In this article the author analyzed the background of causation in linguocognitive aspect. The author compared causative verbs in two languages by translating sentences from English to Uzbek.
LEXICAL-SEMANTIC MEANINGS AND STYLISTIC FEATURES OF CAUSATIVE VERBS IN UZBEK...ijistjournal
Causation is very important from social and communicative pragmatic point of view and is closely connected with the rapid development of cognitive linguistics. The modern linguistics is characterized by investigating the real task of the language in linguocognitive aspect. This process is focused on putting the cognitive semantics into first place. Investigating the view of the world from the cognitive point of view is taken place in every field of language layer, it is because is given opportunity to learn the essence of the language in every aspect and realizing the main role of the language. Moreover, the basic task of contemporary linguistics, mainly, cognitive linguistics is to investigate the role of human factor in language and realization of language facts.
LEXICAL-SEMANTIC MEANINGS AND STYLISTIC FEATURES OF CAUSATIVE VERBS IN UZBEK ...ijistjournal
Causation is very important from social and communicative pragmatic point of view and is closely connected with the rapid development of cognitive linguistics. The modern linguistics is characterized by investigating the real task of the language in linguocognitive aspect. This process is focused on putting the cognitive semantics into first place. Investigating the view of the world from the cognitive point of view is taken place in every field of language layer, it is because is given opportunity to learn the essence of the language in every aspect and realizing the main role of the language. Moreover, the basic task of contemporary linguistics, mainly, cognitive linguistics is to investigate the role of human factor in language and realization of language facts.
Paper Writing Service - HelpWriting.net 👈
✅ Quality
You get an original and high-quality paper based on extensive research. The completed work will be correctly formatted, referenced and tailored to your level of study.
✅ Confidentiality
We value your privacy. We do not disclose your personal information to any third party without your consent. Your payment data is also safely handled as you process the payment through a secured and verified payment processor.
✅ Originality
Every single order we deliver is written from scratch according to your instructions. We have zero tolerance for plagiarism, so all completed papers are unique and checked for plagiarism using a leading plagiarism detector.
✅ On-time delivery
We strive to deliver quality custom written papers before the deadline. That's why you don't have to worry about missing the deadline for submitting your assignment.
✅ Free revisions
You can ask to revise your paper as many times as you need until you're completely satisfied with the result. Provide notes about what needs to be changed, and we'll change it right away.
✅ 24/7 Support
From answering simple questions to solving any possible issues, we're always here to help you in chat and on the phone. We've got you covered at any time, day or night.
A Research Study On Linguistics
Overview
On the Problem of Preserving the Ecological Purity of the Language in the Lin...YogeshIJTSRD
The article attempts to analyze the problem of the ecology of language within the framework of a new direction of linguistic thought. Ibrokhimova Mokhinurkhon Ahrorkhon Kizi "On the Problem of Preserving the Ecological Purity of the Language in the Linguocreative Media Space" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | Innovative Development of Modern Research , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd40024.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/40024/on-the-problem-of-preserving-the-ecological-purity-of-the-language-in-the-linguocreative-media-space/ibrokhimova-mokhinurkhon-ahrorkhon-kizi
The document provides an overview of linguistics and defines key terms. It discusses:
1. Linguistics is the scientific study of human language in general and how languages work. It aims to describe languages objectively rather than prescribe rules of correctness.
2. Descriptive linguistics observes how language is actually used, while prescriptive linguistics sets rules for proper usage.
3. A linguist is a scientist who studies all aspects of language including its structure, use, history, and role in society using scientific methods like observation and hypothesis testing.
Distribution of Syntactic Components Expressing Temporality on the Base of En...ijtsrd
The article investigates syntactical distribution of components, expressing temporality. Such cases are studied on the material of two languages English and Uzbek in comparative aspect which reveals similarities and differences in expressing ways of temporality. Suvanov. D. Sh. "Distribution of Syntactic Components Expressing Temporality on the Base of English and Uzbek Materials" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43635.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comother-scientific-research-area/other/43635/distribution-of-syntactic-components-expressing-temporality-on-the-base-of-english-and-uzbek-materials/suvanov-d-sh
Relationship between Creativity and Tolerance of Ambiguity to Understand Metaphorical Polysemy: A Pilot Study
Maha Ounis,
Department of English, Faculty of Letters and Humanities, University of Sfax, Tunisia
This study focuses on lexical ambiguity as polysemous words were proved to hinder meaning understanding. In an attempt to operationalize polysemous words from a cognitive perspective, the researcher deduces that metaphorical polysemy engenders words with basic and peripheral (or metaphorical) senses. Participants were asked to answer Multiple Stimulus Types Ambiguity Tolerance Scale II (MSTAT II). Then, they answered Wallach and Kogan Creativity Test, which revealed a slight positive relationship with MSTAT II. Furthermore, the results show two things. First, there is a positive relationship between creativity and semi-technical vocabulary tests scores. Second, there is a link between creativity level and understanding the prototypical meanings of words. Contrarily, MSTAT II and prototypical meanings tests scores correlation is very weak.
Keywords: Adult Language Learners, Multilingualism, Language Testing, Language Learning, Foreign Languages
The Sixth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
9-10 October 2021 , Ahwaz
For more information, please visit the conference website:
WWW.LLLD.IR
LEXICAL-SEMANTIC MEANINGS AND STYLISTIC FEATURES OF CAUSATIVE VERBS IN UZBEK...ijistjournal
Causation is very important from social and communicative pragmatic point of view and is closely connected with the rapid development of cognitive linguistics. The modern linguistics is characterized by investigating the real task of the language in linguocognitive aspect. This process is focused on putting the cognitive semantics into first place. Investigating the view of the world from the cognitive point of view is taken place in every field of language layer, it is because is given opportunity to learn the essence of the language in every aspect and realizing the main role of the language. Moreover, the basic task of contemporary linguistics, mainly, cognitive linguistics is to investigate the role of human factor in language and realization of language facts.
LEXICAL-SEMANTIC MEANINGS AND STYLISTIC FEATURES OF CAUSATIVE VERBS IN UZBEK ...ijistjournal
Causation is very important from social and communicative pragmatic point of view and is closely connected with the rapid development of cognitive linguistics. The modern linguistics is characterized by investigating the real task of the language in linguocognitive aspect. This process is focused on putting the cognitive semantics into first place. Investigating the view of the world from the cognitive point of view is taken place in every field of language layer, it is because is given opportunity to learn the essence of the language in every aspect and realizing the main role of the language. Moreover, the basic task of contemporary linguistics, mainly, cognitive linguistics is to investigate the role of human factor in language and realization of language facts.
Paper Writing Service - HelpWriting.net 👈
✅ Quality
You get an original and high-quality paper based on extensive research. The completed work will be correctly formatted, referenced and tailored to your level of study.
✅ Confidentiality
We value your privacy. We do not disclose your personal information to any third party without your consent. Your payment data is also safely handled as you process the payment through a secured and verified payment processor.
✅ Originality
Every single order we deliver is written from scratch according to your instructions. We have zero tolerance for plagiarism, so all completed papers are unique and checked for plagiarism using a leading plagiarism detector.
✅ On-time delivery
We strive to deliver quality custom written papers before the deadline. That's why you don't have to worry about missing the deadline for submitting your assignment.
✅ Free revisions
You can ask to revise your paper as many times as you need until you're completely satisfied with the result. Provide notes about what needs to be changed, and we'll change it right away.
✅ 24/7 Support
From answering simple questions to solving any possible issues, we're always here to help you in chat and on the phone. We've got you covered at any time, day or night.
A Research Study On Linguistics
Overview
On the Problem of Preserving the Ecological Purity of the Language in the Lin...YogeshIJTSRD
The article attempts to analyze the problem of the ecology of language within the framework of a new direction of linguistic thought. Ibrokhimova Mokhinurkhon Ahrorkhon Kizi "On the Problem of Preserving the Ecological Purity of the Language in the Linguocreative Media Space" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | Innovative Development of Modern Research , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd40024.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/40024/on-the-problem-of-preserving-the-ecological-purity-of-the-language-in-the-linguocreative-media-space/ibrokhimova-mokhinurkhon-ahrorkhon-kizi
The document provides an overview of linguistics and defines key terms. It discusses:
1. Linguistics is the scientific study of human language in general and how languages work. It aims to describe languages objectively rather than prescribe rules of correctness.
2. Descriptive linguistics observes how language is actually used, while prescriptive linguistics sets rules for proper usage.
3. A linguist is a scientist who studies all aspects of language including its structure, use, history, and role in society using scientific methods like observation and hypothesis testing.
Distribution of Syntactic Components Expressing Temporality on the Base of En...ijtsrd
The article investigates syntactical distribution of components, expressing temporality. Such cases are studied on the material of two languages English and Uzbek in comparative aspect which reveals similarities and differences in expressing ways of temporality. Suvanov. D. Sh. "Distribution of Syntactic Components Expressing Temporality on the Base of English and Uzbek Materials" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43635.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comother-scientific-research-area/other/43635/distribution-of-syntactic-components-expressing-temporality-on-the-base-of-english-and-uzbek-materials/suvanov-d-sh
Relationship between Creativity and Tolerance of Ambiguity to Understand Metaphorical Polysemy: A Pilot Study
Maha Ounis,
Department of English, Faculty of Letters and Humanities, University of Sfax, Tunisia
This study focuses on lexical ambiguity as polysemous words were proved to hinder meaning understanding. In an attempt to operationalize polysemous words from a cognitive perspective, the researcher deduces that metaphorical polysemy engenders words with basic and peripheral (or metaphorical) senses. Participants were asked to answer Multiple Stimulus Types Ambiguity Tolerance Scale II (MSTAT II). Then, they answered Wallach and Kogan Creativity Test, which revealed a slight positive relationship with MSTAT II. Furthermore, the results show two things. First, there is a positive relationship between creativity and semi-technical vocabulary tests scores. Second, there is a link between creativity level and understanding the prototypical meanings of words. Contrarily, MSTAT II and prototypical meanings tests scores correlation is very weak.
Keywords: Adult Language Learners, Multilingualism, Language Testing, Language Learning, Foreign Languages
The Sixth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
9-10 October 2021 , Ahwaz
For more information, please visit the conference website:
WWW.LLLD.IR
This document discusses various theories of functional grammar. It begins by defining text and explaining how functional theories of grammar see language as a tool used to carry out functions. It then outlines several prominent functional theories including systemic functional grammar, functional discourse grammar, role and reference grammar, and lexical functional grammar. For each theory, it discusses their key concepts and how they differ from formal theories of grammar by focusing on how language is used in context rather than just formal relations. It also covers concepts within functional theories like transitivity and the analysis of experience, interaction, and message construction.
A language teacher is considered an applied linguist as they put linguistic theories into practice through language pedagogy and teaching. Other applied linguists include speech-language pathologists and translators who also apply linguistic knowledge to solve real-world problems in their respective fields. While a language teacher utilizes some elements of being an artist, craftsman and scientist, their primary role is to apply linguistic and educational theories to teach language in a systematic way.
A language teacher is considered an applied linguist as they put linguistic theories into practice through language pedagogy and teaching. Other applied linguists include speech language pathologists and translators who also apply linguistic knowledge to solve real world problems in areas like communication disorders, language teaching, and translation. While language teachers draw on aspects of different roles, they are primarily scientists who systematically study and apply knowledge of language acquisition and teaching methods based on linguistic and educational research.
THE CAUSATIVE VERB TO HAVE IN MODERN ENGLISHJohn1Lorcan
In the article are analyzed the structure-semantic special aspects of the verb have in its causative meaning. The constructions with the verb have belong to the class of syntactic or analytical causatives. The author highlights the multidimensional semantic characters of the causative constructions with the verb have, which can embody different meanings of causativity.
This document discusses language as an embryonic morphogenetic field, similar to how cells in a biological field respond to signals to develop structures. It proposes language develops through stages in a flexible field of possibilities constrained by rules. A table is presented modeling the English language field with the alphabet distributed in cells representing ratios that encode differences, like the differences between phonemes that get incorporated into words. The document argues current models of language are limited and reductionist, and a new model is needed to better understand language and improve mutual understanding between people.
The dynamic interplay between language and mind Exploring cognitive impacts t...Faiz Ullah
The relationship between language and mind has long intrigued scholars, prompting
investigations into how they mutually influence and shape each other. This study delves
into the intricate interplay between language and mind, examining their reciprocal impact
using empirical data and theoretical perspectives. Language is not merely a tool for
conveying thoughts; rather, it is a potent cognitive instrument that actively shapes
cognition. Drawing from the Whorfian hypothesis and contemporary cognitive linguistic
theories, this study explores various approaches to understanding the nature of the
language-thought link. The Whorfian hypothesis suggests that language structures and
lexicons influence cognitive processes and perceptions. While this hypothesis has
garnered both support and criticism, recent research has shed light on the bidirectional
nature of this relationship. Additionally, cognitive linguistic theories posit that language
not only reflects but also constructs cognitive categories and conceptual frameworks.
Concepts such as linguistic relativity and embodiment theory elucidate how language
impacts perception, categorization, and reasoning. Neuroscientific studies further
elucidate the neurological mechanisms underlying the language-thought link. This review
also examines the role of bilingualism and linguistic diversity in cognitive processes,
highlighting how multilingual individuals exhibit enhanced cognitive flexibility and
divergent thinking. Moreover, cultural factors play a significant role in shaping the
language-thought link, influencing concepts of self, time, and social relationship. This
study offers valuable insights into the dynamic interaction between language and
thoughts, underscoring their intertwined nature and the profound implications for
cognition and culture.
IMPORTANCE OF LINGUISTICS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGEJamie Boyd
The document discusses the importance of linguistics in understanding language and its role in language teaching. It provides a brief history of linguistics, covering early Indian linguistic theories, Panini's work on Sanskrit grammar, and influential Western linguists like de Saussure, Chomsky, and others. It describes the key areas of linguistics like phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and their importance in understanding language. Finally, it discusses the relationship between linguistics and language teaching, and how knowledge of linguistics can help teachers be more effective.
Generativism refers to the theory of language developed by Noam Chomsky and his followers. It holds that language is innate and that humans possess a language acquisition device. Chomsky argued against behaviorism, proposing that language is not learned through stimulus and response. Instead, he believed that humans are born with an innate, universal grammar that allows children to learn language quickly despite limited exposure. Generativism also distinguishes between competence, the innate linguistic knowledge, and performance, how language is produced and understood. It views language as rule-governed and creative.
Generativism refers to the theory of language developed by Noam Chomsky and his followers. It holds that language is innate and that humans possess a language acquisition device. Chomsky argued against behaviorism, proposing that language is not acquired through stimulus-response conditioning alone. Generativism distinguishes between competence, one's innate linguistic knowledge, and performance, how language is produced and understood. It views language as rule-governed and creative. Generative grammar generates an infinite set of sentences from a finite set of rules. Generativism has significantly influenced the fields of linguistics, philosophy, psychology and other disciplines concerned with language.
Generativism refers to the theory of language developed by Noam Chomsky and his followers. It rejects the behaviorist view that language is learned through external stimuli, and instead argues that humans possess an innate, internal language acquisition device. Generativism sees language as composed of rules that allow for creativity and an infinite number of sentences. It makes a distinction between competence (knowledge of language) and performance (actual use of language). This theory has been highly influential in linguistics and other fields.
Linguistics is the scientific study of language. The document outlines several key branches and concepts in linguistics. Phonetics is the study of speech sounds, phonology is the study of sound patterns and how they create meaning. Morphology is the study of word formation, syntax is the study of sentence structure, and semantics is the study of language meaning. Sociolinguistics examines how social factors like culture and environment influence language use, while psycholinguistics studies the cognitive processes involved in language production and comprehension. Semiotics is the study of signs and symbols in language and communication systems.
This document discusses language learning from an ecological and semiotic perspective. It outlines common views on second language learning, including triggers, input, negotiation of meaning, and affordances. An ecological approach views language as emerging from relationships between learners and their environment. Key aspects of this approach include viewing language learning as relational, contextual, emergent, and emphasizing quality over standards. An ecological perspective provides foreign language educators a framework for teaching meaning in its varied forms rather than just a linguistic code.
The document discusses several theories of second language acquisition (SLA) including behaviorism, acculturation, universal grammar hypothesis, comprehension hypothesis, interaction hypothesis, output hypothesis, sociocultural theory, and connectionism. It argues that previous SLA theories should not be disregarded but viewed as explanations of parts of the whole acquisition process. Finally, it claims that SLA should be seen as a chaotic/complex system based on principles of emergence and complexity theory.
This document summarizes and discusses several theories of second language acquisition (SLA). It argues that SLA is a complex process that cannot be fully explained by any single theory. While each theory captures aspects of SLA, they need to be considered together to get a broader understanding. The document reviews several mainstream SLA theories, including behaviorism, the universal grammar hypothesis, the comprehension hypothesis, the interaction hypothesis, and the output hypothesis. It concludes that SLA is best understood as a chaotic/complex adaptive system, since learners' development can be influenced by many internal and external factors interacting in complex ways.
Language and Culture in intercultural communication.pptxHajajahsj
This document provides an overview of language and culture. It introduces the instructor and teaching team for the course "Language and Culture 2". It then discusses several key topics related to language and culture, including the relationship between language and communication, linguistics, the structure of human language, variations in language, and characteristics of language. Specific linguistic concepts are defined, such as dialects, pidgins, creoles, lingua franca, jargon, and argot. Examples are provided to illustrate these concepts in different country contexts.
The document discusses the linguistic approach to teaching, which uses a child's native language as an associative tool to help learn new words and spelling patterns. It then provides a high-level overview of the field of linguistics, including the scientific study of language form, meaning, and context. Some key areas covered include phonetics, semantics, pragmatics, grammar, and sociolinguistics.
The document summarizes several theories and hypotheses in psycholinguistics:
1) Behaviourist theory views language learning as habit formation through reinforcement. Innateness theory proposes an innate language acquisition device. Cognitive theory sees language emerging from general cognitive development in stages.
2) Social interactionist theory emphasizes the role of environment and social interaction in language learning. Usage-based theory suggests that structure emerges from language use and experience. Optimality theory models how constraints shape linguistic forms.
3) Other topics discussed include the critical period hypothesis, Krashen's monitor and comprehensible input models, the interaction, comprehensible output, and noticing hypotheses.
Presentation on linguistic is a scienceDija Saifia
Linguistics is defined as the scientific study of language. It examines languages objectively and empirically by observing data and formulating generalizations. As a science, linguistics follows principles such as objectivity, empiricism, rationalism, exhaustiveness, consistency, and economy. The scientific method in linguistics involves making observations, developing hypotheses, conducting experiments, analyzing results, and generating theories. Linguistics is related to both natural sciences through its study of physiology and anatomy, and social sciences through its study of behavioral and social aspects of language use.
Issues in applied linguistics 15 feb (1)SamerYaqoob
The document defines linguistics as the scientific study of language, including its structures, uses, development and acquisition. It discusses key aspects of linguistics such as what constitutes a language, how languages differ from animal communication systems, and the main components and branches of linguistic study. The summary focuses on three main points:
1) Linguistics is defined as the scientific study of language, its structures and uses, as well as how language is developed and acquired.
2) Key differences between human language and animal communication are that human language is open-ended, arbitrary, social and can involve displacement of concepts.
3) Acquiring a language involves learning its phonological, morphological, syntactic and semantic rules at both
Linguistics is the scientific study of language, including analysis of language form, meaning, and context, as well as social, cultural, and political factors that influence language. Noam Chomsky argued that language acquisition is innate and proposed the existence of a language acquisition device in the brain. His theory of generative grammar and universal grammar posited that humans are biologically programmed with innate principles and parameters that facilitate language learning.
Online Paper Submission - International Journal of Information Sciences and T...ijistjournal
The International Journal of Information Science & Techniques (IJIST) focuses on information systems science and technology coercing multitude applications of information systems in business administration, social science, biosciences, and humanities education, library sciences management, depiction of data and structural illustration, big data analytics, information economics in real engineering and scientific problems.
This journal provides a forum that impacts the development of engineering, education, technology management, information theories and application validation. It also acts as a path to exchange novel and innovative ideas about Information systems science and technology.
Call for Papers - 5th International Conference on Cloud, Big Data and IoT (CB...ijistjournal
5th International Conference on Cloud, Big Data and IoT (CBIoT 2024) will act as a major forum for the presentation of innovative ideas, approaches, developments, and research projects in the areas of Cloud, Big Data and IoT. It will also serve to facilitate the exchange of information between researchers and industry professionals to discuss the latest issues and advancement in the area of Cloud, Big Data and IoT.
Authors are solicited to contribute to the conference by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in Cloud, Big Data and IoT.
More Related Content
Similar to THE MEANING OF CAUSATION IN LINGUOCOGNITIVE ASPECT
This document discusses various theories of functional grammar. It begins by defining text and explaining how functional theories of grammar see language as a tool used to carry out functions. It then outlines several prominent functional theories including systemic functional grammar, functional discourse grammar, role and reference grammar, and lexical functional grammar. For each theory, it discusses their key concepts and how they differ from formal theories of grammar by focusing on how language is used in context rather than just formal relations. It also covers concepts within functional theories like transitivity and the analysis of experience, interaction, and message construction.
A language teacher is considered an applied linguist as they put linguistic theories into practice through language pedagogy and teaching. Other applied linguists include speech-language pathologists and translators who also apply linguistic knowledge to solve real-world problems in their respective fields. While a language teacher utilizes some elements of being an artist, craftsman and scientist, their primary role is to apply linguistic and educational theories to teach language in a systematic way.
A language teacher is considered an applied linguist as they put linguistic theories into practice through language pedagogy and teaching. Other applied linguists include speech language pathologists and translators who also apply linguistic knowledge to solve real world problems in areas like communication disorders, language teaching, and translation. While language teachers draw on aspects of different roles, they are primarily scientists who systematically study and apply knowledge of language acquisition and teaching methods based on linguistic and educational research.
THE CAUSATIVE VERB TO HAVE IN MODERN ENGLISHJohn1Lorcan
In the article are analyzed the structure-semantic special aspects of the verb have in its causative meaning. The constructions with the verb have belong to the class of syntactic or analytical causatives. The author highlights the multidimensional semantic characters of the causative constructions with the verb have, which can embody different meanings of causativity.
This document discusses language as an embryonic morphogenetic field, similar to how cells in a biological field respond to signals to develop structures. It proposes language develops through stages in a flexible field of possibilities constrained by rules. A table is presented modeling the English language field with the alphabet distributed in cells representing ratios that encode differences, like the differences between phonemes that get incorporated into words. The document argues current models of language are limited and reductionist, and a new model is needed to better understand language and improve mutual understanding between people.
The dynamic interplay between language and mind Exploring cognitive impacts t...Faiz Ullah
The relationship between language and mind has long intrigued scholars, prompting
investigations into how they mutually influence and shape each other. This study delves
into the intricate interplay between language and mind, examining their reciprocal impact
using empirical data and theoretical perspectives. Language is not merely a tool for
conveying thoughts; rather, it is a potent cognitive instrument that actively shapes
cognition. Drawing from the Whorfian hypothesis and contemporary cognitive linguistic
theories, this study explores various approaches to understanding the nature of the
language-thought link. The Whorfian hypothesis suggests that language structures and
lexicons influence cognitive processes and perceptions. While this hypothesis has
garnered both support and criticism, recent research has shed light on the bidirectional
nature of this relationship. Additionally, cognitive linguistic theories posit that language
not only reflects but also constructs cognitive categories and conceptual frameworks.
Concepts such as linguistic relativity and embodiment theory elucidate how language
impacts perception, categorization, and reasoning. Neuroscientific studies further
elucidate the neurological mechanisms underlying the language-thought link. This review
also examines the role of bilingualism and linguistic diversity in cognitive processes,
highlighting how multilingual individuals exhibit enhanced cognitive flexibility and
divergent thinking. Moreover, cultural factors play a significant role in shaping the
language-thought link, influencing concepts of self, time, and social relationship. This
study offers valuable insights into the dynamic interaction between language and
thoughts, underscoring their intertwined nature and the profound implications for
cognition and culture.
IMPORTANCE OF LINGUISTICS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGEJamie Boyd
The document discusses the importance of linguistics in understanding language and its role in language teaching. It provides a brief history of linguistics, covering early Indian linguistic theories, Panini's work on Sanskrit grammar, and influential Western linguists like de Saussure, Chomsky, and others. It describes the key areas of linguistics like phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and their importance in understanding language. Finally, it discusses the relationship between linguistics and language teaching, and how knowledge of linguistics can help teachers be more effective.
Generativism refers to the theory of language developed by Noam Chomsky and his followers. It holds that language is innate and that humans possess a language acquisition device. Chomsky argued against behaviorism, proposing that language is not learned through stimulus and response. Instead, he believed that humans are born with an innate, universal grammar that allows children to learn language quickly despite limited exposure. Generativism also distinguishes between competence, the innate linguistic knowledge, and performance, how language is produced and understood. It views language as rule-governed and creative.
Generativism refers to the theory of language developed by Noam Chomsky and his followers. It holds that language is innate and that humans possess a language acquisition device. Chomsky argued against behaviorism, proposing that language is not acquired through stimulus-response conditioning alone. Generativism distinguishes between competence, one's innate linguistic knowledge, and performance, how language is produced and understood. It views language as rule-governed and creative. Generative grammar generates an infinite set of sentences from a finite set of rules. Generativism has significantly influenced the fields of linguistics, philosophy, psychology and other disciplines concerned with language.
Generativism refers to the theory of language developed by Noam Chomsky and his followers. It rejects the behaviorist view that language is learned through external stimuli, and instead argues that humans possess an innate, internal language acquisition device. Generativism sees language as composed of rules that allow for creativity and an infinite number of sentences. It makes a distinction between competence (knowledge of language) and performance (actual use of language). This theory has been highly influential in linguistics and other fields.
Linguistics is the scientific study of language. The document outlines several key branches and concepts in linguistics. Phonetics is the study of speech sounds, phonology is the study of sound patterns and how they create meaning. Morphology is the study of word formation, syntax is the study of sentence structure, and semantics is the study of language meaning. Sociolinguistics examines how social factors like culture and environment influence language use, while psycholinguistics studies the cognitive processes involved in language production and comprehension. Semiotics is the study of signs and symbols in language and communication systems.
This document discusses language learning from an ecological and semiotic perspective. It outlines common views on second language learning, including triggers, input, negotiation of meaning, and affordances. An ecological approach views language as emerging from relationships between learners and their environment. Key aspects of this approach include viewing language learning as relational, contextual, emergent, and emphasizing quality over standards. An ecological perspective provides foreign language educators a framework for teaching meaning in its varied forms rather than just a linguistic code.
The document discusses several theories of second language acquisition (SLA) including behaviorism, acculturation, universal grammar hypothesis, comprehension hypothesis, interaction hypothesis, output hypothesis, sociocultural theory, and connectionism. It argues that previous SLA theories should not be disregarded but viewed as explanations of parts of the whole acquisition process. Finally, it claims that SLA should be seen as a chaotic/complex system based on principles of emergence and complexity theory.
This document summarizes and discusses several theories of second language acquisition (SLA). It argues that SLA is a complex process that cannot be fully explained by any single theory. While each theory captures aspects of SLA, they need to be considered together to get a broader understanding. The document reviews several mainstream SLA theories, including behaviorism, the universal grammar hypothesis, the comprehension hypothesis, the interaction hypothesis, and the output hypothesis. It concludes that SLA is best understood as a chaotic/complex adaptive system, since learners' development can be influenced by many internal and external factors interacting in complex ways.
Language and Culture in intercultural communication.pptxHajajahsj
This document provides an overview of language and culture. It introduces the instructor and teaching team for the course "Language and Culture 2". It then discusses several key topics related to language and culture, including the relationship between language and communication, linguistics, the structure of human language, variations in language, and characteristics of language. Specific linguistic concepts are defined, such as dialects, pidgins, creoles, lingua franca, jargon, and argot. Examples are provided to illustrate these concepts in different country contexts.
The document discusses the linguistic approach to teaching, which uses a child's native language as an associative tool to help learn new words and spelling patterns. It then provides a high-level overview of the field of linguistics, including the scientific study of language form, meaning, and context. Some key areas covered include phonetics, semantics, pragmatics, grammar, and sociolinguistics.
The document summarizes several theories and hypotheses in psycholinguistics:
1) Behaviourist theory views language learning as habit formation through reinforcement. Innateness theory proposes an innate language acquisition device. Cognitive theory sees language emerging from general cognitive development in stages.
2) Social interactionist theory emphasizes the role of environment and social interaction in language learning. Usage-based theory suggests that structure emerges from language use and experience. Optimality theory models how constraints shape linguistic forms.
3) Other topics discussed include the critical period hypothesis, Krashen's monitor and comprehensible input models, the interaction, comprehensible output, and noticing hypotheses.
Presentation on linguistic is a scienceDija Saifia
Linguistics is defined as the scientific study of language. It examines languages objectively and empirically by observing data and formulating generalizations. As a science, linguistics follows principles such as objectivity, empiricism, rationalism, exhaustiveness, consistency, and economy. The scientific method in linguistics involves making observations, developing hypotheses, conducting experiments, analyzing results, and generating theories. Linguistics is related to both natural sciences through its study of physiology and anatomy, and social sciences through its study of behavioral and social aspects of language use.
Issues in applied linguistics 15 feb (1)SamerYaqoob
The document defines linguistics as the scientific study of language, including its structures, uses, development and acquisition. It discusses key aspects of linguistics such as what constitutes a language, how languages differ from animal communication systems, and the main components and branches of linguistic study. The summary focuses on three main points:
1) Linguistics is defined as the scientific study of language, its structures and uses, as well as how language is developed and acquired.
2) Key differences between human language and animal communication are that human language is open-ended, arbitrary, social and can involve displacement of concepts.
3) Acquiring a language involves learning its phonological, morphological, syntactic and semantic rules at both
Linguistics is the scientific study of language, including analysis of language form, meaning, and context, as well as social, cultural, and political factors that influence language. Noam Chomsky argued that language acquisition is innate and proposed the existence of a language acquisition device in the brain. His theory of generative grammar and universal grammar posited that humans are biologically programmed with innate principles and parameters that facilitate language learning.
Similar to THE MEANING OF CAUSATION IN LINGUOCOGNITIVE ASPECT (20)
Online Paper Submission - International Journal of Information Sciences and T...ijistjournal
The International Journal of Information Science & Techniques (IJIST) focuses on information systems science and technology coercing multitude applications of information systems in business administration, social science, biosciences, and humanities education, library sciences management, depiction of data and structural illustration, big data analytics, information economics in real engineering and scientific problems.
This journal provides a forum that impacts the development of engineering, education, technology management, information theories and application validation. It also acts as a path to exchange novel and innovative ideas about Information systems science and technology.
Call for Papers - 5th International Conference on Cloud, Big Data and IoT (CB...ijistjournal
5th International Conference on Cloud, Big Data and IoT (CBIoT 2024) will act as a major forum for the presentation of innovative ideas, approaches, developments, and research projects in the areas of Cloud, Big Data and IoT. It will also serve to facilitate the exchange of information between researchers and industry professionals to discuss the latest issues and advancement in the area of Cloud, Big Data and IoT.
Authors are solicited to contribute to the conference by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in Cloud, Big Data and IoT.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF PARALLEL IMPLEMENTATION OF ADVANCED ENCRYPTION STANDA...ijistjournal
Cryptography is the study of mathematical techniques related to aspects of information security such as confidentiality, data integrity, entity authentication, and data origin authentication. Most cryptographic algorithms function more efficiently when implemented in hardware than in software running on single processor. However, systems that use hardware implementations have significant drawbacks: they are unable to respond to flaws discovered in the implemented algorithm or to changes in standards. As an alternative, it is possible to implement cryptographic algorithms in software running on multiple processors. However, most of the cryptographic algorithms like DES (Data Encryption Standard) or 3DES have some drawbacks when implemented in software: DES is no longer secure as computers get more powerful while 3DES is relatively sluggish in software. AES (Advanced Encryption Standard), which is rapidly being adopted worldwide, provides a better combination of performance and enhanced network security than DES or 3DES by being computationally more efficient than these earlier standards. Furthermore, by supporting large key sizes of 128, 192, and 256 bits, AES offers higher security against brute-force attacks.
In this paper, AES has been implemented with single processor. Then the result has been compared with parallel implementations of AES with 2 varying different parameters such as key size, number of rounds and extended key size, and show how parallel implementation of the AES offers better performance yet flexible enough for cryptographic algorithms.
Submit Your Research Articles - International Journal of Information Sciences...ijistjournal
The International Journal of Information Science & Techniques (IJIST) focuses on information systems science and technology coercing multitude applications of information systems in business administration, social science, biosciences, and humanities education, library sciences management, depiction of data and structural illustration, big data analytics, information economics in real engineering and scientific problems.
This journal provides a forum that impacts the development of engineering, education, technology management, information theories and application validation. It also acts as a path to exchange novel and innovative ideas about Information systems science and technology.
INFORMATION THEORY BASED ANALYSIS FOR UNDERSTANDING THE REGULATION OF HLA GEN...ijistjournal
Considering information entropy (IE), HLA surface expression (SE) regulation phenomenon is considered as information propagation channel with an amount of distortion. HLA gene SE is considered as sink regulated by the inducible transcription factors (TFs) (source). Previous work with a certain number of bin size, IEs for source and receiver is computed and computation of mutual information characterizes the dependencies of HLA gene SE on some certain TFs in different cells types of hematopoietic system under the condition of leukemia. Though in recent time information theory is utilized for different biological knowledge generation and different rules are available in those specific domains of biomedical areas; however, no such attempt is made regarding gene expression regulation, hence no such rule is available. In this work, IE calculation with varying bin size considering the number of bins is approximately half of the sample size of an attribute also confirms the previous inferences.
Call for Research Articles - 5th International Conference on Artificial Intel...ijistjournal
5th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning (CAIML 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning. The Conference looks for significant contributions to all major fields of the Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning in theoretical and practical aspects. The aim of the Conference is to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to meet and share cutting-edge development in the field.
Authors are solicited to contribute to the conference by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in the areas of Computer Science, Engineering and Applications.
Online Paper Submission - International Journal of Information Sciences and T...ijistjournal
The International Journal of Information Science & Techniques (IJIST) focuses on information systems science and technology coercing multitude applications of information systems in business administration, social science, biosciences, and humanities education, library sciences management, depiction of data and structural illustration, big data analytics, information economics in real engineering and scientific problems.
This journal provides a forum that impacts the development of engineering, education, technology management, information theories and application validation. It also acts as a path to exchange novel and innovative ideas about Information systems science and technology.
SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION AND MODELING FOR INTERACTING AND NON-INTERACTING TANK S...ijistjournal
System identification from the experimental data plays a vital role for model based controller design. Derivation of process model from first principles is often difficult due to its complexity. The first stage in the development of any control and monitoring system is the identification and modeling of the system. Each model is developed within the context of a specific control problem. Thus, the need for a general system identification framework is warranted. The proposed framework should be able to adapt and emphasize different properties based on the control objective and the nature of the behavior of the system. Therefore, system identification has been a valuable tool in identifying the model of the system based on the input and output data for the design of the controller. The present work is concerned with the identification of transfer function models using statistical model identification, process reaction curve method, ARX model, genetic algorithm and modeling using neural network and fuzzy logic for interacting and non interacting tank process. The identification technique and modeling used is prone to parameter change & disturbance. The proposed methods are used for identifying the mathematical model and intelligent model of interacting and non interacting process from the real time experimental data.
Call for Research Articles - 4th International Conference on NLP & Data Minin...ijistjournal
4th International Conference on NLP & Data Mining (NLDM 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of Natural Language Computing and Data Mining.
Authors are solicited to contribute to the conference by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in the following areas, but are not limited to.
Research Article Submission - International Journal of Information Sciences a...ijistjournal
The International Journal of Information Science & Techniques (IJIST) focuses on information systems science and technology coercing multitude applications of information systems in business administration, social science, biosciences, and humanities education, library sciences management, depiction of data and structural illustration, big data analytics, information economics in real engineering and scientific problems.
This journal provides a forum that impacts the development of engineering, education, technology management, information theories and application validation. It also acts as a path to exchange novel and innovative ideas about Information systems science and technology.
Call for Papers - International Journal of Information Sciences and Technique...ijistjournal
The International Journal of Information Science & Techniques (IJIST) focuses on information systems science and technology coercing multitude applications of information systems in business administration, social science, biosciences, and humanities education, library sciences management, depiction of data and structural illustration, big data analytics, information economics in real engineering and scientific problems.
This journal provides a forum that impacts the development of engineering, education, technology management, information theories and application validation. It also acts as a path to exchange novel and innovative ideas about Information systems science and technology.
Implementation of Radon Transformation for Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT)ijistjournal
Radon Transformation is generally used to construct optical image (like CT image) from the projection data in biomedical imaging. In this paper, the concept of Radon Transformation is implemented to reconstruct Electrical Impedance Topographic Image (conductivity or resistivity distribution) of a circular subject. A parallel resistance model of a subject is proposed for Electrical Impedance Topography(EIT) or Magnetic Induction Tomography(MIT). A circular subject with embedded circular objects is segmented into equal width slices from different angles. For each angle, Conductance and Conductivity of each slice is calculated and stored in an array. A back projection method is used to generate a two-dimensional image from one-dimensional projections. As a back projection method, Inverse Radon Transformation is applied on the calculated conductance and conductivity to reconstruct two dimensional images. These images are compared to the target image. In the time of image reconstruction, different filters are used and these images are compared with each other and target image.
Online Paper Submission - 6th International Conference on Machine Learning & ...ijistjournal
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Authors are solicited to contribute to the conference by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in the following areas, but are not limited to.
Submit Your Research Articles - International Journal of Information Sciences...ijistjournal
The International Journal of Information Science & Techniques (IJIST) focuses on information systems science and technology coercing multitude applications of information systems in business administration, social science, biosciences, and humanities education, library sciences management, depiction of data and structural illustration, big data analytics, information economics in real engineering and scientific problems.
This journal provides a forum that impacts the development of engineering, education, technology management, information theories and application validation. It also acts as a path to exchange novel and innovative ideas about Information systems science and technology.
BER Performance of MPSK and MQAM in 2x2 Almouti MIMO Systemsijistjournal
Almouti published the error performance of the 2x2 space-time transmit diversity scheme using BPSK. One of the key techniques employed for correcting such errors is the Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) because of its efficiency in power and bandwidth.. In this paper we explore the error performance of the 2x2 MIMO system using the Almouti space-time codes for higher order PSK and M-ary QAM. MATLAB was used to simulate the system; assuming slow fading Rayleigh channel and additive white Gaussian noise. The simulated performance curves were compared and evaluated with theoretical curves obtained using BER tool on the MATLAB by setting parameters for random generators. The results shows that the technique used do find a place in correcting error rates of QAM system of higher modulation schemes. The model can equally be used not only for the criteria of adaptive modulation but for a platform to design other modulation systems as well.
Online Paper Submission - International Journal of Information Sciences and T...ijistjournal
The International Journal of Information Science & Techniques (IJIST) focuses on information systems science and technology coercing multitude applications of information systems in business administration, social science, biosciences, and humanities education, library sciences management, depiction of data and structural illustration, big data analytics, information economics in real engineering and scientific problems.
This journal provides a forum that impacts the development of engineering, education, technology management, information theories and application validation. It also acts as a path to exchange novel and innovative ideas about Information systems science and technology.
Call for Papers - International Journal of Information Sciences and Technique...ijistjournal
The International Journal of Information Science & Techniques (IJIST) focuses on information systems science and technology coercing multitude applications of information systems in business administration, social science, biosciences, and humanities education, library sciences management, depiction of data and structural illustration, big data analytics, information economics in real engineering and scientific problems.
This journal provides a forum that impacts the development of engineering, education, technology management, information theories and application validation. It also acts as a path to exchange novel and innovative ideas about Information systems science and technology.
International Journal of Information Sciences and Techniques (IJIST)ijistjournal
The International Journal of Information Science & Techniques (IJIST) focuses on information systems science and technology coercing multitude applications of information systems in business administration, social science, biosciences, and humanities education, library sciences management, depiction of data and structural illustration, big data analytics, information economics in real engineering and scientific problems.
This journal provides a forum that impacts the development of engineering, education, technology management, information theories and application validation. It also acts as a path to exchange novel and innovative ideas about Information systems science and technology.
BRAIN TUMOR MRIIMAGE CLASSIFICATION WITH FEATURE SELECTION AND EXTRACTION USI...ijistjournal
Feature extraction is a method of capturing visual content of an image. The feature extraction is the process to represent raw image in its reduced form to facilitate decision making such as pattern classification. We have tried to address the problem of classification MRI brain images by creating a robust and more accurate classifier which can act as an expert assistant to medical practitioners. The objective of this paper is to present a novel method of feature selection and extraction. This approach combines the Intensity, Texture, shape based features and classifies the tumor as white matter, Gray matter, CSF, abnormal and normal area. The experiment is performed on 140 tumor contained brain MR images from the Internet Brain Segmentation Repository. The proposed technique has been carried out over a larger database as compare to any previous work and is more robust and effective. PCA and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) were applied on the training sets. The Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier served as a comparison of nonlinear techniques Vs linear ones. PCA and LDA methods are used to reduce the number of features used. The feature selection using the proposed technique is more beneficial as it analyses the data according to grouping class variable and gives reduced feature set with high classification accuracy.
Research Article Submission - International Journal of Information Sciences a...ijistjournal
The International Journal of Information Science & Techniques (IJIST) focuses on information systems science and technology coercing multitude applications of information systems in business administration, social science, biosciences, and humanities education, library sciences management, depiction of data and structural illustration, big data analytics, information economics in real engineering and scientific problems.
This journal provides a forum that impacts the development of engineering, education, technology management, information theories and application validation. It also acts as a path to exchange novel and innovative ideas about Information systems science and technology.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
artificial intelligence and data science contents.pptxGauravCar
What is artificial intelligence? Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks that are commonly associated with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason.
› ...
Artificial intelligence (AI) | Definitio
The CBC machine is a common diagnostic tool used by doctors to measure a patient's red blood cell count, white blood cell count and platelet count. The machine uses a small sample of the patient's blood, which is then placed into special tubes and analyzed. The results of the analysis are then displayed on a screen for the doctor to review. The CBC machine is an important tool for diagnosing various conditions, such as anemia, infection and leukemia. It can also help to monitor a patient's response to treatment.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
cnn.pptx Convolutional neural network used for image classication
THE MEANING OF CAUSATION IN LINGUOCOGNITIVE ASPECT
1. International Journal of Information Sciences and Techniques (IJIST) Vol.13, No.1, January 2023
DOI : 10.5121/ijist.2023.13101 1
THE MEANING OF CAUSATION IN
LINGUOCOGNITIVE ASPECT
Karimjonova Shahlo Ravshanjonovna
Department of Foreign languages, Fergana State University, Uzbekistan
ABSTRACT
In this article the author analyzed the background of causation in linguocognitive aspect. The author
compared causative verbs in two languages by translating sentences from English to Uzbek.
KEYWORDS
Causation, linguistics, grammar, semantics
1. INTRODUCTION
Causation is very important from social and communicative pragmatic point of view and is
closely connected with the rapid development of cognitive linguistics. The modern linguistics is
characterized by investigating the real task of the language in linguocognitive aspect. This
process is focused on putting the cognitive semantics into first place. Investigating the view of
the world from the cognitive point of view is taken place in every field of language layer, it is
because is given opportunity to learn the essence of the language in every aspect and realizing
the main role of the language. Moreover, the basic task of contemporary linguistics, mainly,
cognitive linguistics is to investigate the role of human factor in language and realization of
language facts.
Pinker said that: “The causative verb is a common structure in English. It shows that somebody
or something is indirectly responsible for an action. The subject doesn’t perform the action itself,
but causes someone or something else to do it instead”.
Causative verb has been studied by linguists since the 60s of the XX century and is considered
mainly within the framework of morphological, lexical causatives, analytic causative, or
causative constructions that do not always the verb has causative semantics. Causative
constructions, which include a causative the meaning of the verb are studied in linguistics along
with other relevant questions of semantic syntax. Causative verbs are studied by many scientists.
The theory of the causative and causative constructions was developed primarily such scientists
as V. P. Nedyalkov, G. G. Silnitsky, A. A. Kholodovich, V. S. Khrakovsky, B. Comrie, M.
Shibatani, L. Talmy.
Particular problems associated with CC, were also considered in the works of
V.D.Kaliushchenko, O. N. Seliverstova, Yu. S. Stepanova, B. Abbot, A. Alsina, W. Croft, M.
Haspelmath, B. Levin, R. H. T. Malka, T. Sanders, E. Sweetser, N. Sumbatova, D. Wunderlich
and others.
2. International Journal of Information Sciences and Techniques (IJIST) Vol.13, No.1, January 2023
2
2. METHODOLOGY
The nature of modern research in the field of cognitive linguistics indicates development of the
methodological basis and terminological apparatus theory of causation.
Causative constructions are studied within the framework of different paradigms and approaches:
M. Lemmens describes causative constructions in English, integrating achievements cognitive
grammar, systemic functional grammar and relational grammar.
R. King formulates the following semantic criterion of causation: if the proposition expressed in
the sentence entails the proposition that that the object expressed by the direct object of the
transitive verb is subject to state change, then such a construction is considered causative. He
considers, that the interpretation of causative constructions in terms of spatial metaphor has
advantages over traditional approaches because creates a common framework for explaining what
was previously considered incompatible.
The concept of “causation” in the physical world means a continuous connection cause and
effect. Any conceptually limited part, or “event” perceived as connected with the outside world
external or internal causal relationships.
Causativity (from Latin causa - reason) or causality is defined as a semantic category that
indicates on events or phenomena that give rise to other events or phenomena: eng. You make me
feel sorry.
According to A.N. Prikhodko, causality as one of the basic ontological entities finds its
embodiment in the language as a functional-semantic category causality, which reflects the
relations of dependence, conditionality, logical correspondence and consistency of the
phenomena of objective reality.
The category of causation, expressing the relationship of cause - effect, is interpreted as a lexical
parameter indicating events or phenomena, generating other events or phenomena, verbal
category, functional-semantic, lexico-grammatical category, expressing a wide range of intra-
phrasal relations that can be in generally characterized as a cause-effect relationship, as universal
typological category, characterized by a wide range of means of expression in languages with
different structures.
Causativity was also studied within the framework of the linguo-cognitive approach. So, for
example, causal relationships are seen as a concept REASON. P.Salo believes that causation is
rather part of the “logical syntax” of a single sentence, and not part of any of its lexical elements.
3. RESULTS
There are different approaches to interpreting types of causation. Linguistic literature
distinguishes the following types of causative relations:
Logical relation
Relation “means – goal” (a means - purpose relation)
The relationship “means – result” (a means - result relation)
The relation “cause – result” (a reason – result relation).
Modern linguistic science is characterized interdisciplinary and focuses primarily on
anthropocentric approach in the process of linguistic analysis. Linguistic anthropocentrism is the
3. International Journal of Information Sciences and Techniques (IJIST) Vol.13, No.1, January 2023
3
dominant principle modern studies of language units and categories, “presence of a person makes
itself felt throughout the entire space of language”. In this context, modern linguistic studies,
including typological and comparative, the complex approach to the consideration of multi-level
units and categories. While in focus attention is paid to their various aspects. In this research, this
approach integrates the conceptual apparatus and methods typological and comparative
linguistics, functional semantic, cognitive linguistics, constructional grammar.
The focus of the study is causative connective verbs. In this regard, one of the tasks was to
determine the corpus of causative verbs in English verbs expressing the relation of causation,
which is a synonym causal relationship. So the causative verb expresses the value of causation
and the value of the state being causated.
In the article "Morphological causative in the Georgian language" I. O. Getsadze, V. P.
Nedyalkov and A. A. Kholodovich note that the term “causative verb” is used in two meanings:
semantic and formal. Corpus of causatives verbs in English includes both “formal” causative
verbs, so are verbs, which can express causation relations only in certain contexts.
The lexicographic part of the sample in English was 135 verbs, including: let, make, cause, get,
have, produce, bring about, effect, lead to, induce, result in, engender, effectuate, occasion,
stir, generate, provoke, touch off, hatch, breed, spawn, etc.
The most wide-ranging verbs with a causative meaning in English are the verbs let, make, cause,
get, have. These verbs are often erroneously considered and more or less interchangeable.
Synonyms of the verb to let in the causative meaning are 14 verbs, obtained by continuous
sampling from Roget's II Electronic Thesaurus dictionary:
1) to afford an opportunity for- imkoniyatga ega bo'lish allow, permit, admit;
2) to engage in the temporary use of (something) for a fee- to'lov evaziga (bir narsadan)
vaqtincha foydalanish bilan shug'ullanish uchun: hire, rent, lease, charter;
3) to give one's consent to- rozilik bermoq: allow, permit, authorize, sanction, consent;
4) to neither forbid nor prevent- na ta’qiqlash, na oldini olish: have, leave, allow, suffer,
tolerate
Synonyms of the verb to make in the causative sense are 58 verbs, obtained by the method of
continuous sampling from the Roget's II Electronic dictionary
Thesaurus, for example:
1) to be the cause of -sabab bo‘lmoq: produce, bring about, effect, lead to, induce, result in,
engender, occasion, effectuate;
2) to cause (a person or thing) to act or move in spite of resistance -shaxsni yoki
narsani) qarshilik ko‘rsatishga yoki harakat qilishga majburlash: force, compel, oblige,
coerce, constraint, pressure;
3) to cause to be by official action-rasmiy harakat bilan bo‘lishiga sabab bo‘lmoq:
establish, constitute, enact, legislate;
4) to cause to come into existence-vujudga kelishiga sabab bo‘lmoq: generate, originate,
engender, hatch, father, sire, parent, procreate, spawn.
Synonyms of the verb to get in the causative sense are 47 verbs, for example:
1) to acquire as a result of one's behavior or effort-x ulq-atvori yoki harakatlari natijasida
egallash - win, gain, earn, deserve, merit;
4. International Journal of Information Sciences and Techniques (IJIST) Vol.13, No.1, January 2023
4
2) to be the biological father of- biologik otasi bo'lish: -beget, breed, father, sire, procreate;
3) to come into possession of- egalik qilmoq: - obtain, win, come by, gain, acquire, land,
secure, pick up, procure;
4) to come to be– bo’lmoq: become, turn, grow, wax;
5) to gain knowledge or mastery of by study- o'qish orqali bilim olish yoki o'zlashtirish:
learn, pick up, master;
6) to gain possession of, especially after a struggle or chase- egalik qilish, ayniqsa
qiyinchilik bilan erishilgandan keyin: take, catch, capture, secure, net;
The verb have in a causative meaning is used in two types of syntactic constructions. I. The
construction have + object + infinitive / -ing form The construction “have + object + infinitive”
has the meaning “cause somebody to do something”
1. “I’m ready to see Mr Smith. Have him come in, please”– Men janob Smitni ko'rishga
tayyorman. Iltimos, uni ichkariga kiriting.
2. “We cannot have them back” – Biz ularni qaytarib ololmaymiz.
3. “I'll have Hudson show you to your room” –Men Gudsondan sizni xonangizni
ko'rsatishini so'rayman.
The causative “have + object + -ing form” has the meaning “cause somebody to be doing
something”, that is, just as in the “have + object + infinitive” construction, “kimnidir
biror narsa qilishga majburlash”, but with an emphasis on long-term action (be doing).
4. “This is a fabulously witty book which had me laughing out loud on multiple occasions”
- Bu juda aqlli kitob bo'lib, u meni bir necha bor baland ovozda kuldirdi.
5. “He believed in them. He had them believing in themselves” - U ularga ishondi. U ularni
o'zlariga ishontirdi
6. “She had me doing all kinds of jobs for her” – U meni o'zi uchun har xil ishlarni qilishga
majbur qildi.
Have + object + past participle.
This causative construction has the meaning «cause something to be done by somebody
else» biror narsaning boshqa birov tomonidan qilinishiga sabab bo‘lmoq.
The essence of the causative with the past participle is that the action is performed not by
the agent, but by another person at the request / request of the agent. Thus, this
construction retains the dominance of the nuclear component «causative influence by the
desire / will of the agent (causator) on the patient (causable)».
7. “While the Abbey Theatre prepares to shut for the summer to have its roof repaired, the
Olympia on Dublin’s Dame Street has sprung a leak” – Abbey teatri yozda tomini
ta'mirlash uchun yopilishga tayyorgarlik ko'rayotgan bir paytda, Dublinning Dame
ko'chasidagi Olimpiada suv oqishi sodir bo'ldi.
8. “If you don’t get out of my house I’ll have you arrested” – Agar uyimdan chiqmasang,
seni politsiyaga topshiraman.
9. “We’d only just had a new engine put in” –Biz hozirgina yangi dvigatel o'rnatdik.
It is important to make a clear distinction between the causative construction “have +
object + past participle” and the verb have with a passive meaning “if you have
something stolen, broken etc, someone steals, breaks etc something that belongs to you”.
In the latter case, have serves to denote an action that occurs against the will / will of the
subject:
10. “Rebekah Brooks, the former chief executive of News International, had her phone
hacked by News of the World twice a week ...” - News International kompaniyasining
sobiq bosh direktori Rebeka Bruksning telefoni haftada ikki marta News of the World
tomonidan buzilgan.
11. “She had all her jewelery stolen”– Uning barcha taqinchoqlari o'g'irlangan.
5. International Journal of Information Sciences and Techniques (IJIST) Vol.13, No.1, January 2023
5
The context suggests which aspect of the causative influence takes place in a given situation. One
thing remains unchanged: the causative effect of the desire / will of the agent (causator) on the
patient (causable) is the nuclear component in the semantics of the causative verb have.
1. “I’m ready to see Mr Smith. Have him come in, please” – Men janob Smitni ko'rishga
tayyorman. Iltimos, uni ichkariga kiriting.
2. “We cannot have them back” – Biz ularni qaytarib ololmaymiz.
3. “I'll have Hudson show you to your room” –Men Gudsondan sizni xonangizni
ko'rsatishini so'rayman.
4. DISCUSSION
Causative constructions seem to have a special status in linguistics and, presumably, in language
too. The notion of cause and effect, which lies at their centre, is believed to be fundamental in the
whole of human cognition. Lakoff and Johnson, for example, state that it is a “basic human
concept” ((Lakoff & Johnson, 1980) cited by Gilquin (2010, p. 1)).
Active causative structure is used when someone causes something to happen or when a person
causes another one to take an action. Consider:
Railway station security had everyone show their tickets. Temir yo‘l vokzalining qo‘riqlash
xizmati barchani chiptalarini ko‘rsatishini talab qildi.
The tutor made his students do an oral interpretation. O‘qituvchi o‘z shogirdlarini og‘zaki talqin
qilishga majbur qildi
It’s also important to note that some causative verbs require the bare infinitive, namely
when using have, let, and make. Other common causative actions require the to-infinitive,
such as: convince, allow, encourage, permit, employ, help, get, require, motivate, hire, assist,
command, force, order, remind, urge and force.
The magazine encouraged all readers to submit suggestions for future issues.
Jurnal barcha o'quvchilarni kelgusi sonlar uchun takliflar berishga undadi
Passive structure is used to talk about having something done by another person/thing. Consider
the following example:
The president had his speech written by a very talented group of writers. Prezident nutqi juda
iste'dodli yozuvchilar guruhi tomonidan yozilgan.
In this case, the person (The president) arranged for something( writing a speech).
REFERENCES
[1] Apressyan Y.D. Selecta. Vol I: Lexical semantics. – М.: Languages of Russian Culture, 1995. – 472
p.
[2] Akhmanova O.S. Dictionary of Linguistic Terms. – М.: Editorial URSS, 2004. – 576 p.
[3] Karimjonova, S. R. (2021). COGNITIVE ASPECTS OF THE CAUSATIVE VERB TO HAVE IN
MODERN ENGLISH. CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES
(2767-3758), 2(11), 141-145.
[4] Ravshanjonovna, K. S. (2021). O’ZBEK VA INGLIZ TILIDAGI SIFATDOSHLARNING
STRUKTURAVIYFUNKSIONAL XUSUSIYATLARI. Oriental Art and Culture, (6), 153-158.
[5] Swan M. Practical English Usage. – Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. – 658 p.
[6] Wolff Ph. Models of Causation and Causal Verbs / Ph. Wolff, G. Song, D. Driscoll // Papers from the
37th Meeting of the Chicago Linguistics Society. Main Session. Vol. 1. – Chicago: Chicago
Linguistics Society, 2002. – P. 607–622.