in review articles. Later, as the scientific consensus further solidifies, the information may be published in books, monographs or textbooks, and may also receive recognition through prizes, such as the Nobel Prize.