This standard provides guidelines for preparing new zinc-coated steel surfaces for painting. It describes eight surface preparation methods: zinc phosphate treatment, chromate treatment, aqueous chromic-organic treatment, acid-curing resinous treatment, annealing heat treatments, amorphous complex-oxide treatment, abrasive blast cleaning, and fluro-titanic/zirconic polymer treatment. These methods provide galvanized surfaces suitable for painting by developing adhesion between the coating and surface. The standard also discusses factors like location of treatment application and identifies variables that can affect results.
Essa publicação inédita no Brasil sobre Green Building é a primeira de uma série que visa traçar um retrato e mostrar o panorama das “construções verdes” e da certificação LEED no Brasil e, mais detalhadamente na Região Sul, a partir de um compilado dos principais estudos sobre o assunto no país e no mundo e do testemunho de empresários com expressividade nacional e regional.
Developing an Acquisition Centre of Excellence for Effective Sourcing and Sup...Alan McSweeney
Acquisition skills are necessary to support move from in-sourcing to outsourcing of projects, solutions and services. Effective and appropriate sourcing allows organisations react quickly while reducing costs, ensuring repeatability and improving returns on sourcing activities. Acquisition includes sourcing of suppliers, defining services, awarding contracts to supplier agreements, managing the delivery of contracted services, Getting good at acquisition is a very worthwhile investment for any organisation. Acquisitions skills are essential for implementing sourcing strategy effectively. It ensures consistent and cost-effective outcomes from sourcing activities. Use CMMI for Acquisition maturity model structure to develop an acquisition capability programme. This provides a structured approach with a set of activities and tasks.
Six Sigma Process Capability Study (PCS) Training Module Frank-G. Adler
The Process Capability Study (PCS) Training Module v3.0 includes:
1. MS PowerPoint Presentation including 98 slides covering Introduction to Six Sigma, Creating and analyzing a Histogram, Basic Statistics & Product Capability, Statistical Process Control for Variable Data, Definitions of Process Capability Indices, Confidence Interval Analysis for Capability Indices, Capability Study for Non-Normal Distributed Processes, and several Exercises.
2. MS Excel Confidence Interval Analysis Calculator making it really easy to calculate Confidence Intervals for Capability Indices and other Statistics.
Essa publicação inédita no Brasil sobre Green Building é a primeira de uma série que visa traçar um retrato e mostrar o panorama das “construções verdes” e da certificação LEED no Brasil e, mais detalhadamente na Região Sul, a partir de um compilado dos principais estudos sobre o assunto no país e no mundo e do testemunho de empresários com expressividade nacional e regional.
Developing an Acquisition Centre of Excellence for Effective Sourcing and Sup...Alan McSweeney
Acquisition skills are necessary to support move from in-sourcing to outsourcing of projects, solutions and services. Effective and appropriate sourcing allows organisations react quickly while reducing costs, ensuring repeatability and improving returns on sourcing activities. Acquisition includes sourcing of suppliers, defining services, awarding contracts to supplier agreements, managing the delivery of contracted services, Getting good at acquisition is a very worthwhile investment for any organisation. Acquisitions skills are essential for implementing sourcing strategy effectively. It ensures consistent and cost-effective outcomes from sourcing activities. Use CMMI for Acquisition maturity model structure to develop an acquisition capability programme. This provides a structured approach with a set of activities and tasks.
Six Sigma Process Capability Study (PCS) Training Module Frank-G. Adler
The Process Capability Study (PCS) Training Module v3.0 includes:
1. MS PowerPoint Presentation including 98 slides covering Introduction to Six Sigma, Creating and analyzing a Histogram, Basic Statistics & Product Capability, Statistical Process Control for Variable Data, Definitions of Process Capability Indices, Confidence Interval Analysis for Capability Indices, Capability Study for Non-Normal Distributed Processes, and several Exercises.
2. MS Excel Confidence Interval Analysis Calculator making it really easy to calculate Confidence Intervals for Capability Indices and other Statistics.
Samarel's new book entitled "Sama Sutra" is now available at
www.samarelart.com
It shows positions for making love like the Kama Sutra does. Erotic short stories by Femme de Scorpion, gorgeous erotic art by Samarel, and a bunch of erotic poetry by Deni. Can be enjoyed and given to your lover(s).
Don' miss your opportunity to hold this in your hands, and feast upon it with your eyes!
The technologies and people we are designing experiences for are constantly changing, in most cases they are changing at a rate that is difficult keep up with. When we think about how our teams are structured and the design processes we use in light of this challenge, a new design problem (or problem space) emerges, one that requires us to focus inward. How do we structure our teams and processes to be resilient? What would happen if we looked at our teams and design process as IA’s, Designers, Researchers? What strategies would we put in place to help them be successful? This talk will look at challenges we face leading, supporting, or simply being a part of design teams creating experiences for user groups with changing technological needs.
This lecture describes the key factors associated with conversion coatings on aluminium can be appreciated, such as general and local behaviour of the aluminium surface, range of conversion coatings and interrelationships, requirements of conversion coating, tailor-making of coatings, current and future issues. Some familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lectures 5101, 5102, 5201 is assumed.
SURFACE TREATMENTS that change the surface chemistry of a
metal or alloy, but that do not involve intentional buildup or increase in part dimension, include:
Composite Resin Luting cements (2nd edition) presentation powerpoint
A type of dental cement
Used for cementation of indirect restorations & brackets
A summary of five textbooks
Surface Processing Operation includes material surface cleaning and surface treating processes which is physically and/or chemically to alter surface texture, Mechanical properties, Physical properties, Chemical Properties etc, to have a better material.
Momentive has launched two new products, ECC3011 and ECC3051S conformal coatings that can withstand harsh operating conditions, helping to prevent the occurrence of corrosion on vital PCB components and surfaces.
Samarel's new book entitled "Sama Sutra" is now available at
www.samarelart.com
It shows positions for making love like the Kama Sutra does. Erotic short stories by Femme de Scorpion, gorgeous erotic art by Samarel, and a bunch of erotic poetry by Deni. Can be enjoyed and given to your lover(s).
Don' miss your opportunity to hold this in your hands, and feast upon it with your eyes!
The technologies and people we are designing experiences for are constantly changing, in most cases they are changing at a rate that is difficult keep up with. When we think about how our teams are structured and the design processes we use in light of this challenge, a new design problem (or problem space) emerges, one that requires us to focus inward. How do we structure our teams and processes to be resilient? What would happen if we looked at our teams and design process as IA’s, Designers, Researchers? What strategies would we put in place to help them be successful? This talk will look at challenges we face leading, supporting, or simply being a part of design teams creating experiences for user groups with changing technological needs.
This lecture describes the key factors associated with conversion coatings on aluminium can be appreciated, such as general and local behaviour of the aluminium surface, range of conversion coatings and interrelationships, requirements of conversion coating, tailor-making of coatings, current and future issues. Some familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lectures 5101, 5102, 5201 is assumed.
SURFACE TREATMENTS that change the surface chemistry of a
metal or alloy, but that do not involve intentional buildup or increase in part dimension, include:
Composite Resin Luting cements (2nd edition) presentation powerpoint
A type of dental cement
Used for cementation of indirect restorations & brackets
A summary of five textbooks
Surface Processing Operation includes material surface cleaning and surface treating processes which is physically and/or chemically to alter surface texture, Mechanical properties, Physical properties, Chemical Properties etc, to have a better material.
Momentive has launched two new products, ECC3011 and ECC3051S conformal coatings that can withstand harsh operating conditions, helping to prevent the occurrence of corrosion on vital PCB components and surfaces.
TALAT Lecture 5301: The Surface Treatment and Coil Coating of AluminiumCORE-Materials
This lecture describes the continuous coil coating processes for aluminium in sufficient detail in order to understand the industrial coating technology and its application potential. General background in materials engineering and familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lectures 5100 and 5200 is assumed.
Araldite Preparacion superficial y pretatamientos. Antala Industria (Spain).Antala Industria
El éxito en las uniones depende de una combinación de múltiples factores, tales como mecánicos, químicos o electrostáticos. La unión es una cuestión de interfaz, ya que el adhesivo tiene que adherirse bien a los sustratos a unir. Por lo tanto, las condiciones de la superficie de las piezas a unir son un factor esencial en el logro de una unión de calidad.
Los Adhesivos industriales Huntsman son adhesivos de alto rendimiento que se adhieren firmemente a la mayoría de los materiales.
Se pueden obtener altas tasas de resistencia después de la eliminación de grasa y partículas sueltas, por ejemplo, óxido, de las superficies a unir.
Sin embargo, cuando se requiere la máxima resistencia y durabilidad a largo plazo. Se recomienda encarecidamente un pretratamiento superficial.
El tipo de preparación de la superficie se lleve a cabo antes de la unión depende de las prestaciones previstas (Figuras 18, 19 y 20), las condiciones de servicio de la unión y consideraciones económicas (relación costes / beneficios).
+34 93 474 66 66 | antala@antala.es
www.antala.es
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
2. NOTE 3—Most producers of zinc-coated (galvanized) steel sheets and
coils have adopted the practice of applying an inhibitor to the zinc surface
to give temporary protection against staining by moisture during shipping
or storage. Some of these inhibitors interfere with proper reaction of most
of the treatments described in these methods, and an unsatisfactory surface
for painting results. It is strongly recommended that the purchaser consult
the supplier of the chemical treatment to be used as to the suitability of the
zinc surfaces for treatment by any of these methods (see Appendix X2).
4. Significance and Use
4.1 This guide describes procedures that can be used to
prepare new zinc-coated surfaces for painting and improve the
bond of paint to the zinc surface.
5. Processes
5.1 Method A, Zinc Phosphate Treatment—This
conversion-coating method consists of reacting the zinc surface
in a zinc acid phosphate solution containing oxidizing agents
and other salts for accelerating the coating action. The zinc
surface is converted to a crystalline phosphate coating of the
proper texture to inhibit corrosion and increase the adherence
and durability of the paint film. Such treatments are recom-
mended for product finishes and may be carried out by
immersion, spray, or brush application.
5.2 Method B, Chromate Treatment—This treatment con-
sists of a dip or spray with a dilute solution of a mixture of
chromium trioxide and other acids, with the proper accelerator,
for a period from 5 to 30 s at room temperature to 55°C
(130°F) to provide a thin amorphous chromate coating that
increases corrosion resistance and paint adhesion.
5.3 Method C, Aqueous Chromic-Organic Treatments—
Certain water-soluble resins, when properly formulated with
chromium compounds, may be applied to zinc surfaces by
roller coat or other suitable means, such as dip and squeegee
rolls. This may be done over a wide temperature range
provided the film is properly baked or cured, or both, as
required by the paint system to be applied. The resultant
coating provides a corrosion-resistant film that increases the
adhesion of applied paint films.
5.4 Method D, Acid-Curing Resinous Treatment (Vinyl Wash
Primer) (See SSPC-Paint No. 27)—This surface treatment is
based on the application of an acid-curing resinous film of
approximately 8 to 13-µm (0.3 to 0.5-mil) thickness. The
treatment is based on three primary components: a hydroxyl-
containing resin, a pigment capable of reacting with the resin
and an acid, and an acid capable of insolubilizing the resin by
reacting with the resin, the pigment, and the zinc surface. The
film is usually applied by spray, but may be applied by brush,
dip, or roller coater. Under normal conditions it will dry
sufficiently for recoating within 30 min, and within 8 h it will
not be softened by organic solvents commonly used in paint
coatings. The film has good adhesion to the metal substrate and
promotes good adhesion of most subsequent organic coatings
to itself. Two types of this treatment are available: (1)
two-package material to be used the day it is mixed and (2)
one-package material that has package stability and does not
require daily preparation.
NOTE 4—It may be difficult to control the dry film thickness within the
parameters of this specification when applied by brush, roller, or dip
coater.
5.5 Method E, Annealing Heat Treatments—Under the con-
trolled conditions obtainable in a mill, hot-dip galvanized
surfaces may be converted and alloyed with the base metal to
change the surface character of the zinc coating and make it
more receptive to paint. This surface can be further improved
by treating in accordance with Methods A, B, C, or D.
5.6 Method F, Amorphous Complex-Oxide Treatment—This
surface treatment method consists of reacting the zinc surface
in an alkaline solution containing heavy metal ions for a period
of 5 to 30 s at 45 to 70°C (115 to 160°F). The surface of the
zinc is converted to a nonmetallic, amorphous, complex-oxide
coating that inhibits corrosion and increases the adhesion and
durability of paint finishes. The treatment can be carried out by
immersion or spray application.
5.7 Method G, Abrasive Blast Treatment—This treatment
method consists of mechanical etching or deformation of the
galvanized surface using abrasive propelled with compressed
air or water. Because of the soft nature of the galvanized metal
zinc layer, it is critical that soft abrasives or reduced operating
pressures, or both, be employed. Excessive operating pres-
sures, high hardness abrasives, and long dwell times can result
in removal of zinc coating thickness (see Appendix X3).
5.8 Method H, Fluro-Titanic/Zirconic Polymer Treatment—
This treatment method is a chromium free analog of the
solutions commonly employed under Method C. It consists of
a combination of poly(acrylic acid) with copolymer resins and
0.01 to 0.1 M H2TiF6 or H2ZrF6. The solution can be applied
to the galvanized steel surface by spray, dip, squeegee or roller
coating. The excess solution is spun-off or otherwise removed
from the metal surface, resulting in a dry in-place surface
treatment. The finished surface consists of a complex oxide
polymer matrix bound to the zinc metal.
6. Keywords
6.1 acid-curing resinous treatment; amorphous complex-
oxide treatment; annealing heat treatment; chromate; chromate
test; chromic-organic treatment; galvanize; phosphate; pre-
treatment; surface treatment; zinc
D 2092 – 95 (2001)e1
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3. APPENDIXES
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. CLEANING OF ZINC SURFACES
X1.1 When zinc surfaces have been soiled in fabrication,
they should be cleaned before finishing. Alkali and acid
cleaners should not be used without consulting the supplier of
the treatment. Organic solvents remove most soils, but do not
remove water-soluble salts unless specially selected. Propri-
etary solutions designed to clean zinc surfaces are available.
NOTE X1.1—The use of solvents containing volatile organic com-
pounds to prepare or clean the surface of metal components contributes to
air pollution in the same manner as the use of solvent containing paints
and coatings. The user of this guide must determine the applicability of
appropriate regulations governing the volatile organic compound content
of generic or proprietary materials used to clean zinc-coated surfaces,
either in shop applications (Miscellaneous Metal Parts), field painting
(Architectural), or specific process industry.
X2. IDENTIFYING THE PRESENCE OF AND REMOVING CHROMATE TREATMENTS USED AS WET-STORAGE (ALSO
CALLED HUMID-STORAGE) STAIN INHIBITORS
X2.1 One of the inhibitors used by producers of zinc-coated
steel is a hexavalent chromium solution. This treatment pre-
vents Method D from working properly.
X2.2 If zinc-coated steel to be painted is galvanized to
order, the order should prohibit the use of hexavalent chro-
mium humid-storage stain treatments.
X2.3 Hexavalent chromium treatment can be removed from
galvanized surfaces by one of the following three methods:
X2.3.1 Weathering the surfaces for six months.
X2.3.2 Abrading the surfaces by sanding.
X2.3.3 Brush-off abrasive blast cleaning.
X2.4 The presence of hexavalent chromium on galvanized
surfaces can be determined by spot testing with diphenylcar-
bohydrazide solution. The spot test can also be used to evaluate
the effectiveness of preparation to remove the treatment.
X2.5 Make the spot test solution as follows:
X2.5.1 Dissolve 0.5 g of 1,5-diphenylcarbohydrazide pow-
der in a mixture of 20 mL acetone and 20 mL denatured
ethanol. Heat the mixture in a warm water bath if necessary.
X2.5.2 Dilute 20 mL of concentrated phosphoric acid to 40
mL by slowly adding to 20 mL of reagent water conforming to
Type IV of Specification D 1193.
X2.5.3 Add the dilute phosphoric acid to the acetone-
alcohol solution.
X2.5.4 Store the solution away from light. Discard if it
becomes discolored. Preferably make fresh solution as needed
using proportionally smaller amounts of ingredients.
X2.6 Conduct the spot test as follows:
X2.6.1 Degrease the test spot on the galvanized surface.
X2.6.2 Place several drops of the test solution on the
galvanized surface.
X2.6.3 If no color develops in the solution within 10 s,
hexavalent chromium is not present.
X2.6.4 If solution droplets turn a pink to purple color, then
hexavalent chromium is present.
X2.6.5 Conduct the spot test on several representative spots
on each individual piece of galvanized steel.
X2.6.6 Test every piece of galvanized steel that is to be
treated for painting.
X3. ABRASIVE BLASTING
X3.1 Typical abrasives might include soft mineral sands
with a mohs hardness #5, or organic media, such as corn cobs
or walnut shells.
X3.2 Typical operating pressures might be #60 psig
measured at the blasting nozzle.
D 2092 – 95 (2001)e1
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4. ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.
This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
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address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or service@astm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website
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D 2092 – 95 (2001)e1
4