A brief textual and pictorial guide to the formation of the modern Nigerian State in 1914. Descriptive images of milestone events and documents in the course of this journey.
This document provides 20 rules for subject-verb agreement in English. Some key points covered are: singular subjects require a singular verb and plural subjects require a plural verb; prepositional phrases between the subject and verb do not usually affect agreement; subjects can come after the verb in questions; collective nouns and units of measurement usually take singular verbs; and indefinite pronouns like everyone and nobody take singular verbs. The document stresses that only the subject, not other words in the sentence, determines if the verb is singular or plural.
The document is a history assignment on nationalism in Europe. It discusses the emergence of nationalism and nation-states in Europe in the 19th century, replacing multinational empires. Key events discussed include the French Revolution of 1789, which expressed clear nationalism, and the unification of Germany and Italy in the late 19th century. It also examines the rise of conservatism and liberalism in response to nationalism, as well as the increasing conflicts and imperialism associated with nationalism by the late 19th century.
This Presentation helps the viewers to know about the English Civil War (1642–1651) was a series of civil wars and political machinations between Parliamentarians ("Roundheads") and Royalists ("Cavaliers"), mainly over the manner of England's governance and issues of religious freedom.[2] It was part of the wider Wars of the Three Kingdoms. The first (1642–1646) and second (1648–1649) wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the third (1649–1651) saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament. The wars also involved the Scottish Covenanters and Irish Confederates. The war ended with Parliamentarian victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651.
The Victorian Period lasted from 1837 to 1901 under Queen Victoria's rule. Britain became the most powerful country through its vast global empire. Rapid industrialization and population growth led to huge demands for resources and changes in how people lived and worked, including mass migration to cities. Living standards depended greatly on social class, as the poor faced overcrowding, disease, and child labor in cities and factories while the rich lived comfortably.
The Contras were rebel groups fighting against the Sandinista government in Nicaragua from 1979-1990. They received extensive military support from the U.S. government, which viewed the left-leaning Sandinistas as a threat. Despite vast resources, the Contras struggled to become a viable military force. Covert U.S. backing continued through the Iran-Contra affair. The war ultimately ended in peace negotiations and elections in 1990, though it devastated Nicaragua and killed over 30,000 people.
Industrialization began in England first due to several key factors:
1) Agricultural advances increased food production and freed up labor to work in factories.
2) England's colonial expansion and international trade networks accumulated capital for investment.
3) The Enclosure Movement consolidated small land holdings into larger commercial farms.
4) Inventions like the steam engine and cotton gin drove new technologies and industries.
The document discusses the layers inside the Earth. It describes the crust as the outer solid rock layer, the mantle as the thick layer below the crust, and the core as the innermost layer. It defines seismic waves, tectonic activities, and different types of rocks like igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. It also discusses the rock cycle and provides terms, MCQs, facts, word origins, and an activity related to minerals commonly used to make everyday objects.
This document provides an overview of Nigerian history from amalgamation to independence. It defines key terms like nationalist and lists influential nationalists like Herbert Macaulay, Nnamdi Azikiwe, Obafemi Awolowo, and Ahmadu Bello. It explains that these nationalists formed political parties, spoke out against British rule, and led Nigeria's independence movement. Their contributions led to Nigeria gaining independence on October 1, 1960.
This document provides 20 rules for subject-verb agreement in English. Some key points covered are: singular subjects require a singular verb and plural subjects require a plural verb; prepositional phrases between the subject and verb do not usually affect agreement; subjects can come after the verb in questions; collective nouns and units of measurement usually take singular verbs; and indefinite pronouns like everyone and nobody take singular verbs. The document stresses that only the subject, not other words in the sentence, determines if the verb is singular or plural.
The document is a history assignment on nationalism in Europe. It discusses the emergence of nationalism and nation-states in Europe in the 19th century, replacing multinational empires. Key events discussed include the French Revolution of 1789, which expressed clear nationalism, and the unification of Germany and Italy in the late 19th century. It also examines the rise of conservatism and liberalism in response to nationalism, as well as the increasing conflicts and imperialism associated with nationalism by the late 19th century.
This Presentation helps the viewers to know about the English Civil War (1642–1651) was a series of civil wars and political machinations between Parliamentarians ("Roundheads") and Royalists ("Cavaliers"), mainly over the manner of England's governance and issues of religious freedom.[2] It was part of the wider Wars of the Three Kingdoms. The first (1642–1646) and second (1648–1649) wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the third (1649–1651) saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament. The wars also involved the Scottish Covenanters and Irish Confederates. The war ended with Parliamentarian victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651.
The Victorian Period lasted from 1837 to 1901 under Queen Victoria's rule. Britain became the most powerful country through its vast global empire. Rapid industrialization and population growth led to huge demands for resources and changes in how people lived and worked, including mass migration to cities. Living standards depended greatly on social class, as the poor faced overcrowding, disease, and child labor in cities and factories while the rich lived comfortably.
The Contras were rebel groups fighting against the Sandinista government in Nicaragua from 1979-1990. They received extensive military support from the U.S. government, which viewed the left-leaning Sandinistas as a threat. Despite vast resources, the Contras struggled to become a viable military force. Covert U.S. backing continued through the Iran-Contra affair. The war ultimately ended in peace negotiations and elections in 1990, though it devastated Nicaragua and killed over 30,000 people.
Industrialization began in England first due to several key factors:
1) Agricultural advances increased food production and freed up labor to work in factories.
2) England's colonial expansion and international trade networks accumulated capital for investment.
3) The Enclosure Movement consolidated small land holdings into larger commercial farms.
4) Inventions like the steam engine and cotton gin drove new technologies and industries.
The document discusses the layers inside the Earth. It describes the crust as the outer solid rock layer, the mantle as the thick layer below the crust, and the core as the innermost layer. It defines seismic waves, tectonic activities, and different types of rocks like igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. It also discusses the rock cycle and provides terms, MCQs, facts, word origins, and an activity related to minerals commonly used to make everyday objects.
This document provides an overview of Nigerian history from amalgamation to independence. It defines key terms like nationalist and lists influential nationalists like Herbert Macaulay, Nnamdi Azikiwe, Obafemi Awolowo, and Ahmadu Bello. It explains that these nationalists formed political parties, spoke out against British rule, and led Nigeria's independence movement. Their contributions led to Nigeria gaining independence on October 1, 1960.
Slaves endured cramped, unsanitary conditions during the Middle Passage where they were transported from Africa to the Americas. They were kept chained below deck and suffered from disease, poor nutrition, and physical abuse. Slave revolts sometimes occurred but were difficult to carry out successfully due to the slaves' lack of knowledge of how to navigate the ship. Punishments for revolts were severe, including whipping, torture, and even being thrown overboard to the sharks.
Atlantic Slave Trade - the impact of slavery on britainmrmarr
The document outlines seven main ways that Britain benefitted from its involvement in the slave trade:
1. Money and taxes - The slave trade generated wealth for many individuals and significant tax revenue for the government.
2. Access to goods - Slavery made goods produced by slave labor, like sugar and coffee, cheaper and more accessible in Britain.
3. More jobs - The slave trade created jobs in industries like shipbuilding and sailing, as well as jobs in the Caribbean and jobs supported by the profits of slavery.
Know Europe's Geography; its physical features(boundaries and countries), Landscapes, Climate, Vegetation, Resources and Land Use, Wild Life, Population, Culture, Wonders, and Trivias. Cited in various internet sources
The document summarizes the key events of the Anglo-Boer Wars fought between the British and Dutch settlers known as Boers in South Africa between 1880-1902. It provides historical context starting from the arrival of the British in 1800. Tensions rose due to mineral discoveries in Boer territory, culminating in two wars over control of the land and its resources. The first war ended in 1881 with Boer independence but British control over foreign policy. The second was more devastating, ending in the British victory and Treaty of Vereeniging in 1902.
The equator divides the Earth into two equal halves known as the northern and southern hemispheres. It is located at 0 degrees latitude, which makes it the largest latitude line. The prime meridian, which passes through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England, also divides the Earth into two halves by separating the eastern and western hemispheres.
The Industrial Revolution began around 1750 in Great Britain and was powered by abundant fossil fuels like coal. James Watt's improvements to the steam engine in 1776 helped pump water out of coal mines and provided power to factories full of machines that could spin cotton and weave cloth more efficiently than manual labor. Britain's early adoption of steam power, infrastructure like railroads and canals, access to resources from colonies, and capitalist economic system allowed it to become the world's first industrialized nation and spread industrialization techniques globally over the following centuries. The rapid growth driven by fossil fuels increased the world's population tenfold and economic output over 14 times but also caused environmental damage and social disruption.
Fredric Sorrieu, a French artist, created a series of prints in 1848 visualizing his dream of a world composed of democratic and social republics with equal distribution of resources. His first print depicted people from Europe and America marching past the statue of Liberty and offering homage. They represented distinct nations grouped under their flags, with France at the front of the procession. Sorrieu envisioned this as a utopian vision of the unification of nations under democratic constitutions, with Christ and angels blessing the scene as a symbol of global fraternity. During the 19th century, nationalism emerged across Europe as nation states replaced multi-ethnic empires, driven by factors like the French Revolution, the development of a
The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to 19th century where major technological and manufacturing changes had a profound impact on economic and social conditions. It began in the United Kingdom and later spread throughout Europe, North America, and the world. The Industrial Revolution marked a major turning point in human history, with unprecedented sustained growth in average income and population. For the first time, the living standards of ordinary people began to undergo sustained growth.
The document summarizes the colonization of Africa by European powers between the 15th-early 20th centuries. It describes how Portugal, France, Britain, and other countries gradually established colonies along the coast in the 1400s-1700s by founding trading ports. In the 1800s, Europeans increasingly sought Africa's natural resources and used imperialism to divide the continent. The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 formalized the colonial boundaries, ignoring Africa's political structures. By 1900, only Ethiopia and Liberia remained independent as Europe had colonized the rest.
The French and Indian War was a bloody conflict between 1754-1763 over territorial claims in North America between the British and French, with their respective colonial militias and Native American alliances. Though the French initially had success, the tide turned when the British began adapting strategies for frontier warfare and gained more Native American support. The war culminated in a pivotal 1759 British victory at Quebec under General Wolfe that effectively ended French control of Canada. As a result of their defeat, the French ceded nearly all of their North American lands to the British in the 1763 Treaty of Paris. While ending direct French influence, the war strained British-Native American relations and further soured the relationship between the British colonies and the crown
The document summarizes key events and causes of the French Revolution from 1789 to 1815. It describes the economic troubles facing French citizens, especially peasants, which led to unrest. It outlines the formation of the Estates General and National Assembly in response to calls for tax reform. Major events of the Revolution included the storming of the Bastille, declaration of the rights of man, and the establishment of the republic after executing King Louis XVI. The Revolution was followed by the rise and fall of Napoleon Bonaparte and attempts to restore stability under the Congress of Vienna.
The document summarizes the Boer War between the British Empire and the Boers of the Orange Free State and Transvaal from 1899-1902. It describes the key players, early battles, new tactics like scorched earth and concentration camps, and the aftermath. The Boers were Dutch/German descendant farmers who wanted independence for their territories in South Africa, while the British wanted control over the region's gold mines. Though the Boers had early successes, they eventually surrendered after brutal guerrilla warfare and the deaths of thousands of civilians in British concentration camps.
The document discusses the revenue systems established by the British East India Company after it became the diwan, or tax collector, of Bengal in 1765. It describes three main systems - the Permanent Settlement of 1793, which recognized zamindars and fixed revenues permanently; the Mahalwari system of 1822, which assessed revenues at the village level; and the Ryotwari or Munro system in southern India, which settled revenues directly with cultivators. However, all three systems failed as revenue demands were too high and peasants struggled to pay, leading to deserted villages. The document also explains how the British promoted certain cash crops for export, including indigo, and the role of indigo cultivation in India
THIS SLIDE LOOKS AT HOW THE BRITISH CAME INTO POWER BY TAKING OVER AND CONTROLLING THE CAPE FORCING THE BOER TO MOVE TO OTHER AREAS. THE SLIDE ALSO LOOKS INTO HOW THE BOERS OBTAINED THE NAME THE GREAT TREKKERS
The document summarizes the events leading up to the Russian Revolution of 1917. It discusses the influence of liberal and radical ideas from the French Revolution. The rise of industrialization led to many social changes and new socialist ideas emerged. World War I exacerbated Russia's existing problems and caused widespread discontent among workers and peasants. This led to the overthrow of the Tsar in March 1917 and the establishment of a provisional government. However, Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks gained popularity by advocating to withdraw from the war. They launched the November Revolution and established the world's first communist state.
The document discusses the growth of nationalism in India and the non-cooperation movement led by Gandhi. It summarizes that British rule led to increased taxes, inflation, and famines during WWI, fueling Indian nationalism. Gandhi introduced satyagraha (non-violent resistance) and organized movements against oppressive British policies. The non-cooperation movement involved boycotts of British institutions and goods. It had widespread participation and effects but was called off after the Chauri Chaura incident of violence.
Henry VIII ruled England from 1509 to 1547. He married six times in order to have a male heir but only one of his marriages, to Jane Seymour, produced a son who survived infancy. Dissatisfied with his first marriage to Catherine of Aragon, which did not produce a living son, Henry broke with the Catholic Church to annul the marriage so he could remarry. This led him to establish himself as head of the new Church of England.
6. Rural administration- Grade 6 - CivicsNavya Rai
The local government of the village takes care of its needs and requirements.
There are various issues, such as implementing reforms, maintenance of law and order, keeping records, etc.
We will discuss some agents of rural administration.
The document discusses the reasons and effects of European colonialism around the world from the 15th century onward. It outlines some of the key motivations for colonialism, including nationalism, developing industrial economies, securing natural resources, and beliefs of social Darwinism and missionary work. Students will be assigned to research and present on a specific colonized country, addressing factors like why and when it was colonized, effects on indigenous peoples, and benefits/drawbacks for both colonizers and colonized groups. Presentations will be 5 minutes with a one page summary and citations.
This document summarizes the constitutional development in Nigeria from 1914 to 1999. It discusses the various constitutions introduced during the colonial period by the British to consolidate imperial control, which Nigerians had little involvement in drafting. Post-independence, military regimes utilized constitution drafting to consolidate and prolong their rule. The 1999 constitution is considered a hasty product of the departing military junta. It retains aspects of centralized power from the military era, contributing to calls for its amendment.
Nigeria and the Royal Niger Company- full storyEd Keazor
The Royal Niger Company was founded in 1879 and was instrumental in spreading British influence in West Africa, especially along the Niger River. It consolidated British trading interests under one company and aggressively expanded through treaties and force. In 1882 it became the National African Company and was granted a royal charter in 1886, giving it authority to administer the Niger territories. The company established a government and trade monopoly in the region, but faced criticism over its oppressive practices from local groups, other European traders, and the British government. It struggled financially yet maintained control of the Niger territories for over a decade through the determination of its leaders.
Slaves endured cramped, unsanitary conditions during the Middle Passage where they were transported from Africa to the Americas. They were kept chained below deck and suffered from disease, poor nutrition, and physical abuse. Slave revolts sometimes occurred but were difficult to carry out successfully due to the slaves' lack of knowledge of how to navigate the ship. Punishments for revolts were severe, including whipping, torture, and even being thrown overboard to the sharks.
Atlantic Slave Trade - the impact of slavery on britainmrmarr
The document outlines seven main ways that Britain benefitted from its involvement in the slave trade:
1. Money and taxes - The slave trade generated wealth for many individuals and significant tax revenue for the government.
2. Access to goods - Slavery made goods produced by slave labor, like sugar and coffee, cheaper and more accessible in Britain.
3. More jobs - The slave trade created jobs in industries like shipbuilding and sailing, as well as jobs in the Caribbean and jobs supported by the profits of slavery.
Know Europe's Geography; its physical features(boundaries and countries), Landscapes, Climate, Vegetation, Resources and Land Use, Wild Life, Population, Culture, Wonders, and Trivias. Cited in various internet sources
The document summarizes the key events of the Anglo-Boer Wars fought between the British and Dutch settlers known as Boers in South Africa between 1880-1902. It provides historical context starting from the arrival of the British in 1800. Tensions rose due to mineral discoveries in Boer territory, culminating in two wars over control of the land and its resources. The first war ended in 1881 with Boer independence but British control over foreign policy. The second was more devastating, ending in the British victory and Treaty of Vereeniging in 1902.
The equator divides the Earth into two equal halves known as the northern and southern hemispheres. It is located at 0 degrees latitude, which makes it the largest latitude line. The prime meridian, which passes through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England, also divides the Earth into two halves by separating the eastern and western hemispheres.
The Industrial Revolution began around 1750 in Great Britain and was powered by abundant fossil fuels like coal. James Watt's improvements to the steam engine in 1776 helped pump water out of coal mines and provided power to factories full of machines that could spin cotton and weave cloth more efficiently than manual labor. Britain's early adoption of steam power, infrastructure like railroads and canals, access to resources from colonies, and capitalist economic system allowed it to become the world's first industrialized nation and spread industrialization techniques globally over the following centuries. The rapid growth driven by fossil fuels increased the world's population tenfold and economic output over 14 times but also caused environmental damage and social disruption.
Fredric Sorrieu, a French artist, created a series of prints in 1848 visualizing his dream of a world composed of democratic and social republics with equal distribution of resources. His first print depicted people from Europe and America marching past the statue of Liberty and offering homage. They represented distinct nations grouped under their flags, with France at the front of the procession. Sorrieu envisioned this as a utopian vision of the unification of nations under democratic constitutions, with Christ and angels blessing the scene as a symbol of global fraternity. During the 19th century, nationalism emerged across Europe as nation states replaced multi-ethnic empires, driven by factors like the French Revolution, the development of a
The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to 19th century where major technological and manufacturing changes had a profound impact on economic and social conditions. It began in the United Kingdom and later spread throughout Europe, North America, and the world. The Industrial Revolution marked a major turning point in human history, with unprecedented sustained growth in average income and population. For the first time, the living standards of ordinary people began to undergo sustained growth.
The document summarizes the colonization of Africa by European powers between the 15th-early 20th centuries. It describes how Portugal, France, Britain, and other countries gradually established colonies along the coast in the 1400s-1700s by founding trading ports. In the 1800s, Europeans increasingly sought Africa's natural resources and used imperialism to divide the continent. The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 formalized the colonial boundaries, ignoring Africa's political structures. By 1900, only Ethiopia and Liberia remained independent as Europe had colonized the rest.
The French and Indian War was a bloody conflict between 1754-1763 over territorial claims in North America between the British and French, with their respective colonial militias and Native American alliances. Though the French initially had success, the tide turned when the British began adapting strategies for frontier warfare and gained more Native American support. The war culminated in a pivotal 1759 British victory at Quebec under General Wolfe that effectively ended French control of Canada. As a result of their defeat, the French ceded nearly all of their North American lands to the British in the 1763 Treaty of Paris. While ending direct French influence, the war strained British-Native American relations and further soured the relationship between the British colonies and the crown
The document summarizes key events and causes of the French Revolution from 1789 to 1815. It describes the economic troubles facing French citizens, especially peasants, which led to unrest. It outlines the formation of the Estates General and National Assembly in response to calls for tax reform. Major events of the Revolution included the storming of the Bastille, declaration of the rights of man, and the establishment of the republic after executing King Louis XVI. The Revolution was followed by the rise and fall of Napoleon Bonaparte and attempts to restore stability under the Congress of Vienna.
The document summarizes the Boer War between the British Empire and the Boers of the Orange Free State and Transvaal from 1899-1902. It describes the key players, early battles, new tactics like scorched earth and concentration camps, and the aftermath. The Boers were Dutch/German descendant farmers who wanted independence for their territories in South Africa, while the British wanted control over the region's gold mines. Though the Boers had early successes, they eventually surrendered after brutal guerrilla warfare and the deaths of thousands of civilians in British concentration camps.
The document discusses the revenue systems established by the British East India Company after it became the diwan, or tax collector, of Bengal in 1765. It describes three main systems - the Permanent Settlement of 1793, which recognized zamindars and fixed revenues permanently; the Mahalwari system of 1822, which assessed revenues at the village level; and the Ryotwari or Munro system in southern India, which settled revenues directly with cultivators. However, all three systems failed as revenue demands were too high and peasants struggled to pay, leading to deserted villages. The document also explains how the British promoted certain cash crops for export, including indigo, and the role of indigo cultivation in India
THIS SLIDE LOOKS AT HOW THE BRITISH CAME INTO POWER BY TAKING OVER AND CONTROLLING THE CAPE FORCING THE BOER TO MOVE TO OTHER AREAS. THE SLIDE ALSO LOOKS INTO HOW THE BOERS OBTAINED THE NAME THE GREAT TREKKERS
The document summarizes the events leading up to the Russian Revolution of 1917. It discusses the influence of liberal and radical ideas from the French Revolution. The rise of industrialization led to many social changes and new socialist ideas emerged. World War I exacerbated Russia's existing problems and caused widespread discontent among workers and peasants. This led to the overthrow of the Tsar in March 1917 and the establishment of a provisional government. However, Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks gained popularity by advocating to withdraw from the war. They launched the November Revolution and established the world's first communist state.
The document discusses the growth of nationalism in India and the non-cooperation movement led by Gandhi. It summarizes that British rule led to increased taxes, inflation, and famines during WWI, fueling Indian nationalism. Gandhi introduced satyagraha (non-violent resistance) and organized movements against oppressive British policies. The non-cooperation movement involved boycotts of British institutions and goods. It had widespread participation and effects but was called off after the Chauri Chaura incident of violence.
Henry VIII ruled England from 1509 to 1547. He married six times in order to have a male heir but only one of his marriages, to Jane Seymour, produced a son who survived infancy. Dissatisfied with his first marriage to Catherine of Aragon, which did not produce a living son, Henry broke with the Catholic Church to annul the marriage so he could remarry. This led him to establish himself as head of the new Church of England.
6. Rural administration- Grade 6 - CivicsNavya Rai
The local government of the village takes care of its needs and requirements.
There are various issues, such as implementing reforms, maintenance of law and order, keeping records, etc.
We will discuss some agents of rural administration.
The document discusses the reasons and effects of European colonialism around the world from the 15th century onward. It outlines some of the key motivations for colonialism, including nationalism, developing industrial economies, securing natural resources, and beliefs of social Darwinism and missionary work. Students will be assigned to research and present on a specific colonized country, addressing factors like why and when it was colonized, effects on indigenous peoples, and benefits/drawbacks for both colonizers and colonized groups. Presentations will be 5 minutes with a one page summary and citations.
This document summarizes the constitutional development in Nigeria from 1914 to 1999. It discusses the various constitutions introduced during the colonial period by the British to consolidate imperial control, which Nigerians had little involvement in drafting. Post-independence, military regimes utilized constitution drafting to consolidate and prolong their rule. The 1999 constitution is considered a hasty product of the departing military junta. It retains aspects of centralized power from the military era, contributing to calls for its amendment.
Nigeria and the Royal Niger Company- full storyEd Keazor
The Royal Niger Company was founded in 1879 and was instrumental in spreading British influence in West Africa, especially along the Niger River. It consolidated British trading interests under one company and aggressively expanded through treaties and force. In 1882 it became the National African Company and was granted a royal charter in 1886, giving it authority to administer the Niger territories. The company established a government and trade monopoly in the region, but faced criticism over its oppressive practices from local groups, other European traders, and the British government. It struggled financially yet maintained control of the Niger territories for over a decade through the determination of its leaders.
Text book on political parties and pressure groups full.ogbaji udochukwu
This document provides an overview of the concept of politics including various definitions from scholars. It discusses how politics involves interactions between people as they try to define their positions in society and struggle over scarce resources. Politics can be seen as the authoritative allocation of values as influenced by the shaping, distribution, and exercise of power. The document also notes that politics involves negotiation, arguments, and discussions to resolve issues and settle conflicts in a society. It aims to give students context on the meaning of politics before discussing political parties and pressure groups in Nigeria.
The 100 Greatest Nigerians we never knew Pt 1Ed Keazor
Slides from a series of presentations held in the In the United Kingdom and Nigeria by Ed Keazor. Focus is on some of the greatest unsung heroes in Nigerian history.
Here are the questions regarding the text:
1. What does the text reveal about the African concept of deity?
2. According to the text, how do Africans view nature?
3. What are the African beliefs about the composition of man according to the text?
4. What insights does the text provide about the African worldview?
This document provides an overview of a concise history textbook on New Zealand history. It outlines the textbook's chapters which cover topics such as early Polynesian settlement, the introduction of European culture and economy, missionary activity, and the Treaty of Waitangi. The Treaty of Waitangi chapter discusses how the 1840 agreement between British and Māori leaders made the Māori people subjects of Britain but allowed them continued ownership of their lands and other properties. The document provides context about the textbook and highlights its coverage of key events that have shaped New Zealand's history and government.
- Marco Polo's account of his travels to China in the 1300s stimulated new east-west trade routes between Europe and Asia. This, along with advances in printing technology, helped spread new ideas.
- Europeans like Columbus began exploring west across the Atlantic in search of new trade routes to Asia in the late 1400s. Columbus made four voyages but did not realize he had discovered a new continent. Others later took credit for this discovery, with mapmakers naming the new lands "America" after Amerigo Vespucci.
- European powers like Spain, England, France, and the Netherlands established colonies in North America during the 1500s-1700s for economic and religious reasons. The early colonies struggled but
The summary provides an overview of the history of the Philippines from 900 to 1521 CE in 3 sentences:
The document discusses the history of the Philippines from 900 CE, when the Laguna Copperplate Inscription was created as the earliest known written record in the Philippines, to 1521 CE with the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan, marking the beginning of the Spanish colonial period. During this time, the Philippines consisted of various independent kingdoms, city-states, and thalassocracies that engaged in trade with other Asian civilizations like China and India and developed their own writing systems like Baybayin. These polities were organized into social classes and were influenced by Indian and Islamic cultures prior to European contact.
The Maori people inhabited New Zealand for nearly 1000 years.docxcherry686017
The Maori people inhabited New Zealand for nearly 1000 years before the first European explorer to the island nation, the Dutchman Abel Tasman, sailed up the west coast and named it Niuew Zeeland, after the province of Zeeland in the Netherlands. Maori culture has always been an integral part of New Zealand, and an understanding of the Maori’s vividly chronicled history is critical to an understanding of New Zealand today.
The original inhabitants of New Zealand were Polynesians who arrived by canoe in a series of migrations. Among these were the Moriori, or moa hunters, early ancestors of the Maori, who arrived in a later migration. Historians estimate the first Polynesians arrived over 1000 years ago, possibly as early as 800 AD. Whether the islands were discovered by accident or design is uncertain, but the original peoples found a plentiful food supply and larger, more varied islands than anywhere else in the Pacific. They named the islands Aotearoa, or the land of the long white cloud.
In the early “Archaic” period of Polynesian settlement, inhabitants depended on the plentiful sea life and the large and spectacular moa, a flightless bird, now extinct, for their food supply. Later, in the “Classic Maori” period, agriculture became increasingly important, with kumara (sweet potato), taro, and yams the most important crops. Maori civilization was centered on the warmer North Island, with expeditions mounted to the South Island to search for jade
Maori societies were hierarchical, and revolved around the iwi (tribe) or hapu (sub-tribe). The hapu were further divided into whanau (extended family groups) that joined with each other to form communal villages. Positions of leadership were largely hereditary, and local chiefs of the whanau were under the authority of the ariki, the supreme chief of the entire tribe.
Maori religion was complex. Ancestor worship was important, and a variety of gods representing the sky, sea, mountains, war, agriculture, and so forth, were prominent. The notions of mauri (life force), wairua (spirit), mana (spiritual power or prestige), and tapu (taboo) were important. War, which had its own sacrifices, worship, rituals, and dance and art forms, was one of the ways to best promote the mana of a tribe. Wars were waged over territory or other things, with the losers often becoming slaves or food.
In 1642 the Dutch explorer Abel Tasman sailed up the west coast of New Zealand, but did not linger after his only landing attempt resulted in several of his crew being killed and eaten. New Zealand was left alone until Captain James Cook sailed around it in the Endeavor in 1796. Cook circumnavigated New Zealand on three separate voyages, making friendly contact with the Maori. After determining that New Zealand was not the fabled large southern continent Europeans were certain existed, Cook claimed it for the British Crown and sailed on to Australia.
It was not until the early 19th century that missionaries and other ...
The document discusses the period of global interactions between 1450-1750, including the increased connections between hemispheres through trade networks, the spread of crops, diseases, and religion through the Columbian Exchange, and the rise of colonial empires in Africa, Asia, and the Americas involving plantation economies using slave labor and the growth of the African slave trade. Major African empires like Oyo, Benin, Kongo, and Asante expanded through trade and centralized rule while controlling important commodities.
W7L3European Age of ExplorationA World Map from Alberto Cantin.docxmelbruce90096
W7L3
European Age of Exploration
A World Map from Alberto Cantino, 1502
When we last left Europe, the Islamic trading influences had sparked a revolution of ideas in Italy that began to spread across the cultural centers of European kingdoms. The Italian Renaissance slowly spread across Europe, bringing new innovations in technology, art, music, scientific understanding, mathematics, and medicine. In turn these ideas had sparked the Reformation. However, by the sixteenth century, as the Reformation picked up steam and began spreading radical religious ideas throughout Christendom, already some European kingdoms had begun applying Renaissance inventions to new economic opportunities: Exploration.
The presence of patronage throughout royal courts had encouraged a stability of economies. This stability was called mercantilism – the economic doctrine that assumes government control of foreign trade is the most important element of ensuring prosperity for a given state. The idea is that trading partners need each other to prosper, so trading states are less likely to war with each other over minor details, lest that diminishes trade. The downside to mercantilism is that it can foster an atmosphere of such extreme competition between two or more states that other states end up falling prey to that intense rivalry. This is exactly what happened with cultures in Africa, North America, the Caribbean, and Mesoamerica. But the immediacy of stability caused by mercantilism contributed to the standing atmosphere of intellectual curiosity and increasing centralized governments to lead expeditions outside of European domains.
Portugal
The Portuguese had regained control over the Kingdom of Portugal in 1415, when conquering Christian forces had expelled the occupying Moors. Spain still had some years of fighting left to regain control over the remaining Iberian Peninsula, but Portugal began to set its affairs in order and set its sights on increased trade. Playing a key role in this development was Prince Henry the Navigator.
Prince Henry the Navigator extended Portuguese trade ports throughout the coasts of Africa and into India
Prince Henry was very religious and thought that exploring the African coastline might benefit Portugal in economic glory while benefitting African through conversion from mostly Islamic beliefs to Christian ideas. He established a navigation school to increase the knowledge of sailors. New techniques in ship-building allowed for longer journeys with more gods on board. He also spread the idea that courtly chivalrous honor could be achieved through behaviors off the battle-field. In addition to military glory, he thought, knightly behavior could be earned through intellectual exploration, religious piety and missionary work, and the adventure of journeying to places unknown. In the early 1400s, Portuguese sailors began sailing into ports along the African coast. They were there not as conquerors, but as traders.
And so, Portugues.
The document provides a timeline of key events and developments in African history from 2.5 million BCE to the colonial period. Some of the earliest developments included stone tools being developed in Ethiopia and Tanzania between 2.5-0.4 million BCE. Later developments included shell jewelry in South Africa at 75,000 BCE, mathematical artifacts in Congo at 25,000 BCE, and domestication of crops like sorghum and barley between 15,000-7000 BCE. The colonial period saw European powers like Belgium exploiting resources in Africa and instituting apartheid in South Africa through the 20th century.
The document provides an overview of pre-Columbian civilizations in the Americas and their interactions with European colonizers. It describes the origins of early human migrations across the Bering Strait to the Americas around 12,000-15,000 years ago. It then summarizes some of the major pre-Columbian civilizations that developed, including the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas. The document also discusses the Mississippian, Anasazi, and Adena-Hopewell cultures of North America. It outlines the motivations and impacts of the European age of discovery and conquest in the Americas, including the destruction of indigenous cultures and the Columbian Exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and people between
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: AFRICA BEFORE EUROPEAN DOMINATIONGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: AFRICA BEFORE EUROPEAN DOMINATION. Contains: Africa divided, early contacts, discovery expeditions, nations compete for overseas empires, the Congo sparking interests, Congo's exploration, Leopold and Congo, the Belgian Congo.
1. The document discusses the history of relations between Spain and Latin America from Columbus' voyage in 1492 to the present day.
2. It covers key events like the wars of independence in the early 1800s that led to many Latin American countries gaining sovereignty from Spain.
3. Today, Spain and Latin America maintain cultural, economic, and diplomatic ties through organizations that promote cooperation and exchange.
The document discusses the history of European colonization in various regions including Spain, Portugal, England, France, and the Dutch Republic during the 16th-18th centuries. It describes the establishment and growth of European empires, exploration and conquest of new lands, economic and political developments, and conflicts between European powers in their pursuit of territorial expansion and control of trade.
Most important historical events in SpainElena Medina
The document summarizes important historical events in Spain from prehistoric times to modern day. It describes how early hominins inhabited the Iberian Peninsula over 1 million years ago. It then discusses successive rulers of the peninsula including the Celts, Iberians, Romans, Visigoths, Moors, Catholic Monarchs, and the impact of the Industrial Revolution. A key event was Christopher Columbus' voyage in 1492 which led to European exploration of the Americas. The document also briefly outlines Spain's Golden Century of literature and the Spanish Civil War of the 1930s.
History of Science and Technology in the Philippinesmphoebyalaiza
This document provides a summary of science and technology in the Philippines before and during the Spanish colonial period. It describes the simple but sufficient technologies of early Filipinos like stone tool-making, pottery, weaving, metallurgy. By the 10th century, trade with China was well-established. When the Spanish arrived in 1565, they encountered diverse communities, with more sophisticated settlements trading internationally. The Spanish established schools and hospitals, influencing the development of professions. However, the religious orders' strategy of reducing communities and the colonial economic policies shaped a direction and pace of development favoring Spanish control over the archipelago.
The document provides information about European exploration between the 15th and 18th centuries. It describes how Portugal, under Prince Henry the Navigator, began exploring westward down the coast of Africa in search of trade routes. This led to Portugal establishing the first global maritime empire and discovering routes to India and Brazil. It also discusses Spain's exploration led by Christopher Columbus, which expanded Spain's territory through conquests in the Americas by conquistadors like Cortez and Pizarro. Finally, it summarizes the establishment of British, French, Dutch and other European colonial empires through continued exploration, trade and colonization efforts around the world.
The document summarizes the history of Cyprus from the earliest inhabitants over 12,000 years ago to modern times. It describes how Cyprus progressed from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age with inhabitants mining copper on the island. Various foreign rulers then governed Cyprus, including Greeks, Phoenicians, Egyptians, and Persians. Cyprus became part of the Roman Empire in the 1st century BC. After a period of Arab rule, the island was ruled by the French Lusignan dynasty until the Ottoman conquest in 1570. Cyprus then came under British control in 1878 until gaining independence in 1960. The document outlines this long historical timeline of Cyprus in detail.
Spain has been home to many different peoples and civilizations over hundreds of thousands of years. The earliest human remains in Spain date back 800,000 years ago. Romans conquered the Iberian Peninsula between 218-19 BC and spread their culture and social structures. Muslims ruled Spain for over 700 years beginning in 711 AD, bringing economic and cultural development. In the 15th century, Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon united Spain and expelled the Muslims, establishing the Spanish Empire under the Hapsburg dynasty.
Hernando De Soto explored Georgia in 1540 searching for gold but found none. He and his men overwhelmed native peoples with weapons and horses, introducing smallpox that killed thousands. In the late 1600s, England began establishing colonies along the Atlantic coast and wanted a buffer colony between Spanish Florida and their other colonies, leading to the founding of Georgia in the 1730s. James Oglethorpe and others established the colony, founding the city of Savannah along a planned grid. Early colonists struggled but more immigrants arrived, and the colony grew and transitioned to practices like slavery and large plantations.
The Portuguese and Spanish Empires were two of the largest and most influential colonial empires in history. The Portuguese Empire spanned from 1514 to 1999 and included territories in Europe, Africa, Asia, and South America. It was the first global empire and longest-lived European colonial empire. Similarly, the Spanish Empire from the late 15th century to the early 19th century included Spanish territories and colonies in Europe, the Americas, Asia, and Africa. Both empires rose as a result of the Reconquista of Iberian lands from Muslim rule and explorations led by figures like Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal and sponsored voyages like that of Christopher Columbus for Spain.
Similar to Nigeria- The journey to amalgamation- a brief summary. (20)
A selection of Powerpoint slides, which provide a condensed summary of Nigeria's Socio-Political History. Original being a lecture delivered at McKinsey & Co retreat, 2017
From Yaa Amponsah to Fada-Fada'. The Evolution of Highlife MusicEd Keazor
A brief history of Highlife music, through its evolutionary phases. Being keynote address at the 2nd Rex Lawson Highlife Conference. University of Port Harcourt,
Celebrating Ajie Anthony Ukpabi Asika CFR @80 Ed Keazor
A commemorative collection, for the occasion of the 80th posthumous birthday of Ajie Ukpabi Asika CFR.
The collection comprises of a short biography; a short collection of his speeches and writings; some important funeral tributes from friends and associates and rare images celebrating his life and work.
This is a lean preview of two volumes, due for publication later this year, comprising his biography and a collection of his speeches, from 1960-1996.
Complete funeral tribute book for Dibueze Chinyere Asika, containing tributes from Presidents Muhammadu Buhari, Goodluck Jonathan, Olusegun Obasanjo. General Yakubu Gowon, Dr Alex Ekwueme, Governor's Willie Obiano, Rochas Okorocha, Lt General T.Y.Danjuma and many more.
Ajie Ukpabi Asika. Funeral brochure June 2004Ed Keazor
Funeral brochure of Ajie Ukpabi Asika, showing tributes from friends, associates and family. Including President Olusegun Obasanjo, General Gowon, T.Y.Danjuma, Chu Okongwu, Ukwu I Ukwu, Jibril Aminu and many others.
Dibueze Chinyere Asika- a life in words and picturesEd Keazor
A short biography and and photo book, celebrating the life of Chief Chinyere Asika (1939-2015). She was the first African woman, to obtain a Masters Degree in Information Technology. She organised what was at the time, the largest Women's Co-operative Society in Nigerian History- 'Otu Olu Obodo', in 1974. whilst first lady of the old East Central State of Nigeria.
Five Nigerian electoral case studies 1923-1983Ed Keazor
This document provides background on five Nigerian electoral case studies from 1923-1983. It focuses on the 1923 election, the first in which Nigerians were allowed to vote for legislative council members. It describes the founding of the Nigerian National Democratic Party by Herbert Macaulay, Egerton Shyngle, Eric Moore, and Dr. Curtis Adeniyi-Jones. The NNDP launched with a platform of local self-government, non-discriminatory enterprise, free education, and Africanization of the civil service. The NNDP campaigned among wealthy, educated men in Lagos and received support from local chieftaincy families and market women. Dr. Adeniyi-Jones was one of three NNDP candidates
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Nigeria has experienced significant changes over the past 150 years. A book titled "The Nigerian Story in Pictures 1861-2014" by Ed Emeka Keazor aims to document Nigeria's history and development through photographs. The pictures show Nigeria's transition from traditional African societies in the late 19th century to its modern independent state over time.
The Federation Cup and Nigerian Football, a comprehensive look at Nigeria's oldest Football competition, covering the great stars and games of this competition over its 67 year history
A lecture summarising the law of De facto/Shadow Directorship and interface with legislation on Disqualification of Directors. The lecture covers the position of law in the United Kingdom and Nigeria.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
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The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
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তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
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2. WHERE DID IT ALL START?
The Country and people:
The territory now known as Nigeria in pre-colonial times consisted of several ethnic nationalities,
Empires, Kingdoms and Republican societies.
The earliest known habitation in this territory is dated to the Lower Palaeolithic (early Stone Age period
c1-2 Million BC) as evidenced by the Archaeological excavation of Acheulean tools at a site at
Ugwuele-Uturu, Okigwe (now in Imo State). Other significant sites being Iwo-Eleru, (Ogun State) dated
to c.11,000 BC, where ceramic works were excavated. Early civilisation in the territory is equally
evidenced by the 8000 year old Dufuna Canoe, discovered on the banks of the River Yobe and
displaying a design that is said to have been the most advanced for its time. Equally, the Nok
civilisation, dating back to 500 BC, with its iconic terra-cotta works and language which survives till
date.
The Igbo-Ukwu finds, spear-headed by Archaeologist-Thurston Shaw, uncovered a civilisation in
Eastern Nigeria, dating back to at least 1000 AD, with evidence of some form of trade/interaction with
the Asian continent. Also the Sungbo’s Eredo wall formation (surrounding Ijebu-land), showed
evidence of a civilisation with immense organisational and technological capabilities for its time. A
civilisation also existed amongst the Ekoi people of the South-East, who had a form of writing, known
as Nsibidi which exists till date.
A succession of great Empires emerged in this territory over time, the most notable being the Jukun in
the Middle-Belt (c.600 AD) Kanem-Bornu Empire in the North-East (c.800 AD). The Benin Empire
-reputed to have been founded between 40 BC-600 AD by the Ogiso dynasty. The Nri Kingdom (c.1000
AD), the Oyo Empire (c.1300), Katsina etc
External Contact and Occupation:
The Northern Kingdoms had contact with the Middle-East as far back as the 10th
century, with
sustained commerce via the Trans-Saharan trade and Islamic evangelism, carrying on for many years. In
the South, there is evidence that the Nri Kingdom had external contact with Asia at least in the 10th
century. The first contact with Europeans being c.1470, with Portuguese sailors, who visited the Niger
Delta, starting a trading and diplomatic relationship with the Benin and Warri Kingdoms.
The first Englishman to visit Nigeria being the explorer Thomas Windham, in 1553, who was taken by
the Portuguese Sailor- Francisco Pinteador to visit the Oba of Benin- Orhogbua, who impressed him
with his ability to speak, read and write Portuguese (he had been educated in a Catholic Mission
school) and the advanced administrative/municipal systems evident in the city of Benin at the time.
Progressively, other European explorers and adventurers, notably the Dutch, French and German
found their way to Nigeria, seeking trade and more, establishing trading outposts- mainly in the Coastal
cities of the Delta- such as Old Calabar, Warri, Benin etc The African Association was founded in 1787,
to promote exploration of Africa. Sadly, the Trans-Atlantic slave trade started in the 15th
century and
increased exponentially in the 18th
century, till the abolition in 1807, which was enforced progressively
from 1833, till the last slave ship left from Brass (now Bayelsa State) in 1854.
British presence in Nigeria, largely consisted of trading companies, however a British High Consulate
was established in 1849, for the Bights of Benin and Biafra, occupied by John Beecroft. Also, a
3. Consulate was established in Lagos in 1851, also occupied by Beecroft, after King Kosoko was deposed,
for the stated reason of enforcing the abolition of Slavery. In 1861, after a treaty of cession was signed
by Oba Dosunmu, Lagos became the first Colony in the territory that became Nigeria, effectively a
possession of the Crown.
A succession of treaties was to follow with indigenous communities, with the British Crown, which
effectively placed them under the protection of the Crown, the one exception being Egba-land, which
by a unique treaty, signed in 1893, became an autonomous territory with an independent Government
from the British Crown (this was however to change in 1914).
Fundamentally Instrumental in spreading British interest in the territories was the Royal Niger
Company, which was founded in 1879 as the United African Company (receiving Royal Charter in 1886)
by the Briton- George Taubman Goldie, to create a united front of British commercial interests against
other European presence in the area. This company received Royal Charter to represent and promote
British Commercial interests in the territory- essentially to open doors of commerce.
The Royal Niger Company was extremely effective carrying out its brief, with a combination of
negotiation and sometimes with the use of force, it entered into several treaties with indigenous
4. communities, putting them under its control. It was not however without its critics- both in the
indigenous population, within Colonial circles in Nigeria and in Whitehall. There were allegations of
failure to file proper accounts to the Crown, oppressive conduct against indigenous communities and
unfair trade practices generally. In fact, when there was discussion of the RNC spreading its
administrative influence to Lagos in 1887, Governor Alfred Moloney of Lagos Colony protested
vehemently. The cumulative was that the RNC lost its Charter in 1900, when it was compelled to sell its
assets to the Crown, for the value of 865,000 Pounds.
By January 1st
1900, there thus came to be three territories created, known as the Southern and
Northern Nigeria Protectorates, each administered by a Governor, as well as the Colony of Lagos.
Before this administrative structures had progressively been installed by the Colonial Government (and
indeed the Royal Niger Company). The first Court in Nigeria- the Court of Equity was established in
Bonny in 1853, by traders and receiving Governmental recognition in 1872. The Glover Hausa’s or the
Hausa Constabulary was established in Lagos in 1863, by Captain John Glover and later metamorphosed
into the Nigerian and Ghanaian Armies, with the establishment of the Royal West African Frontier Force
in 1897, headed by one Frederick John Dealtry Lugard. A Railway line was established in 1897, firstly
between Lagos and Abeokuta. A Customs and Treasury service was established in Lagos in 1862, likewise
Prisons, Postal and Town Planning services. Hospitals were built at Abeokuta, Lagos and Calabar amongst
other cities.
It is important to mention that one of the greatest agents of growth and development in the early
Colonial era were the Church groups- especially the Church Missionary Society (CMS Church). The CMS
Church aside from its obvious evangelical objective, was instrumental in the spread of Western
education, with the establishment of the first secondary school (The CMS Grammar School) in 1859, the
first Medical School, the Abeokuta Institution- in 1861, the first primary school in Northern Nigeria,
amongst many others. The CMS Church was also instrumental in funding the training of many of the
earliest professionals. The Baptist Church established the first primary school in Nigeria, the Baptist
Academy in 1855.
It is however important to say a few words at this stage, about the name Nigeria. Whilst the accepted
view for many years was that the name was first suggested by Dame Flora Shaw, in a Times of London
article in 1897, there is however evidence that the descriptions “Nigeria” and “Nigerian”, were certainly
used by traders and explorers as far back as the late 18th century to describe the places and peoples in
the surrounding area of the River Niger, from the Niger Delta, all the way up to Guinea. Clear evidence of
this being in three publications: “An inquiry into the subject of Suicide”- Charles Moore, published in
1790; “A New Universal History of the Religious Rites, Ceremonies and Customs, of the world” by
William Hurd, published in 1814. The 1862 publication- “Life in the Niger”, culled from the 1859 memoirs
of William Cole, an English Trader. If one thus considers that Flora Shaw was born in 1852, it is extremely
unlikely that she formulated the term Nigeria/Nigerian’s, since she would have been seven years old,
when Cole first wrote his memoirs, and she certainly was not born when Moore and Hurd’s works were
published. What is however important is that the name was adopted for the territories that. Later
6. 1790 Publication- “A full inquiry into the subject of Suicide” by Charles Moore- showing use of the
description- Nigeria p.128
7. Publication- “A new Universal History of the religions, rites , ceremonies and customs of the whole
world by Wiliam Hurd- 1814. The description Nigeria or Nigritia is used.
8. Publication- “A new Universal History of the religions, rites , ceremonies and customs of the whole
world by Wiliam Hurd- 1814. The description Nigeria or Nigritia is used. P.425
9. 1862 Publication – “Life in the Niger” by William Cole, showing the use of the term “Nigerian”
10. Gazette copy of Royal Charter granted to the Royal Niger Company in 1886
11. Original copy of Warrant signed by Queen Victoria, revoking the Royal Niger Company’s Charter – December 1899.
12. Letter from the Royal Niger Company, further to withdrawal of Royal Charter in Niger Territories
13. 1900-1914 – Home-stretch to Amalgamation
The Northern and Southern Protectorates as said were administered as separate political and
geographical entities with clear borders and distinct administrative structures. There were
however clear linkages between both territories, in that there strong commercial ties between
both territories, with traders from both sides travelling frequently to and fro, buying and selling
goods. Further, even in recruitment there was a lot of cross-border migration between both
territories, especially with Southern indigenes occupying positions in the Northern Protectorate
civil service. These movements being further facilitated by the construction of a Railway network
between Lagos progressively linking Lagos and Northern towns between 1910 and 1912.
A major development which took place in the aftermath of the acquisition of the RNC territories
was the unification of the Protectorate of Southern Nigeria with the Colony of Lagos in 1906
The idea of unification of both the Northern and Southern Protectorates territories had first been
promoted by William Macgregor, Governor of the Lagos Colony in or around 1902, this being
further supported by Frederick Lugard, Governor of Northern Nigeria and Sir Ralph Moor, High
Commissioner for Southern Nigeria. The stated reason was that with the construction of a Railway,
it was necessary to establish a single Railway policy. However there was evidence of the following:
a. A desire by the British Government to establish a large monolithic entity (330,00 Square
Miles) to establish its presence in the region, in the pre-existing rivalry with France and
Germany;
b. The Northern Protectorate in spite of its productive output still required financial
assistance from the Colonial Treasury, hence it was felt that with amalgamation with the
South, which had surplus revenue from the Palm-Oil trade, both territories would work
from one common financial purse, divesting the Treasury of this responsibility. It is
important to mention that with the amalgamation, the North increased its productive
output by almost 250%, with the exponential growth of the Cotton, Hides and Skin and
Groundnut trade- ironically within the war years immediately preceding amalgamation
(1914-1918).
Frederick Lugard who had established his reputation before this- as Commandant of the Royal
West African Frontier Force, also as Commander of the troops that led the Invasion of the
Northern Kingdom’s between 1901-1906 and consequently as Governor of the Protectorate of
Northern Nigeria, was selected for the task of operational management of the amalgamation
process, putting forward a proposal to the Secretary for the Colonies- Lewis Harcourt, which was
accepted. To this end, Lugard was appointed Governor of both the Northern and Southern
Protectorates during the transition, to enable him carry out the task effectively.
Lugard, whilst with his critics, was nonetheless responsible for managing an extremely complex,
delicate process, not restricted to the mammoth political and socio-economic issues inherent, but
equally having to contend with the ever-present logistical and administrative burden and
bureaucratic politics.
14. Intense correspondence and negotiations took place between Lugard and Harcourt on almost
every question from boundary adjustments, to Taxation policy, and even down to individual
appointments to various positions in the new unified civil service. He was however decisive and
tenacious, though not all his decisions were necessarily correct- such as the decision to locate the
new capital at Zungeru, a location so remote that he almost never worked from there and
eventually relocated to the Government House brick by brick to Lokoja (a more central and
accessible location).
The processes leading up to amalgamation were formalised by a series of formal documents,
known as Letters Patent, enacted between 1912 and 1913, by which the following decisions
-amongst others- were formalised:
a. The formal unification of the geographical entities into one;
b. The formal unification of the administrative structures and institutions such as the Civil
service, Army, Police, Railways etc
c. The appointment instrument of Lugard as Governor-General of the unified territories;
d. Enactment of legal instruments for the territory;
e. Appointment of key political officers, such as L.C Temple as Lieutenant-Governor of
Northern Nigeria and A.G.Boyle as Lieutenant Governor of Southern Nigeria.
f. The appointment of Sir Edwin Speed, as the first Chief Justice of Nigeria
g. Other ancillary provisions;
By November 1913, all the formal processes leading up to the amalgamation had been concluded
and all that was left was the formal ceremony, celebrating the event.
It was decided that there be two ceremonies- the first being on January 1st
1914, at the Supreme
Court building, at Tinubu Square, Lagos Island. This being an impressive, modern building
constructed in 1905, to replace the old Court House built in 1865. This was equally a
common-sense decision, since the Governor-General Frederick Lugard, was operating at this time
from the Government House at the Marina, in Lagos.
The second ceremony was to hold at Zungeru, which had been designated Nigeria’s capital (after
some negotiation between Lugard and Harcourt, with the town of Baro, being on the alternative
list). The ceremony there, was fixed to hold on the 3rd
of January 1914. This would require the
Governor-General and his entourage to attend the ceremony in Lagos and immediately afterwards
head to Iddo, to board a train to Zungeru to perform the second ceremony.
The actual ceremony itself proceeded without hitch and a substantial and largely supportive
crowd, lined the streets of Lagos Island to cheer the Governors entourage on its route, which
moved from the Government House on the Marina, down the Marina itself and through Customs
street to the Supreme Court Building, where a tumultuous crowd had gathered around the Tinubu
Square.
15. At the Supreme Court building, 200 ticketed guests were seated awaiting the Governor-General’s
entry. These guests largely comprising Executive and Legislative Council members, senior civil
servants and a few representatives of the private sector. Upon his arrival, Lugard delivered a
speech out-lining the basis of the amalgamation and steps to be taken in furtherance. He equally
announced the relevant appointment of the key political and Judicial officers described above. He
went on to announce the creation of a Legislative Council (known as the Nigerian Council) as well
as the announcement of the extension of the Railway network to the Niger Delta, i.e the creation
of the Port Harcourt –Jos, Railway line. A partial text of the speech is detailed below.
In Conclusion
The Amalgamation was a momentous step in all its ramifications, this singular act had the effect of
unifying a huge expanse of territory and people. There have been many opinions voiced about the
efficacy of the unit created, however what is undeniable is that it created one of the most
populous and economically gifted nations in Africa. Whilst, the social complexities of compressing
several hundred ethnic nationalities into one country was always going to have its questions, the
benefits of the Commonwealth, in the view of many outweigh the deficiencies….if they can be
managed effectively
The Amalgamation regardless of all questions, was a fact and that entity created (less the Southern
Cameroons) still exists today, a hundred years after. That very fact in itself is worth
commemorating.
Ed Emeka Keazor- 2014