The “Lost World” of South America
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The document discusses the remote "tepuis" mountain formations located in South America. Tepuis rise thousands of meters above the jungles of Guyana, Brazil, and Venezuela. They have flat tops and steep sides composed of sandstone. Due to their isolation, the tepuis are among the last unexplored places on Earth and may still contain life forms dating back to the ancient supercontinent of Gondwana over 300 million years ago. While a few researchers have visited them, the tepuis remain largely unexplored and are like a place where time has stopped.
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The geological time scale
The document discusses the Geological Time Scale which is used to divide Earth's history into eras, periods and epochs based on fossil and rock evidence. It describes the major eras - Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic - along with key environmental conditions and lifeforms that existed during each era, noting major extinction events. The timeline shows how life on Earth has evolved and changed dramatically over its approximately 4.5 billion year history.
The geological time scale
The document summarizes the Geologic Time Scale which divides Earth's history into units including eons, eras, periods, and epochs. It describes the three main eras:
1) The Paleozoic Era (544-251 million years ago) which was dominated by invertebrates and saw the rise of fish and amphibians on land and sea.
2) The Mesozoic Era (251-65 million years ago) which was dominated by reptiles like dinosaurs and saw the rise of mammals and the breakup of Pangaea.
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Cenozoic era
The Cenozoic Era began 65 million years ago after the extinction of the dinosaurs. During this era, mammals diversified and grew larger to fill ecological niches as the dominant land animals. Birds also flourished. The era is divided into periods and epochs where species evolved or went extinct based on environmental changes. During the Paleogene period after dinosaurs, mammals and birds were small but evolved into ancestors of modern groups. In the Neogene, grasslands expanded and large mammals like horses and rhinos evolved. The Pleistocene ice ages drove many large mammals like mammoths and saber-toothed cats to extinction. The current Holocene epoch since the last ice age has seen human impacts drive further extinctions.
geological time scale
- The first geologic time scale was proposed in 1913 by British geologist Arthur Holmes, estimating Earth's age at around 4 billion years old, much older than previously believed.
- Geologists have divided Earth's history into time intervals of varying lengths marked by significant geological or biological events, such as mass extinctions.
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The document summarizes the geologic time scale which divides Earth's history into sections called eons, eras, periods, and epochs based on major changes. The largest eras include Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic. The Precambrian saw the emergence of life. The Paleozoic was dominated by marine invertebrates. The Mesozoic was the 'Age of Reptiles'. The Cenozoic era sees mammals rise to dominance. Mass extinctions marked transitions between eras.
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Geologic time scale
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Geologic time scale 1
James Hutton advanced the theory of uniformitarianism in the 18th century, which assumed that current geological processes account for Earth's features. William Smith discovered that fossils are found in a definite order in rock layers. The geologic time scale was then developed, arranging rock layers and their fossil contents into a chronological order reflecting the assumption that all life is descended from a common ancestor. However, the geologic time scale relies on circular reasoning by using the assumed age of index fossils to date rock layers, and then using the dated rock layers to determine the age of other fossils within them.
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The document summarizes the three main geological eras - the Paleozoic Era from 542 to 251 million years ago, the Mesozoic Era from 251 to 65.5 million years ago, and the Cenozoic Era from 65.5 million years ago to present. It provides key details about the evolution of life and changes in climate, geology, and landscapes that occurred during each era. The Paleozoic saw the rise of invertebrates, corals, and early plants and vertebrates. During the Mesozoic, dinosaurs and flowering plants appeared while Pangea formed. In the Cenozoic, mammals flourished as the dinosaurs went extinct, mountain ranges rose, and humans
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Geological time scale.
Geologists have divided Earth's history into intervals of geologic time based on significant events. The largest divisions are eons, which are subdivided into eras, periods, and epochs. The Precambrian eon covers most of Earth's history and saw the emergence of life. The Phanerozoic eon began 540 million years ago and is divided into the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras, which are further subdivided and defined by important developments in life and changes in Earth's geology.
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1) The document outlines the major geologic periods from the Precambrian era to today. It describes key events, climate conditions, dominant species and organisms, formation and breaking up of continents, and mass extinctions that occurred during each period.
2) The major periods discussed include the Precambrian, Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, Tertiary, and Quaternary periods.
3) During each period, the document highlights one or two defining features such as the first appearance of oxygen and land, ice ages, dominant animal groups, and tectonic plate movement.
The geologic time scale 1
The geologic time scale shows the eras and periods of Earth's history. During the Jurassic period of the Mesozoic era, dinosaurs like T-Rex and Velociraptor lived. A meteor wiped out the dinosaurs and allowed mammals to evolve and dominate. Early humans were cavemen that evolved to become smarter and build the first civilizations. The document provides an overview of major events and periods within the geologic time scale.
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Geologic time scale
The document summarizes the Geologic Time Scale which divides Earth's history into eras and periods based on fossil and biological evidence. The four eras are Pre-Cambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic. Each era is then divided into periods characterized by evolutionary changes and extinctions of important species. The timeline stretches from the formation of Earth 4.6 billion years ago to the present.
Geological time scale
The document summarizes the geologic time scale, which is divided into eras, periods, and epochs based on fossil evidence showing changes in Earth's organisms over its 4.56 billion year history. The largest divisions are eras, including Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and current Cenozoic. Each era is characterized by the dominant lifeforms and events of that time period. The geologic time scale helps break up Earth's history into more manageable chunks for study.
Geological Time Scale
The document summarizes the geologic time scale which divides Earth's history into sections including eons, eras, periods and epochs. The largest section is the eon, with the Precambrian and Phanerozoic eons covering over 4 billion years of history. Key events mentioned include the first life forms in the Archean era, marine invertebrates in the Proterozoic, and the rise of dinosaurs, mammals and modern life forms in the Phanerozoic. Several important periods are highlighted such as the Carboniferous, Permian, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.
Geologic time scale 1
James Hutton advanced the theory of uniformitarianism in the 18th century, which assumed that current geological processes account for Earth's features. William Smith discovered that fossils are found in a definite order in rock layers. The geologic time scale was then developed, arranging rock layers and their fossil contents into a chronological order reflecting the assumption that all life is descended from a common ancestor. However, the geologic time scale relies on circular reasoning by using the assumed age of index fossils to date rock layers, and then using the dated rock layers to determine the age of other fossils within them.
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Geological time scale.
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While a meteor impact was once thought to have caused the extinction of dinosaurs, some scientists now believe evidence points to other factors. A newly discovered dinosaur relative found in Tanzania that lived 243 million years ago provides evidence that dinosaurs originated 10 million years earlier than previously believed. Most dinosaurs were herbivores that ate plants like conifers, ferns, mosses and cycads, though some were carnivores that hunted other dinosaurs or scavenged carcasses. Over time, terrestrial amphibians and swamp lizards evolved further into the first dinosaurs.
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The document summarizes the geological timescale used to divide Earth's history into standardized periods of time. It describes how the timescale is broken down into eons, eras, periods, and epochs. The two main divisions are the Precambrian super eon prior to the Cambrian period and the Phanerozoic eon from the Cambrian period to present day. Precambrian time included the Hadean, Archean, and Proterozoic eons, while the Phanerozoic included the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras. The geological timescale provides a standardized framework for correlating and dating rock formations across periods of Earth's history.
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The Paleozoic Era spans from 544 to 245 million years ago, covering six periods including the Cambrian through the Permian. It saw the emergence of abundant animal life during the Cambrian Explosion and the formation of the supercontinent Pangaea. Plant life reached its peak during the Carboniferous period. The Paleozoic ended with a mass extinction event, wiping out most species.
Supercontinents
A great landmass which was thought to be in the geological past, splitting into fragments drifting apart and again colliding into one another is called a supercontinent.1. VAALBARA -First ever made continent was Vaalbara which was 3.6 billion years old, it was named after kaapvaal and Pilbara which were the most ancient cratons present on that land mass. Kaapvaal is in Africa and Pilbara is in western Australia.2. UR- A supercontinent which was 3000 m.y.a and it was smaller than modern day Australia.3. KENORLAND- 2700 m.y.a famous events were HURONIAN GLACIATION. Also known as SNOWBALL EARTH.Responsible for formation of phytoplanktons.and VREDEFORT impact.4. COLUMBIA- Also called as NUNA . Period between Snowball Earth and subsequent Oxidation is called as THE BARREN BILLION.5. RODINIA- 1130 m.y.a.SECOND SNOWBALL EARTH.Also known as NEOPROTEROZOIC GLACIATION.6. PANNOTIA- 750 m.y.aThe formation of Pannotia was associated with the breakup of Rodinia into Proto- Gondwana and Proto-Laurasia. Two oceans were PANTHALSSA and Pan-African Ocean.7. PANGEA- One of the Youngest Supercontinent of all time , there are plenty of evidences of this Supercontinent. Like marine fossils from TETHYS OCEAN can be observed in Himalayas.
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Dinosaurs were the most advanced reptiles that once dominated the Earth. They exhibited a wide range of diets, including carnivorous, herbivorous, and omnivorous species. Around 65 million years ago, a meteorite impact is believed to have changed the climate and caused the extinction of all non-avian dinosaurs. Some of the herbivorous dinosaurs that lived in North America during this period included Triceratops, known for its three horns, and Edmontosaurus, which grew up to 10 meters tall. Tyrannosaurus rex was one of the largest carnivores, reaching 13 meters in length and weighing 6-8 tons, making it the most famous dinosaur.
CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY AND DISCONTINUOUS DISTRIBUTION.pptx
theory of continental drift
The theory of continental drift was proposed by German scientist Alfred Wegener in the early 20th century. The theory suggests that the continents were once part of a supercontinent called Pangea, which broke apart and drifted to their current locations. The Earth's crust is split up into seven large plates and a few smaller ones, all of which can slowly move around on the Earth’s surface.
discontinuous distribution a distribution in which populations of related organisms are found in widely separated parts of the world, e.g. lung flukes in Australia, Africa and South America. Such a distribution is thought to indicate the great age of the group, with intermediate populations having become extinct.
Geology powerpoint
1) Triceratops was a large herbivorous dinosaur that lived between 68-65 million years ago in North America.
2) It had a distinctive skull with three horns and lived in herds, eating low-lying plants.
3) Triceratops was preyed upon by Tyrannosaurus rex, as evidenced by Triceratops skulls bearing T-rex bite marks.
Geology powerpoint
1) Triceratops was a large herbivorous dinosaur that lived between 68-65 million years ago in North America.
2) It had a distinctive skull with three horns and lived in herds, eating low-lying plants.
3) Triceratops was preyed upon by Tyrannosaurus rex, as evidenced by Triceratops skulls bearing T-rex bite marks.
Geology powerpoint
1) Triceratops was a large herbivorous dinosaur that lived between 68-65 million years ago in North America.
2) It had a distinctive skull with three horns and lived in herds, eating low-lying plants.
3) Triceratops was preyed upon by Tyrannosaurus rex, as evidenced by Triceratops skulls bearing T-rex bite marks.
Final project Grade 2
Dinosaurs lived during the Age of Reptiles, from over 230 million years ago until they went extinct. They came in many different shapes and sizes, including some that walked on two legs, others on four legs, and some that could do both. Possible causes for their extinction include volcanic gases, climatic cooling, sea-level change, and low reproduction rates.
Pangaea the super continent
This document summarizes information about Pangaea, the most recent supercontinent that existed approximately 300-180 million years ago. It formed as the result of continental drift, bringing together most landmasses into a single giant continent surrounded by a single ocean. Pangaea then broke apart, splitting into separate landmasses and oceans over millions of years through the process of plate tectonics. Life on Pangaea included a variety of plants, marine life, and early reptiles and mammals.
Nature as a Social Construct and Its Effects on Conservation in the Galapagos
This document discusses how the concept of nature as something pristine and untouched by humans is a social construct that does not reflect reality. It uses the examples of the Galapagos Islands and conservation efforts there to show how human activity has historically shaped the landscape and ecosystems. While some view the needs of conservation and human settlement as mutually exclusive, the document argues a more holistic understanding is needed that recognizes the connections between people and nature.
Overview Of Earth´S History And Periods Essay
The document discusses the global warming event that occurred during the Permian-Triassic mass extinction event approximately 250 million years ago. A massive volcanic eruption in Siberia caused increased carbon dioxide and methane levels, resulting in extreme global warming on Earth. The volcanic activity, known as the Siberian Traps, erupted over several vents and covered a large area of Siberia with basalt lava. This eruption caused catastrophic climate change and ocean acidification that destroyed the majority of plant and animal species at the time, particularly marine species. Recovery of ecosystems after the mass extinction took a very long time.
Geo 103 lab field
This document provides an overview of the geology of the Cuyamaca Mountains in Southern California. It discusses the geological history and evolution of the area, including how volcanic activity and plate collisions led to the formation of the mountains. It also describes some of the common plant and animal species found in Cuyamaca, such as chamise, lemonade berry, California quail, and ground squirrels. Additionally, it examines examples of the different rock types in the Cuyamaca Mountains, including rhyolite, quartzite, and granite. The document serves to educate about the geological features and natural history of this region.
The Secrets Of A Saber-Toothed Predator From Earth's Darkest Hour
Uncover the secrets of a saber-toothed predator from Earth's darkest hour. Explore the fascinating world of this ancient apex predator....
Muhammad Nadeem Reg no 065.pptx
The Jurassic period occurred between 206-144 million years ago as part of the Mesozoic era. The climate was warm with tropical and temperate conditions worldwide. The atmosphere contained high levels of carbon dioxide and continents had separated into Laurasia and Gondwana. Dinosaurs like Brachiosaurus and Allosaurus roamed on land while ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, and crocodyliforms inhabited the seas and oceans. Sauropods were particularly abundant and diverse during this time.
continental-drifting.pptx
The document summarizes the continental drift theory, which proposes that the Earth's continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea before drifting apart. It discusses how Pangaea broke into Laurasia and Gondwanaland, and the evidence that supports the theory, including matching coastlines, matching fossil and rock formations found across oceans, deposits that require adjacent landmasses, and tillite glacial deposits found on separate continents. The theory explains that the lithosphere is made of plates that move due to convection currents in the mantle.
Journey Back in Time_ Exploring the Jurassic Era and its Majestic Dinosaurs.pdf
The Jurassic Era, often referred to as the "Golden Age of Dinosaurs," was a pivotal period in Earth's history, spanning from approximately 201 to 145 million years ago. During this time, the planet experienced significant geological and climatic changes, and it hosted a diverse array of fascinating creatures, including some of the most iconic dinosaurs known to us today.
The Jurassic Era was characterized by vast, lush landscapes and diverse ecosystems. Massive coniferous forests dominated the land, providing the perfect habitat for a variety of plant and animal life. The seas were home to numerous marine reptiles, while the skies were ruled by majestic flying creatures.
Land Giants:
The Jurassic period showcased an array of colossal dinosaurs, some of which have become household names. Among the herbivorous giants, the Brachiosaurus stands out as one of the tallest dinosaurs ever discovered. With its long neck and towering presence, it grazed on the abundant vegetation of the time. The Stegosaurus, known for its distinctive plated back and spiked tail, was another notable herbivore that roamed the Jurassic landscapes.
Ferocious Predators:
The Jurassic Era was also marked by fearsome predators, each equipped with unique features for hunting and survival. The Allosaurus, a carnivorous dinosaur, was a dominant predator, known for its large size, powerful jaws, and sharp teeth. Another formidable predator, the Dilophosaurus, featured a distinctive double crest on its head and was likely an agile hunter.
The Airborne Wonders:
Taking to the skies during the Jurassic Era were the Pterosaurs, a group of flying reptiles that weren't dinosaurs but shared the same environment. The Pterodactyl, with its elongated beak and impressive wingspan, soared through the skies, showcasing the incredible diversity of life during this period.
Coexistence and Extinction:
While the Jurassic Era was a time of thriving biodiversity, it eventually gave way to the Cretaceous Period, which witnessed the rise of new dinosaur species. The end of the Jurassic saw significant environmental changes, including shifting continents and alterations in sea levels. These changes likely contributed to the extinction of certain species, paving the way for the next chapter in Earth's history.
Similar to The “Lost World” of South America (20)
GTS paleozoic-Geomorphology Chapter-Geomorhology Chapter
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CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY AND DISCONTINUOUS DISTRIBUTION.pptx
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More from Apple Manzana
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The document discusses plagiarism and provides tips for managing sources to avoid plagiarism. It notes that plagiarism is dishonest and misses an opportunity for students to add their own commentary and grow as thinkers. When working on complex research assignments, keeping sources organized can be challenging. The document then provides tips for managing sources, which include copying important information, printing key articles, using source management software, inserting citations into drafts using comment features, and double-checking work to match quotes to their correct sources.
Plagiarism and the internet
Plagiarism involves using others' ideas without giving them proper credit. It is considered stealing another's work and is illegal under copyright laws. Plagiarism has become easier on the Internet as information is readily available, but educators can also more easily detect plagiarism through online searches. Both intentional and accidental plagiarism through copying from sources without citation are violations, even if unintended, as ideas become mixed with a student's own work.
The Changing Family Part2
Advocates argue that only children have advantages like avoiding sibling jealousy and receiving more parental attention, which can increase their self-esteem and confidence. However, only children may feel lonely. Parents can help prevent loneliness by encouraging their only child to be social and welcoming challenges. Ultimately, there is no simple answer to whether families should have one or two children - each family's circumstances are unique and what is best will depend on what the parents feel confident about.
Modern Family Magazine
Dr. Ethan Stephens addresses a parent's concern about whether being an only child means a child will be lonely. While some argue only children may lack social skills from not having siblings, Dr. Stephens notes there is no evidence only children are lonelier or less capable than children with siblings. In fact, having just one child is an increasingly common choice globally, as seen in Asian countries where families often have fewer than two children on average.
Human Adaptation to Space Part 2
Human beings can experience both short-term and long-lasting physical problems when living in space for extended periods of time. More than two-thirds of astronauts suffer from motion sickness during travel due to the lack of gravity causing confusing signals to be sent to the brain. Prolonged time in space's zero-gravity environment can also result in fluid redistribution around the body, leading to symptoms like facial puffiness and bulging neck veins.
Human Adaptation to Space
Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin was the first man in space in 1961, and American astronaut Neil Armstrong was the first to walk on the Moon in 1969. The document discusses how humans have achieved traveling to space and the Moon, and some believe the next step is for humans to visit Mars. Many astronauts would welcome the opportunity to be the first person to walk on Mars and gain such fame, but the document raises the question of what the experience of space travel is really like for those who embark on these missions.
Week 6 check
The author attended the Yanshuei Firework Festival in Taiwan. Before the fireworks started, a group worshipped a statue of Guan Yu and then removed it. The crowd was then instructed to hop up and down when the fireworks began to avoid being burned. When the first "beehive" was lit, rockets exploded in all directions and collided with the author's helmet and body. Although it was over quickly, the constant buzzing of fireworks in the sky made it feel longer. After the intense display, they had small burns and cuts from being hit but felt it was a great adventure.
Week 6 read2
Michael Liu attended the Yanshuei Fireworks Festival in Taiwan with his friend Lin. Lin provided Michael with protective clothing like an old sweatshirt, gloves, and motorcycle helmet, without explaining why, since Michael had assumed they would be watching fireworks from a distance. When they arrived, Michael realized the "beehive" structures were boxes filled with fireworks directed outward in all directions. Lin explained people often received burns at the festival from the fireworks, as some participants wore little protection and stuffed the beehives directly with explosives for the celebration.
Lottery winners check
1. Many lottery winners suddenly find themselves with much more money than they are used to after winning large jackpots, sometimes in the hundreds of millions. However, financial experts warn that two out of three winners end up spending all their winnings within five years and may have more problems than before winning.
2. Lottery organizers employ counselors to help new winners manage their wealth wisely through financial advice and planning. However, some winners do not use their money sensibly and get into difficulties.
3. Michael Carroll from England is an example of what can happen when winners do not manage their money carefully. He spent all £10 million of his lottery winnings within eight years on an extravagant lifestyle
Animal success stories check
The document discusses two examples of animal species that were brought back from near extinction due to conservation efforts following the passage of the Endangered Species Act in 1973. It describes how the bald eagle population dropped to less than 1,000 in 1963 due to hunting, habitat destruction, and the chemical DDT, but rebounded after DDT was banned and bald eagles were protected. It also explains that grizzly bear numbers declined from over 50,000 to around 1,000 today, but grizzly bears in Yellowstone and Glacier National Parks are protected under the ESA.
Animal success stories read p2
The document discusses two animal success stories resulting from the Endangered Species Act of 1973. It describes how the bald eagle population dropped to under 1,000 by 1963 due to hunting, habitat destruction, and the chemical DDT weakening eggshells. Protection efforts like banning DDT and listing bald eagles as endangered allowed the population to recover, with numbers now off the endangered list. A second success story is also described but not in detail.
ภูมิสถาปัตย์
ภูมิสถาปัตย์
(บทกวีอารยสถาปัตย์)
ภูมิพลังแผ่นดินภูมินทรา ภูมิสถาปัตยกรรมธำรงสมัย
ภูมิภิวัฒน์ศรัทธาพาคัลไล
ภูมิไผทภูมิธรรมนำคัลลอง
สร้างสรรค์ภูมิอารยะสถาปัตย์ ร่วมภูมิทัศนวิสัยรับใช้สนอง
เศกสถาปันาพิมานอันรังรอง แลเรือนร้านบ้านช่องของผู้คน
เพื่อประโยชน์และเพื่อลดความเหลื่อมล้ำ
เพื่อสร้างความเป็นธรรมในทุกหน
ก้าวข้ามขีดจำกัดปัจเจกชน ร่วมบันดลร่วมสดับรับใช้ประชา
ตระหนักในปณิธานพระทรงธรรม มุ่งมั่นนำความดีความมีค่า
รู้สรรค์เศกเอกลักษณ์รู้ศักดา รู้พอเพียงพึ่งพาเป็นอาจิณ
อารยะสถาปัตย์ภิวัฒน์สมัย สร้างหัวใจในงานรังสรรค์ศิลป์
ประโยชน์สุขส่วนรวมร่วมยลยิน ภูมิพลังแผ่นดินนิรันดร
บทกวีโดย..อ.เนาวรัตน์ พงษ์ไพบูลย์
ศิลปินแห่งชาติ สาขาวรรณศิลป์ ประจำปีพุทธศักราช ๒๕๓๖
The globalization of fashion
Globalization has led to fast fashion where designs can go from concept to stores in just two weeks, encouraging frequent changing of wardrobes. However, this speed and low prices can come at human costs, as many factories exploit workers in developing countries through low wages as low as $0.23 per hour and long work days up to 18 hours. While companies argue they cannot monitor all factories and create jobs, investigations have revealed poor conditions, and consumers share responsibility by demanding low prices. In response to campaigns against unfair practices, some companies now conduct inspections to improve factory conditions.
Week 2-text update
1) Monsoon season is important for India's agriculture as the abundant rains help crops grow and support hundreds of millions of jobs, but it negatively impacts tourism with visitor numbers dropping by half.
2) However, some Indian states are marketing "monsoon packages" to attract visitors during this time by highlighting the lush green landscapes and festivals that occur during monsoon season.
3) India has a long history of appreciating the monsoons, with palaces built specifically to enjoy the rains, some of which now operate as luxury resorts catering to monsoon visitors with special facilities like outdoor pools and discos.
Selling india’s rainy season
The monsoon season is traditionally greeted with joy in India as the abundant rains provide vital agriculture and hundreds of millions of jobs. However, tourism declines by half during this time as few travelers want a rainy holiday. In recent years, some states like Goa and Kerala have begun promoting "monsoon packages" to attract visitors with lower prices and the opportunity to enjoy lush green landscapes and festivals. The monsoon also holds cultural and spiritual significance for Indians with a history of palaces built to appreciate the rains and traditions of cleansing and renewal associated with the season.
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