The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This standard provides guidelines for preparing new zinc-coated steel surfaces for painting. It describes eight surface preparation methods: zinc phosphate treatment, chromate treatment, aqueous chromic-organic treatment, acid-curing resinous treatment, annealing heat treatments, amorphous complex-oxide treatment, abrasive blast cleaning, and fluro-titanic/zirconic polymer treatment. These methods provide galvanized surfaces suitable for painting by developing adhesion between the coating and surface. The standard also discusses factors like location of treatment application and identifies variables that can affect results.
Development of Emulsion Paint from Trimethylol Urea/Polystyrene waste Copolym...IOSR Journals
Urea formaldehyde that is trimethylol urea (TMU) was synthesized and copolymerized with polystyrene waste (PS) to form TMU/PS copolymer binder for emulsion paint formulation. Formaldehyde emission and some physical properties of both TMU and TMU/PS were investigated. The resulting copolymer TMU/PS gave a better resin compared to pure TMU in terms of brittleness, low water resistance and formaldehyde emission. The emulsion paint formulated from both TMU and TMU/PS passed pH, viscosity, flexibility, opacity, gloss and storage stability tests. Paint from pure TMU failed adhesion, hardness, tackiness, resistance to blistering and drying time tests while that of TMU/PS paint recorded a pass in all the tests. Both paints were unaffected by the salt medium but surface defect were observed in the case of TMU films in alkali and acid solutions. TMU/PS films were unaffected by both the acid and alkali solutions. This study provides a potential route for both VOC reduction in coating surfaces and environmental pollution from waste polystyrene disposal.
Equilibrium and Kinetics of Adsorption of Cationic Dyes by STISHOVITE Clay – ...IJMER
1. The study examines the adsorption of cationic dye methyl violet onto a stishovite-TiO2 nanocomposite adsorbent.
2. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to analyze the effects of parameters like contact time, dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, pH, and temperature.
3. Equilibrium data fitted well to both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Kinetic data followed pseudo-second order kinetics and the Elovich model, suggesting chemisorption.
Removal of basic dye from aqueous solution by adsorption on melon husk inAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that investigated the adsorption behavior of the cationic dye methylene blue in single, binary, and ternary solutions using melon husk as an adsorbent. Experiments showed that adsorption equilibrium was reached within 120 minutes for all systems. Kinetic data fit best to a pseudo-second order model. Isotherm data fit best to the Langmuir model for single systems and Freundlich model for binary and ternary systems. Adsorption was found to be thermodynamically feasible and exothermic for single and binary systems but endothermic for ternary systems.
In the present study, activated carbon is prepared from Murraya koenigii Stems (MKST) and used for the adsorption of methylene blue
from aqueous solution. The nitrogen adsorption isotherms were used to characterize the pore properties of the activated carbon including
the BET surface area, pore volume and pore diameter. The specific surface area of the prepared carbon is 508 m2/g. Batch mode experiments
were conducted to study the effect of adsorbent dosage on the adsorption of methylene blue. The equilibrium data fits well with Langmuir
model with monolayer adsorption capacity of 123.46 mg/g. The adsorption kinetics was studied using pseudo-first order and pseudosecond
order models. The rate of adsorption was found to conform to pseudo-second order kinetics with a good correlation. The results
show that methylene blue interacts strongly with the prepared activated carbon and hence the adsorbent is good for the removal of
methylene blue from aqueous solution.
This study evaluated the artificial saliva sorption of three types of dental composite resins: Tetric N-ceram (nanocomposite), Arabesk (microhybrid), and Soltaire-2 (polyglass hybrid). Specimens of each composite were stored in three types of artificial saliva or deionized water. The weight changes were measured at various time intervals. Statistical analysis found significant differences in sorption between composites and storage media. Tetric N-ceram showed the greatest weight changes, while composites absorbed more from artificial saliva than deionized water in early time periods, but lost more weight after 21 days. The results indicate artificial saliva interacts more with composites than water,
The document summarizes a study on using solid waste from the leather industry as an adsorbent for removing dye from wastewater. Some key findings:
1) The leather waste was processed into activated carbon and used to adsorb Acid Red 131 dye from an aqueous solution.
2) Batch adsorption experiments showed equilibrium was reached after 180 minutes and adsorption capacity increased with initial dye concentration and adsorbent dose.
3) The Langmuir isotherm model provided the best fit for the equilibrium adsorption data, indicating monolayer adsorption onto the activated carbon surface.
4) The study demonstrates the potential of utilizing a solid waste to treat wastewater contaminated
This standard provides guidelines for preparing new zinc-coated steel surfaces for painting. It describes eight surface preparation methods: zinc phosphate treatment, chromate treatment, aqueous chromic-organic treatment, acid-curing resinous treatment, annealing heat treatments, amorphous complex-oxide treatment, abrasive blast cleaning, and fluro-titanic/zirconic polymer treatment. These methods provide galvanized surfaces suitable for painting by developing adhesion between the coating and surface. The standard also discusses factors like location of treatment application and identifies variables that can affect results.
Development of Emulsion Paint from Trimethylol Urea/Polystyrene waste Copolym...IOSR Journals
Urea formaldehyde that is trimethylol urea (TMU) was synthesized and copolymerized with polystyrene waste (PS) to form TMU/PS copolymer binder for emulsion paint formulation. Formaldehyde emission and some physical properties of both TMU and TMU/PS were investigated. The resulting copolymer TMU/PS gave a better resin compared to pure TMU in terms of brittleness, low water resistance and formaldehyde emission. The emulsion paint formulated from both TMU and TMU/PS passed pH, viscosity, flexibility, opacity, gloss and storage stability tests. Paint from pure TMU failed adhesion, hardness, tackiness, resistance to blistering and drying time tests while that of TMU/PS paint recorded a pass in all the tests. Both paints were unaffected by the salt medium but surface defect were observed in the case of TMU films in alkali and acid solutions. TMU/PS films were unaffected by both the acid and alkali solutions. This study provides a potential route for both VOC reduction in coating surfaces and environmental pollution from waste polystyrene disposal.
Equilibrium and Kinetics of Adsorption of Cationic Dyes by STISHOVITE Clay – ...IJMER
1. The study examines the adsorption of cationic dye methyl violet onto a stishovite-TiO2 nanocomposite adsorbent.
2. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to analyze the effects of parameters like contact time, dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, pH, and temperature.
3. Equilibrium data fitted well to both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Kinetic data followed pseudo-second order kinetics and the Elovich model, suggesting chemisorption.
Removal of basic dye from aqueous solution by adsorption on melon husk inAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that investigated the adsorption behavior of the cationic dye methylene blue in single, binary, and ternary solutions using melon husk as an adsorbent. Experiments showed that adsorption equilibrium was reached within 120 minutes for all systems. Kinetic data fit best to a pseudo-second order model. Isotherm data fit best to the Langmuir model for single systems and Freundlich model for binary and ternary systems. Adsorption was found to be thermodynamically feasible and exothermic for single and binary systems but endothermic for ternary systems.
In the present study, activated carbon is prepared from Murraya koenigii Stems (MKST) and used for the adsorption of methylene blue
from aqueous solution. The nitrogen adsorption isotherms were used to characterize the pore properties of the activated carbon including
the BET surface area, pore volume and pore diameter. The specific surface area of the prepared carbon is 508 m2/g. Batch mode experiments
were conducted to study the effect of adsorbent dosage on the adsorption of methylene blue. The equilibrium data fits well with Langmuir
model with monolayer adsorption capacity of 123.46 mg/g. The adsorption kinetics was studied using pseudo-first order and pseudosecond
order models. The rate of adsorption was found to conform to pseudo-second order kinetics with a good correlation. The results
show that methylene blue interacts strongly with the prepared activated carbon and hence the adsorbent is good for the removal of
methylene blue from aqueous solution.
This study evaluated the artificial saliva sorption of three types of dental composite resins: Tetric N-ceram (nanocomposite), Arabesk (microhybrid), and Soltaire-2 (polyglass hybrid). Specimens of each composite were stored in three types of artificial saliva or deionized water. The weight changes were measured at various time intervals. Statistical analysis found significant differences in sorption between composites and storage media. Tetric N-ceram showed the greatest weight changes, while composites absorbed more from artificial saliva than deionized water in early time periods, but lost more weight after 21 days. The results indicate artificial saliva interacts more with composites than water,
The document summarizes a study on using solid waste from the leather industry as an adsorbent for removing dye from wastewater. Some key findings:
1) The leather waste was processed into activated carbon and used to adsorb Acid Red 131 dye from an aqueous solution.
2) Batch adsorption experiments showed equilibrium was reached after 180 minutes and adsorption capacity increased with initial dye concentration and adsorbent dose.
3) The Langmuir isotherm model provided the best fit for the equilibrium adsorption data, indicating monolayer adsorption onto the activated carbon surface.
4) The study demonstrates the potential of utilizing a solid waste to treat wastewater contaminated
This document discusses the adsorption of textile waste using biomass. Adsorption is the adhesion of atoms, ions, or molecules from a gas, liquid, or dissolved solid onto a surface. Certain methods are being introduced to adsorb materials through plant biomasses like mosses, leaves, and fruit waste or seeds. The parameters that affect adsorption include pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, initial concentration, temperature, and adsorbent size. Characterization techniques like SAM, FTIR, and XRD are used. Experiments are conducted to prepare synthetic dyes and measure their interaction and removal percentage with adsorbents. This process uses waste biomass, making it cost effective
This document summarizes Wong Shi Ting's research project on the biosorption of the dye methylene blue using sugarcane bagasse. The research aims to characterize sugarcane bagasse using FTIR spectroscopy, study the factors affecting dye adsorption using two-level factorial design and response surface methodology, and determine the optimum adsorption conditions. Key findings include sugarcane bagasse having an adsorption capacity of 26.58 mg/g for methylene blue under optimal conditions identified by RSM. FTIR analysis also confirmed electrostatic interactions between the dye and sugarcane bagasse fibers during adsorption.
Aimed to investigate the potential of untreated jute stick charcoal as an alternative adsorbent for the treatment of dye containing wastewater. Removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solution using jute stick charcoal has been investigated. Liquid phase adsorption experiments were conducted. Batch adsorption studies are carried out by observing the effect of experimental parameters, namely, pH, adsorbent dose, contact time and initial methylene blue concentration. The maximum removal of MB dye was 90.57% at pH 9, contact time 120 min, adsorbent dose 3 g/L and 20 mg/L initial dye concentration. Kinetic studies showed that the biosorption of MB followed Pseudo second-order kinetics. The adsorption isotherms are described by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. It was found that the Freundlich equation fit better than the Langmuir equation. The maximum adsorption capacity obtained from Langmuir isotherm equation at was 29.33 mg/g. To conclude, jute stick charcoal holds promise for methylene blue removal from aqueous solution and can be used for other dyes removal and applicable in dyeing industries in Bangladesh where centralized effluent treatment plant is absent.
Degradation of mono azo dye in aqueous solution using cast iron filingseSAT Journals
Abstract The mono-azo dye, Orange II, solution was substantially degraded with cast iron particles under varied conditions of experimental variables such as pH, initial dye concentration and cast iron dosage.At all solution pH studied, the degradation efficiency achieved was > 90%. With an initial dye concentration of 100 mg/L and optimum cast iron load of 28.56 g/L, the optimum degradation efficiency of 97.63% was achieved at pH 3. With same cast iron load and solution pH, more than 95% dye degradation efficiency was achieved at different initial Orange II concentrations ranging from 50-500 mg/L. The efficiency of cast iron particles in degrading Orange II dye was compared with that of pure elemental iron used in other study. Cast iron particles showed better degradation efficiencies than elemental iron that too at relatively lower dosages. Ultimately, from the results it can be inferred that cast iron fillings can be successfully applied to treat textile effluents containing high dye concentration and treatment efficiency can be enhanced by optimizing the reaction conditions. Index Terms: azo dyes, Orange II, degradation efficiency, cast iron fillings
Removal of dye from polluted water using novel nano manganese oxide-based mat...Dr. Md. Aminul Islam
Dyes are priority pollutants, commonly found at significant concentrations in textile effluents. The presence of dyes stuffs in wastewater can cause severe problems to aquatic life and human beings. Therefore, the removal of dyes from wastewater is important in order to minimize their hazardous effects on the environment. One way of removing dyes is to use nanosized manganese oxides (MnOs). To date, there has been much work reported on the use of nanosized MnOs as sorbents for dyestuffs. They are promising sorbents for commercial use due to their amorphous nature, high specific surface areas (SSA), mesoporous structure, and low to the moderate point of zero charge (pHPZC). This review summarizes the toxicity and recent advances for removing dyes from wastewater using nanosized MnO sorbents. The article also describes the various experimental parameters necessary for adsorption optimization, such as adsorption time, pH, initial dye concentration, amount of sorbent and temperature. Adsorption mechanisms investigated by various modeling approaches are also discussed. In particular, it was observed that much work has been reported on the use of birnessite and its composites for dye removal. There are many papers reporting on the use of MnO in batch mode dye removal, but very few that report on the use of MnO in continuous column removal systems. Therefore, there is still a considerable need for further research to develop effective and economical large scale MnO column systems for commercial use.
Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption using Low Cost ...ijsrd.com
The present study deals with removal of methylene blue (basic dye)from aqueous solution using a low cost activated carbon prepared from Delonix regia(gulmohar seed pods).Batch adsorption studies were conducted by varying the contact time adsorbent dosage and pH
Consolidation and rebound characteristics of expansive soil by using lime and...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Resin composites are dental restorative materials made of an organic resin matrix and inorganic filler particles. They contain monomers like bis-GMA that polymerize to form the matrix. Fillers like silica improve properties and radiopacity. Coupling agents bond fillers to the matrix. Composites are classified by filler size and polymerization method. Proper placement techniques and acid etching improve bonding to tooth structure. While esthetic and conservative, composites also have limitations like polymerization shrinkage, sensitivity, and wear over time.
Kinetic, Thermodynamic and Isotherm Studies on the Removal of Methylene Blue ...IOSR Journals
The research of the present work was to investigate the removal of methylene blue dyes from aqueous solution by using Acid Activated Abutilon Indicum Leaves (AAAI). Generally, dyes are organic compounds used as colouring products in chemical, textile, paper, printing, leather, plastics and various food industries. The need for the treatment of dye contaminated waste water passed out from the industry. In this study, Abutilon Indicum Leaves were studied for its potential use as an adsorbent for removal of a cationic dye methylene blue. The various factors affecting adsorption, such as initial dye concentration, contact time, adsorbent dose and effect of temperature, were evaluated. The experimental data were fitted into the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The equilibrium of adsorption was modeled by using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The objective of the present work suggests the AAAI may be utilized as a low cost adsorbent for methylene blue dye removal from aqueous solution.
Adsorption Studies of an Acid Dye From Aqueous Solution Using Lagerstroemia ...IJMER
The effectiveness of adsorption for acid dye removal from wastewaters has made it an ideal alternative to other expensive treatment options. The removal of acid Violet 4BS onto seeds of Lagerstroemia indica (LIS) from aqueous solutions was investigated using parameters such as contact time, pH, temperature, adsorbent doses, and initial dye concentration. Adsorption isotherms of dyes onto LIS were determined and correlated with common isotherm equations such as the Langmuir and
Freundlich models. It was found that the Langmuir isotherm appears to fit the isotherm data better than
the Freundlich isotherm. Parameters of the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were determined using adsorption data. The maximum removal of Acid Violet 4BS by the adsorbent was obtained at pH 2. The maximum percentage of dye removal (86.67%) was obtained at an initial dye concentration of 10mg/L with adsorbent dosage of 50 mg per 50 ml of dye solution. The adsorption kinetics of acid violet 4BS could be described by the pseudo-second order reaction model. The data obtained from adsorption
isotherms at different temperatures were used to calculate several thermo-dynamic quantities such as the
Gibbs energy (ΔG0), enthalpy (ΔH0), and entropy (ΔS
0) of adsorption. The adsorption process was found
to be spontaneous, exothermic and physical in nature. Locally available adsorbent LIS was found to have
a low cost and was promising for the removal of acid violet 4BS from aqueous solutions
Comparative study on the materials of resistance to spall in the asphalt pave...IJERA Editor
Water damage phenomenon is widespread in our country, especially in southern rainy regions. This article adopts the method of indoor experimental comparison to study on road performance of a variety of spalling resistance material, like cement、quick lime、hydrated lime、amine、no-amine. The results found that: the comprehensive performance of quick lime as the spalling resistance material is better than other materials on the performance of overall road.
This document discusses Cention N, a new dental restorative material that is being promoted as an alternative to amalgam. It has the following key points:
- Cention N is a resin-based filling material that is self-curing with optional light curing. It contains special filler particles called Isofillers that help reduce polymerization shrinkage and microleakage.
- Studies have shown Cention N has lower microleakage than composite resins and glass ionomer cement. It also maintains tight proximal contacts similar to composites.
- Cention N demonstrates better microhardness properties than silver amalgam, glass ionomer cement, and nano-hybrid composite, making it a clinically suitable option
This document summarizes a graduation thesis on removing ibuprofen from aqueous solutions using adsorption on lentil and rice husk. It discusses the materials and methods used, including the adsorbents (rice husk and lentil husk), adsorbate (ibuprofen), and experimental procedures. The results and discussion section analyzes the effect of pH, adsorbent concentration, and temperature on ibuprofen adsorption. Optimum removal conditions were found to be pH 3, 20g/L rice husk concentration, and room temperature. Adsorption data fitted the Langmuir isotherm model well.
Ninhydrin
The synthesis of ninhydrin (originally described as 1,2,3-triketohydrindene, but also referred to as 1,2,3-indanetrione)
First reported by Professor Siegfried Ruhemann, of the University Chemical Laboratories at Cambridge University, England, in 1910.
The marks developed by ninhydrin can vary in colour from reddish purple to deep purple, being influenced by the composition of the mark and the substrate it is deposited on.
Ninhydrin Analogs
An analog is a chemical compound that has a similar structure and similar chemical properties to those of another compound, but differs from it by a single element or a group.
The dual goals of producing such an analog are to produce a compound that has intense, visible colored development (as good as or superior to ninhydrin) as well as a superior room temperature fluorescence.
Short Description related to the rubber filler properties and Rubber filler types ( Reinforcing fillers, Semi- reinforcing fillers and Non-reinforcing fillers). e.g.:- Carbon Black, Silica, Calcium Carbonate, Clay and Miscellaneous Fillers
Adsorptive Removal of Methylene Blue Using Groundnut Shell Activated Carbon C...IOSRJAC
In this work, activated carbon prepared from groundnut shells (GSAC) by sulphuric acid treatment was coated with Fe3O4(GSAC- Fe3O4) and tested for its efficiency as an adsorbentfor the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solution. The structural morphology and functional groups present were investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Various sorption parameters such as effect of pH, contact time, initial dye concentration and adsorbent dosage were studied. The percentage removal of methylene blue increased with decrease in initial methylene blue concentration and increased with increase in contact time and dose of the adsorbent. Equilibrium data were analysed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Kinetic data were studied using pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order kinetic models.
Synthesis of Faujasite Zeolite (Z) For Adsorption of Cationic Dye from Textil...IJMREMJournal
The synthesis of Faujasite Zeolite from Locally available Erusu Kaolin clay sourced in Nigeria has been
attempted using standard procedures which have proven sufficient upon slight modifications and reported in
literature. The zeolite was characterized with Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transformed infrared
spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffractometer and BET surface area analyzer. Forthwith, Adsorption of the
hazardous cationic dye malachite green (MG) on the synthesized zeolite was investigated. Batch process
variables for the adsorption of MG by Zeolite were determined. The mechanisms involved in the adsorption of
MG by the sorbent were explored using isotherms models. The maximum equilibrium adsorption capacity was
found to be 108.26 mg/g at 30˚C. It is noteworthy that the adsorption of MG was reduced (about 45%) at low
pH (4) compared to that at high pH (12). Furthermore, among the other parameters affecting adsorption, a high
MG adsorption capacity (about 54%) was observed at a maximum initial MG dye concentration of 200 mg/L
compared to that at lower initial MG dye concentration (25 mg/L), indicating the dependency of sorption on the
initial adsorbate concentration (CO) in the solution. The MG adsorption data indicate multilayer adsorption
because the data were fit better by the Freundlich model (R2 >0.99) than by the Langmuir model. Surface
diffusion was found to be a possible mechanism for the adsorption of MG by Zeolite. The study shed light on the
potential of synthesized kaolinite derivative “Zeolite” as an efficient sorbent for cationic dye cleanup in
wastewater treatment.
A comparative study and kinetics for the removal of hexavalentAlexander Decker
The document studies the removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions using low-cost agricultural and timber wastes as adsorbents. Batch experiments were conducted to study the effect of pH, contact time, initial concentration, and adsorbent dose on chromium adsorption. Equilibrium isotherms and kinetics were analyzed. Dried rice husk showed the highest maximum adsorption capacity of 16.94 mg/g, followed by orange peels and other adsorbents. Adsorption was greatest at pH 3 and increased with contact time and adsorbent dose but decreased with increasing initial concentration. Kinetic data fitted well to a pseudo-second order model.
A comparative study and kinetics for the removal of hexavalentAlexander Decker
This document examines the removal of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) from aqueous solutions using low-cost agricultural, timber, and fruit wastes as adsorbents. Batch experiments were conducted to study the effect of pH, contact time, initial metal concentration, and adsorbent dose on Cr(VI) adsorption. Equilibrium adsorption isotherms and kinetics were analyzed. Dried rice husk showed the highest maximum adsorption capacity of 16.94 mg/g, followed by orange peels, rice husk ash, sugarcane bagasse, and sawdust. Kinetic data fit best to a pseudo-second order model. Adsorption capacity was influenced by liquid/solid
This document discusses the adsorption of textile waste using biomass. Adsorption is the adhesion of atoms, ions, or molecules from a gas, liquid, or dissolved solid onto a surface. Certain methods are being introduced to adsorb materials through plant biomasses like mosses, leaves, and fruit waste or seeds. The parameters that affect adsorption include pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, initial concentration, temperature, and adsorbent size. Characterization techniques like SAM, FTIR, and XRD are used. Experiments are conducted to prepare synthetic dyes and measure their interaction and removal percentage with adsorbents. This process uses waste biomass, making it cost effective
This document summarizes Wong Shi Ting's research project on the biosorption of the dye methylene blue using sugarcane bagasse. The research aims to characterize sugarcane bagasse using FTIR spectroscopy, study the factors affecting dye adsorption using two-level factorial design and response surface methodology, and determine the optimum adsorption conditions. Key findings include sugarcane bagasse having an adsorption capacity of 26.58 mg/g for methylene blue under optimal conditions identified by RSM. FTIR analysis also confirmed electrostatic interactions between the dye and sugarcane bagasse fibers during adsorption.
Aimed to investigate the potential of untreated jute stick charcoal as an alternative adsorbent for the treatment of dye containing wastewater. Removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solution using jute stick charcoal has been investigated. Liquid phase adsorption experiments were conducted. Batch adsorption studies are carried out by observing the effect of experimental parameters, namely, pH, adsorbent dose, contact time and initial methylene blue concentration. The maximum removal of MB dye was 90.57% at pH 9, contact time 120 min, adsorbent dose 3 g/L and 20 mg/L initial dye concentration. Kinetic studies showed that the biosorption of MB followed Pseudo second-order kinetics. The adsorption isotherms are described by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. It was found that the Freundlich equation fit better than the Langmuir equation. The maximum adsorption capacity obtained from Langmuir isotherm equation at was 29.33 mg/g. To conclude, jute stick charcoal holds promise for methylene blue removal from aqueous solution and can be used for other dyes removal and applicable in dyeing industries in Bangladesh where centralized effluent treatment plant is absent.
Degradation of mono azo dye in aqueous solution using cast iron filingseSAT Journals
Abstract The mono-azo dye, Orange II, solution was substantially degraded with cast iron particles under varied conditions of experimental variables such as pH, initial dye concentration and cast iron dosage.At all solution pH studied, the degradation efficiency achieved was > 90%. With an initial dye concentration of 100 mg/L and optimum cast iron load of 28.56 g/L, the optimum degradation efficiency of 97.63% was achieved at pH 3. With same cast iron load and solution pH, more than 95% dye degradation efficiency was achieved at different initial Orange II concentrations ranging from 50-500 mg/L. The efficiency of cast iron particles in degrading Orange II dye was compared with that of pure elemental iron used in other study. Cast iron particles showed better degradation efficiencies than elemental iron that too at relatively lower dosages. Ultimately, from the results it can be inferred that cast iron fillings can be successfully applied to treat textile effluents containing high dye concentration and treatment efficiency can be enhanced by optimizing the reaction conditions. Index Terms: azo dyes, Orange II, degradation efficiency, cast iron fillings
Removal of dye from polluted water using novel nano manganese oxide-based mat...Dr. Md. Aminul Islam
Dyes are priority pollutants, commonly found at significant concentrations in textile effluents. The presence of dyes stuffs in wastewater can cause severe problems to aquatic life and human beings. Therefore, the removal of dyes from wastewater is important in order to minimize their hazardous effects on the environment. One way of removing dyes is to use nanosized manganese oxides (MnOs). To date, there has been much work reported on the use of nanosized MnOs as sorbents for dyestuffs. They are promising sorbents for commercial use due to their amorphous nature, high specific surface areas (SSA), mesoporous structure, and low to the moderate point of zero charge (pHPZC). This review summarizes the toxicity and recent advances for removing dyes from wastewater using nanosized MnO sorbents. The article also describes the various experimental parameters necessary for adsorption optimization, such as adsorption time, pH, initial dye concentration, amount of sorbent and temperature. Adsorption mechanisms investigated by various modeling approaches are also discussed. In particular, it was observed that much work has been reported on the use of birnessite and its composites for dye removal. There are many papers reporting on the use of MnO in batch mode dye removal, but very few that report on the use of MnO in continuous column removal systems. Therefore, there is still a considerable need for further research to develop effective and economical large scale MnO column systems for commercial use.
Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption using Low Cost ...ijsrd.com
The present study deals with removal of methylene blue (basic dye)from aqueous solution using a low cost activated carbon prepared from Delonix regia(gulmohar seed pods).Batch adsorption studies were conducted by varying the contact time adsorbent dosage and pH
Consolidation and rebound characteristics of expansive soil by using lime and...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Resin composites are dental restorative materials made of an organic resin matrix and inorganic filler particles. They contain monomers like bis-GMA that polymerize to form the matrix. Fillers like silica improve properties and radiopacity. Coupling agents bond fillers to the matrix. Composites are classified by filler size and polymerization method. Proper placement techniques and acid etching improve bonding to tooth structure. While esthetic and conservative, composites also have limitations like polymerization shrinkage, sensitivity, and wear over time.
Kinetic, Thermodynamic and Isotherm Studies on the Removal of Methylene Blue ...IOSR Journals
The research of the present work was to investigate the removal of methylene blue dyes from aqueous solution by using Acid Activated Abutilon Indicum Leaves (AAAI). Generally, dyes are organic compounds used as colouring products in chemical, textile, paper, printing, leather, plastics and various food industries. The need for the treatment of dye contaminated waste water passed out from the industry. In this study, Abutilon Indicum Leaves were studied for its potential use as an adsorbent for removal of a cationic dye methylene blue. The various factors affecting adsorption, such as initial dye concentration, contact time, adsorbent dose and effect of temperature, were evaluated. The experimental data were fitted into the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The equilibrium of adsorption was modeled by using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The objective of the present work suggests the AAAI may be utilized as a low cost adsorbent for methylene blue dye removal from aqueous solution.
Adsorption Studies of an Acid Dye From Aqueous Solution Using Lagerstroemia ...IJMER
The effectiveness of adsorption for acid dye removal from wastewaters has made it an ideal alternative to other expensive treatment options. The removal of acid Violet 4BS onto seeds of Lagerstroemia indica (LIS) from aqueous solutions was investigated using parameters such as contact time, pH, temperature, adsorbent doses, and initial dye concentration. Adsorption isotherms of dyes onto LIS were determined and correlated with common isotherm equations such as the Langmuir and
Freundlich models. It was found that the Langmuir isotherm appears to fit the isotherm data better than
the Freundlich isotherm. Parameters of the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were determined using adsorption data. The maximum removal of Acid Violet 4BS by the adsorbent was obtained at pH 2. The maximum percentage of dye removal (86.67%) was obtained at an initial dye concentration of 10mg/L with adsorbent dosage of 50 mg per 50 ml of dye solution. The adsorption kinetics of acid violet 4BS could be described by the pseudo-second order reaction model. The data obtained from adsorption
isotherms at different temperatures were used to calculate several thermo-dynamic quantities such as the
Gibbs energy (ΔG0), enthalpy (ΔH0), and entropy (ΔS
0) of adsorption. The adsorption process was found
to be spontaneous, exothermic and physical in nature. Locally available adsorbent LIS was found to have
a low cost and was promising for the removal of acid violet 4BS from aqueous solutions
Comparative study on the materials of resistance to spall in the asphalt pave...IJERA Editor
Water damage phenomenon is widespread in our country, especially in southern rainy regions. This article adopts the method of indoor experimental comparison to study on road performance of a variety of spalling resistance material, like cement、quick lime、hydrated lime、amine、no-amine. The results found that: the comprehensive performance of quick lime as the spalling resistance material is better than other materials on the performance of overall road.
This document discusses Cention N, a new dental restorative material that is being promoted as an alternative to amalgam. It has the following key points:
- Cention N is a resin-based filling material that is self-curing with optional light curing. It contains special filler particles called Isofillers that help reduce polymerization shrinkage and microleakage.
- Studies have shown Cention N has lower microleakage than composite resins and glass ionomer cement. It also maintains tight proximal contacts similar to composites.
- Cention N demonstrates better microhardness properties than silver amalgam, glass ionomer cement, and nano-hybrid composite, making it a clinically suitable option
This document summarizes a graduation thesis on removing ibuprofen from aqueous solutions using adsorption on lentil and rice husk. It discusses the materials and methods used, including the adsorbents (rice husk and lentil husk), adsorbate (ibuprofen), and experimental procedures. The results and discussion section analyzes the effect of pH, adsorbent concentration, and temperature on ibuprofen adsorption. Optimum removal conditions were found to be pH 3, 20g/L rice husk concentration, and room temperature. Adsorption data fitted the Langmuir isotherm model well.
Ninhydrin
The synthesis of ninhydrin (originally described as 1,2,3-triketohydrindene, but also referred to as 1,2,3-indanetrione)
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An analog is a chemical compound that has a similar structure and similar chemical properties to those of another compound, but differs from it by a single element or a group.
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Degradation of mono azo dye in aqueous solution using
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
1. The International Journal Of Engineering
And Science (Ijes)
||Volume|| 2 ||Issue|| 1 ||Pages|| 287-292 ||2013||
Issn: 2319 – 1813 Isbn: 2319 – 1805
Adsorption Studies On Reactive Blue 4 By Varying The
Concentration Of Mgo In Sorel’s Cement
1,
R. HARIHARASUTHAN, 2,A. NAGESWARA RAO, 3,A. BHASKARAN
1,
Research Scholar, Sathyabama University, Chennai 600 119, INDIA
2,
Professor, Department of Chemistry, Sathyabama University, Chennai 600119, INDIA
3,
Professor, Department of Applied Physics, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering,
Sriperumbudur 602 105, INDIA
-------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT----------------------------------------------------------------
Batch experiments are carried out for the adsorption of Reactive Blue 4 by Sorel’s cement with varying the
composition. The operating variables studied are initial Dye concentration (Ci ), pH, Temperature and contact
time. The equilibrium data are fitted to the Langmuir isotherm equations. From this the adsorption efficiency,
adsorption capacity and dimensionless separation factor are calculated.
Key words: Reactive Blue 4, Various types of Sorel’s Cement, Langmuir isotherms, Kinetic studies, pH effect,
Effect of contact time.
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Date of Sub mission: 20 December, 2012 Date of Publication: 20, January 2013
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I. Introduction
The discharge of untreated effluents into nearby water bodies or nearby land is not only aesthetically
displeasing, but it also restricts light penetration, thus upsetting biological processes within a stream. In addit ion,
many dyes are toxic to some organisms causing direct destruction of aquatic communit ies. Some dyes can cause
allergic dermatit is, skin irrigation, cancer and mutation in man. Recent estimates indicate that, approximately,
12% of synthetic textile dyes used each year is lost during manufacture and processing operation and 20% of
these dyes enter the environment through effluents that result from the treatment of residual industrial wat ers [1].
Effluents from dyeing industries are released into nearby land or rivers without any treatment because the
conventional treatment or methods are not cost effective in the Indian context. On the other hand, low cost
technologies never allow an effective color removal and also have certain disadvantages. The adsorption is one
of the most effective methods and Sorel‟s cement is used as adsorbent to treat effluent containing different
classes of dyes, recognizing the economic drawback of co mmercial So rel‟s cement.
Many researchers have studied the feasibility of using inexpensive alternative materials like coconut
husk[2], pearl millet husk, date pits, saw dust, buffing dust of leather industry [3] , coir pith, crude oil residue,
tropical grass, olive stone and almond shells, pine bark, wool waste, etc., as carbonaceous precursors for the
removal of dyes fro m water and wastewater [3,4]. The present study is undertaken to evaluate the efficiency of
Sorel‟s cement by varying the concentration of MgO by keeping the constant strength of MgCl2 and FeCl3 , for
removal of Reactive Blue 4 dye in an aqueous solution. In order to design on adsorption treatment system,
knowledge of the kinetic and mass transfer processes is essential. In this paper, we report the applicability of
kinetic models for the adsorption of Reactive Blue 4 (RB 4) onto Sorel‟s cement by varying concentration of
MgO.
II. Materials And Methods
Materials
Sorel‟s cement X: 2.4 g m of MgO is dissolved in 8 ml of 1.78 mo l MgCl2 solution at 75 ºC, then add 1
gm of FeCl3 and stir the mixture for 10 minutes. Remove the paste and centrifuge and dry the paste in IR lamp
for 4 hrs. Sieve this powder in 35 µm d ia mesh. The properties of the Sorel‟s Cement used are given in Table 1.
All chemicals used were of high purity, co mmercially available Analar grade. Stock solutions of 1g/L of dyes
were prepared using doubly distilled water. The same procedure is repeated with 1.8 g m of MgO for Sorel‟s
cement A type and 3.0 g m of MgO for Sorel‟s cement B type adsorbents.
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2. Adsorption Studies On Reactive Blue 4 By Varying The…
Methods
Reactive Blue 4 (RB 4) dyes solutions were made to a known concentration of 25 mg/ L, 50 mg/L, 75
mg/ L and 100 mg/ L. Fro m that, 50 ml of 25 mg/ L, 50 mg/ L, 75 mg/ L and 100 mg/ L dye solutions were taken
and loaded with the 100 mg of adsorbents viz, Sorel‟s cement X, Sorel‟s cement A and Sorel‟s Cement B. Then
the samples were agitated at 30°C, 40°C, 50°C and 60°C in defin ite time intervals. After that samples were
withdrawn fro m the agitator and filtered. Adsorption studies were carried out using the various types of Sorel‟s
cement. The Sorel‟s cement X, A and B loaded with RB 4 were separated and gently washed with distilled water
to remove any unabsorbed dye. Each of the dye-laden Sorel‟s cement was agitated with 50 ml of water.
III. Results And Discussions
Effect of contact ti me and initi al dye concentration:
The experimental results of adsorptions of Reactive Blue 4 (RB4) on the Sorel‟s cement X at various
initial concentrations (25 mg/L, 50 mg/L, 75 mg/ L and 100 mg/ L) with known contact time are shown in Figure
7. The equilib riu m data are collected reveal that the percent adsorption decreases with the increase in initial d ye
concentration, but the actual amount of dye adsorbed per unit mass of all types of Sorel‟s cement increased with
increase in dye concentration. It means that the adsorption is highly dependent on the initial concentration of
dye. This is because at lower concentration, the ratio of the initial nu mber of dye molecules to the available
surface area is lo w, subsequently, the fractional adsorption become independent on the initial concentration.
However, at high concentration the available sites of adsorptio n becomes fewer, and hence, the percentage
removal of dye is dependent upon the initial concentration. The equ ilibriu m is established in 60 min for the
Sorel cement B with high concentration of MgO is showing more efficiency in removing RB4 whereas same
condition is reached in 80 mins in the case of the other types of Sorel Cement adsorbents. Figure 7 reveals that
the curves are smooth, continuous and leading to saturation, suggesting the possible monolayer coverage of the
dyes on various types of Sorel‟s cement [5].
IV. Adsorption Isotherm:
The experimental data are analyzed according to the linear form of the Lang muir isotherms. The
Lang muir isotherm is represented by the following equation [6].
Cf/Qe = 1/Q mb + C f /Q m……………(1)
Here Cf is the equilibriu m concentration (mg/ L), „Qe‟ is the amount adsorbed at equilibriu m (mg /g) and „Q m‟
and „b‟ is Langmu ir constants related to the adsorption efficiency and energy of adsorption, respectively. The
linear plots of „Cf/Qe‟ versus „Cf‟ suggest the applicability of the Langmu ir isotherms (Figure 4 to Figure 6). The
values of „Qm‟ and „b ‟ are determined fro m the slope and intercept of the plots and are presented in Table 4.
Fro m the results, it is found that, for all comb inations of Sorel‟s Cement, the values of adsorption efficiency
„Q m‟ and adsorption energy „b‟ are varying with increase in the temperature. Fro m the values we can conclude
that the maximu m adsorption corresponds to a saturated mono -layer of adsorbate molecules on an adsorbent
surface with constant energy and no transmission of adsorbate in the plane of the adsorbent surface occurs. The
trend shows that the adsorbent prefers to bind acidic ions and that specia tion predominates on sorbent
characteristics, when ion exchange is the predominant mechanism. Fu rther, it confirms the endothermic nature
of the processes involved in the system. To confirm the favorability of the adsorption process, the separation
factor (RL ) is calculated and presented in Table 5. The values are found to be between 0 and 1 and confirm that
the ongoing adsorption process is favorable [7, 8] .
RL = 1 / (1 + b Ci )……… (2)
Here, „b‟ is the Lang mu ir constant and „Ci ‟ is the init ial concentration of dye.
V. Effect Of Ph :
The experiments carried out at different pH show that there is a change in the percent removal of dyes
over the entire pH range of 3 to 9 shown in the Figure 8. This indicates the strong force of interaction between
the dyes and the various types of Sorel‟s cement that, either H+ or OH -ions could influence the adsorption
capacity. Here the interaction is larger at pH 6 due to the competence of acidic H+ ion with dye cation for the
sorption sites. The percentage of sorption increases above this pH value due to the presence of ionic COOH
groups. The adsorption of dyes on the activated Sorel‟s cement does involve ion exchange mechanism. Due to
this mechanism there should be an influence on the dye adsorption while vary ing the pH. The observation shows
that by varying the MgO concentration in the Sorel Cement, the adsorption efficiency can be increased.
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3. Adsorption Studies On Reactive Blue 4 By Varying The…
VI. Conclusions
The experimental data correlated reasonably well with the Langmuir adsorption isotherms and the
respective isotherm parameters are calculated for various types of Sorel‟s cements vs RB4. The amount of dyes
adsorbed increases with increase in pH of the med iu m. Further the efficiency of the adsorbent increase with
change in MgO concentration. The amount of the adsorbed RB4 slightly decreases with increasing the ionic
strength and increase with the increase in temperature. The dimensionless separation factor shows that the
Sorel‟s cement can be used for the removal of RB4 fro m aqueous solution.
VII. .Acknowledgement
The authors wishes to thank Mr. P. Venkatesh Raja, Director, S.A. Eng ineering College and Dr. S.
Suyambazhahan, Principal, S.A. Engineering College, Chennai-77 for immense support to carry out the research
work.
References
[1]. Anuirudh TS, Sreedhar MK, “Mercury (II) adsorption of desorption characteristics of coconut husk based
carbon-Kinetics and self diffusion”, Indian. J. Environ. Protect. Vol. 19, No. 8, 1999.
[2]. Hems.M, Arivoli. S, “Co mparative study on the adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics of dyes onto acid
activated low cost carbon”, Int. Jr. Phys. Sciences, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp 10, 2007.
[3]. Khattri SD, Singh MK, “Sorption, recovery of metal ions fro m aqueous solution using humus”, Indian. J.
Chem. Technol. Vo l. 3, No. 114, 1999.
[4]. Lang muir I, “Adsorption of gases on plane surfaces of glass, mica and plat inum”, J. A m. Chem. Soc. Vo l.
40, pp 1361, 1918.
[5]. Namasivayam C, Yamuna RT, “Adsorption of direct red by biogas residual slurry”, Env iron. Po llut. Vo l.
89, No.1, 1995.
[6]. Sekaran G, Shan mugasundaram K A, Mariappan M, Raghavan KV, “Adsorption of dyes by buffing dust of
leather industry”, Indian. J. Chem. Technol. (2): 311, 1995.
[7]. Selvarani K (2000). Studies on Lo w cost Adsorbents for the removal o f Organic and Inorganics fro m
Water. Ph D., Thesis, Regional Eng ineering College, Tiruchirapalli.
[8]. Senthiku mar S, Varatharajan PR, Porkodi K, Subburaam C V, “Adso rption of methylene blue carbon onto
jute fib re carbon”, Colloid.Interface Sci. Vo l. 284, No. 79, 2005.
[9]. Weber EJ, St ickney VC, “Water pollution by synthetic text iles dyes”, Water Res. Vol. 27, No. 63, 1993.
Table 1 Properties of Sorel’s Cement X
Size 0.035 mm
Density 0.7342 g m/cc
Moisture 1.75% (98.25% dried)
Loss on drying 80%
Water soluble matter 0.80%
pH of aqueous solution 8.2
Table 2 Equili brium parameters for the adsorption of Reacti ve Blue 4 by various concentrations of
Mg O in S orel’s Cement
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4. Adsorption Studies On Reactive Blue 4 By Varying The…
Figure 1 Reactive Blue 4 vs Sorel's Cement X
Figure 2 Reacti ve Blue 4 vs S orel's Cement A
30° C
50° C
40° C
60° C
Figure 3 Reacti ve Blue 4 vs S orel's Cement B
Table 3 Langmuir Isotherm results of RB 4
Cf /Qe = 1/Qm b + Cf /Qm
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5. Adsorption Studies On Reactive Blue 4 By Varying The…
Figure 4 Lang muir isotherms for the adsorption of RB4 by Sorel's cement X
Figure 5 Lang muir isotherms for the adsorption of RB4 by Sorel's cement A
Figure 6 Lang muir isotherms for the ads orpti on of RB4 by Sorel's cement B
Figure 7 Effect of contact ti me in the adsorption of RB4 by vari ous types of Sorel's cements
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6. Adsorption Studies On Reactive Blue 4 By Varying The…
Figure 8 Effect of pH i n the adsorption of RB4 by various types of Sorel's cements
Table 4 Langmuir Isotherm results for Reacti ve Blue 4
Cf /Qe = 1/Qm b + Cf /Qm
Dyes Temperature S tatistical parameters/ constants
°C r Qm b
Sorel‟s Cement X 30 0.9719 9.3777 0.045
40 0.9669 9.6016 0.039
50 0.9524 9.5939 0.030
60 0.9407 9.6953 0.023
Sorel‟s Cement A 30 0.937 9.3377 0.038
40 0.939 9.5661 0.034
50 0.947 9.5911 0.029
60 0.950 9.6953 0.022
Sorel‟s Cement B 30 0.940 9.3997 0.048
40 0.941 9.6360 0.043
50 0.947 9.6939 0.039
60 0.959 9.7353 0.033
Table 5 Dimensionless separati on factor (RL) for Reacti ve Blue 4
RL = 1/(1+bCo )
Temperature
Do (mg/L) 30 ºC 40 ºC 50 ºC 60 ºC
Sorel‟s Cement X
25 0.4646 0.5063 0.5714 0.6349
50 0.3076 0.3389 0.4000 0.4651
75 0.2285 0.2547 0.3076 0.3664
100 0.1818 0.2042 0.2500 0.3030
Sorel‟s Cement A
25 0.5128 0.5405 0.5797 0.6451
50 0.3448 0.3703 0.4081 0.4761
75 0.2597 0.2816 0.1410 0.3773
100 0.2083 0.2272 0.2564 0.3125
Sorel‟s Cement B
25 0.4545 0.4819 0.5063 0.5479
50 0.2941 0.3174 0.3389 0.3802
75 0.2173 0.2366 0.2547 0.2877
100 0.1724 0.1886 0.2040 0.2325
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