1) The document discusses several perspectives on modernization including the modernization school, evolutionary theory, functionalist theory, and sociological, economic, and political approaches. 2) Rostow's stages of economic growth model proposes that countries progress through five stages from a traditional society to a high-mass consumption society: traditional, preconditions, take-off, drive to maturity, and high mass consumption. 3) Coleman's model of political modernization involves differentiation of political structures, secularization of political culture, and enhancement of a society's political capacity through increasing equality and specialization of roles.

1. THE MODERNIZATION
PERSPECTIVE

2. THE MODERNIZATION
PERSPECTIVE
Modernization School as a product of three
crucial events in the post world war II era.
1st: Rise of United States as a super power.
2nd: Spread of a united world communist
movement.
3rd: Disintegration of European colonial empires
giving birth to many new nation- states in the
Third World.

3. EVOLUTIONARY THEORY

4. EVOLUTIONARY THEORY
Industrial Revolution - with science and
technology, productivity rose and there was a
conquest of the world market.
French Revolution - created new political order
based on equality, liberty, freedom, and
parliamentary democracy.

5. EVOLUTIONARY THEORY
Features of Classical Evolutionary Theory
•Assumed that social change is unidirectional
•Imposed a value judgment on evolutionary
process
•Assumed that the rate of social change is
slow, gradual and piecemeal

6. FUNCTIONALIST THEORY

7. FUNCTIONALIST THEORY
1st: Institutions in a society are closely related to
one another.
2nd: Each institution performs a certain function.
3rd: Institutions are in harmony and not in
conflict with one another.
4th: There’s pattern variables to distinguish
traditional from modern societies.

8. FUNCTIONALIST THEORY
5 Sets of Pattern Variables
• Affective vs. Affective- Neutral Relationship
• Particularistic vs. Universalistic Relationship
• Collective Orientation vs. Self Orientation
• Ascription vs. Achievement
• Functionality Diffused vs. Functionally
Specific Relationship

9. SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH:
Levy’s relatively modernized societies

10. SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH:
LEVY’S RELATIVELY MODERNIZED SOCIETIES
Modernization is defined by the extent to which
tools and inanimate sources of power are utilized.
Modernization occurs because of contact between
relatively modernized societies and relatively non-
modernized societies.

11. How do relatively modernized societies differ from
relatively non-modernized societies?
Relatively Nonmodernized Relatively Modernized
Societies Societies
Specialization of Low compartmentalization of high
Organization life
Interdependency of Low (high level of high
organization Self suffiency)
Relationship emphasis Tradition, particularism, Rationality, universalism,
Functional diffuseness Functional specificity
Degree of low high
centralization
Generalized media of Less emphasis More emphasis
Exchange and market
Bureaucracy and family Precedence of family norm Insulate bureaucracy from
consideration (nepotism as a virtue) The contacts
Town- village One- way flow of goods and Mutual flow of goods and
interdependence services from rural to urban services between towns and
contexts villages.

12. SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH:
LEVY’S RELATIVELY MODERNIZED SOCIETIES
What are the prospects for the Third World late
comers in their modernization efforts?
•To borrow initial expertise in planning
•Capital accumulation
•Skills
•Patterns of organization without the cost of invention
•Skipping nonessential stages

13. SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH:
Smelser’s structural differentiation

14. SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH:
SMELSER’S STRUCTURAL DIFFERENTIATION
Modernization involves structural differentiation
because, though the modernization process, a
complicated structure that performed multiple
functions is divided into many specialized structures
that perform just one function each.

15. SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH:
SMELSER’S STRUCTURAL DIFFERENTIATION
The classic example is the family institution.
In the past, the traditional family had a
complicated structure:
- large and multigenerational
- multifunctional (reproduction and emotional
support, production, education, welfare
and religion.

16. SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH:
SMELSER’S STRUCTURAL DIFFERENTIATION
In modern society, it has undergone structural
differentiation, with a simpler structure – small and
nuclear.
Modern society is more productive, children are
better educated, and the needy receive more
welfare than before.

17. SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH:
SMELSER’S STRUCTURAL DIFFERENTIATION
What happens after a complicated institution
has differentiated into many simpler ones?
Smelser argues that although structural
differentiation has increased the functional
capacity of institutions, it has also created the
problem of integration.

18. SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH:
SMELSER’S STRUCTURAL DIFFERENTIATION
According to Smelser, new institutions and roles
have to be created to coordinate the newly
differentiated structures.
In order to protect employees from the abuse of
employers, new orgs such as labor unions and
the Department of Labor have been created to
perform the protection function.

19. SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH:
SMELSER’S STRUCTURAL DIFFERENTIATION
The problem of integration may still not have
been solved satisfactorily.
First, there is the issue of values conflict.
Second, there is the issue of uneven
development.

20. SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH:
SMELSER’S STRUCTURAL DIFFERENTIATION
According to Smelser, social disturbances are
the result of lack of integration among
differentiated structures.
This framework of structural differentiation serves
to draw attention to the examination of the
problems of integration and social disturbances
that are so common in Third World countries.

21. ECONOMIC APPROACH:
Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth

22. THE ECONOMIC APPROACH:
ROSTOW’S STAGES OF ECONOMIC GROWTH
“The Take-Off into Self-Sustained Growth” (1964)
- a representative chapter in Rostow’s
written classic work
- states that there are five major stages of
economic development

23. THE ECONOMIC APPROACH:
ROSTOW’S STAGES OF ECONOMIC GROWTH
1. The Third World country is at the traditional
stage.
2. Then the rise of new entrepreneurs, the
expansion of markets, the development of
new industries, and so on, begins. This stage is
called “precondition for takeoff growth”.

24. THE ECONOMIC APPROACH:
ROSTOW’S STAGES OF ECONOMIC GROWTH
• Stimulus – needed in order to propel the Third
World countries beyond the precondition
stage (e.g. political revolutions, technological
innovation, international environment)

25. THE ECONOMIC APPROACH:
ROSTOW’S STAGES OF ECONOMIC GROWTH
3. After moving beyond the precondition stage,
a country that wants to have self-sustained
economic growth must have the capital and
resources for takeoff.

26. THE ECONOMIC APPROACH:
ROSTOW’S STAGES OF ECONOMIC GROWTH
How can a nation obtain the capital and
resources for productive investment?
- through confiscatory and taxation devices
- from institutions such as banks, capital markets,
government bonds, and stock market
- through foreign trade
- from direct foreign capital investment

27. THE ECONOMIC APPROACH:
ROSTOW’S STAGES OF ECONOMIC GROWTH
4. Once economic growth has become an
automatic process, the fourth stage—the drive
to maturity—is reached.
5. This is soon followed by growth in employment
opportunities, increase in national income, rise
of consumer demands, and formation of a
strong domestic market. This is the final stage:
“high-mass consumption society”.

28. THE ECONOMIC APPROACH:
ROSTOW’S STAGES OF ECONOMIC GROWTH
• If the problem facing Third World countries lies
in their lack of productive investment, then the
solution lies in forms of capital, technology, and
expertise.

29. POLITICAL APPROACH:
Coleman’s Differentiation-Equality-Capacity
Model

30. THE POLITICAL APPROACH:
COLEMAN’S DIFFERENTIATION-EQUALITY-
CAPACITY MODEL
Political Modernization, according to Coleman,
refers to the process of:
1.Differentiation of political structure, and
2.Secularization of political culture, which
3.Enhance the capacity of a society’s political
system

31. THE POLITICAL APPROACH:
COLEMAN’S DIFFERENTIATION-EQUALITY-
CAPACITY MODEL
First, Coleman refers to differentiation as the
process of progressive separation and
specialization of roles and institutional spheres
in the political system.
Second, he argues that equality is the ethos of
modernity. The politics of modernization is the
quest for and the realization of equality.

32. THE POLITICAL APPROACH:
COLEMAN’S DIFFERENTIATION-EQUALITY-
CAPACITY MODEL
• What then are the issues concerning equality?
- distributive equality
- legal equality
- equality of opportunity
- equality of participation

33. THE POLITICAL APPROACH:
COLEMAN’S DIFFERENTIATION-EQUALITY-
CAPACITY MODEL
Third, Coleman asserts that the quest for
differentiation and equality may lead to
growth of political capacity of the system.
- Modernization is seen as the progressive
acquisition of political capacity for the
system.

34. THE POLITICAL APPROACH:
COLEMAN’S DIFFERENTIATION-EQUALITY-
CAPACITY MODEL
Political capacity if manifested in an increase in
scope of the following political functions:
• Scale of political community
• Efficacy of the implementations of political decisions
• Penetrative power of central governmental institutions
• Comprehensiveness of the aggregation of interests by political assoc.
• Institutionalization of political organization and procedure
• Problem-solving capabilities
• Ability to sustain new political demands and organizations

35. THE POLITICAL APPROACH:
COLEMAN’S DIFFERENTIATION-EQUALITY-
CAPACITY MODEL
Finally, Coleman cautions that differentiation
and demands for egalitarianism may also
create tension and divisiveness within the
political system.

36. Coleman mentions the ff. six crises of
modernization:
1. the crisis of national identity
2. the crisis of political legitimacy
3. the crisis of penetration
4. the crisis of participation
5. the crisis of integration
6. the crisis of distribution

37. THE POLITICAL APPROACH:
COLEMAN’S DIFFERENTIATION-EQUALITY-
CAPACITY MODEL
For Coleman, the modernization of a political
system is measured by the extent to which it
has successfully developed the capacities to
cope with these generic system-development
problems.

38. THEORETICAL
ASSUMPTIONS AND
METHODOLOGY

39. THEORETICAL ASSUMPTIONS AND
METHODOLODY
Researchers in modernization school share two
sets of assumptions and methodology in their
study of Thirld World development.
The first set are concepts drawn from European
evolutionary theory – social change is
unidirectional, progressive, and gradual.

40. THEORETICAL ASSUMPTIONS AND
METHODOLODY
(1)Modernization is a phased process.
(2)Modernization is a homogenizing process.
(3)Modernization is a Europeanization (or
Americanization) process.
(4)Modernization is an irreversible process.
(5)Modernization is a progressive process.
(6)Modernization is a lengthy process.

41. THEORETICAL ASSUMPTIONS AND
METHODOLODY
The other set of assumptions shared by
modernization researchers are drawn from
functionalist theory – emphasizes the
interdependence of social institutions, the
importance of pattern variables, and the built-
in process of change through homeostatic
equilibrium.

42. THEORETICAL ASSUMPTIONS AND
METHODOLODY
(1)Modernization is a systematic process.
(2)Modernization is a transformative process.
(3)Modernization is an immanent process.

43. THEORETICAL ASSUMPTIONS AND
METHODOLODY
Members of the modernization school also
adopt a similar methodological approach for
their research.
First, modernization researchers tend to anchor
their discussions at a highly general and
abstract level.

44. THEORETICAL ASSUMPTIONS AND
METHODOLODY
Second, modernization researchers rely upon
Parsons’s ideal type construction to summarize
their key arguments.
Third, the indexing of the features of
dichotomous ideal types becomes a major
effort of students of the modernization school.

45. THEORETICAL ASSUMPTIONS AND
METHODOLODY
Basically, modernization theories are theories of
transformation of nation-states.

46. POLICY IMPLICATIONS

47. POLICY IMPLICATIONS
Modernization theories were originally
formulated in response to the new leadership
role of the United States took on after World
War II.
They have important policy implications:

48. POLICY IMPLICATIONS
First, modernization theories help to provide an
implicit justification for the asymmetrical
power relationship between “traditional” and
“modern societies” (Tipps 1976).
Second, modernization theories identify the
threat of communism in the Third World as a
modernization problem.

49. POLICY IMPLICATIONS
• Modernization theories suggest economic
development, the replacement of traditional
values, and the institutionalization of
democratic procedures.
Third, modernization theories help to legitimate
the “meliorative foreign aid policy” of the
United States (Chirot 1981, Apter 1987).