In this paper a thermodynamic analysis of cooling tower with air-to-air heat exchanger is presented. During
manual operation of conventional cooling tower, a good quantity of water is evaporated which requires equivalent
amount of makeup water for their condensers. So, in this regard, the thermodynamic model of a cooling with an
air to air heat exchanger is developed using engineering equation solver (EES) software and then simulated in
different climatic conditions of two major cities of Pakistan namely Karachi and Jamshoro through the period of
June & December 2017. The results show a significant variation in water vapor recovery with respect to
atmospheric conditions mainly humidity and ambient air temperature. Results reveal that the when a cooling
tower coupled with air to air heat exchanger maximum amount of water vapors are recovered at Karachi and
ranges up to 67% and 62% in Jamshoro during the month of December.
Design and Development of Combined system of air cooler and water chiller sys...SANJAY NEOLIA
The Combined system of air cooler and water chiller is developed for providing better cooling effect than the conventional air cooler. It also provides cold water for drinking purpose comparatively at low cost than refrigerator. It also decreased moisture content of the air coming through desert cooler upto some extent.
Our services are adapted to cooling towers system audit, regardless of age or ability. Enconenergy has earned a reputation for being a reliable and high quality service provider, guaranteeing and improving the thermal performance of the plant according to customer requirements.
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
1.Refrigeration System
Two types of valves are used on machine air conditioning systems:
Internally-equalized valve - most common
Externally-equalized valve special control
Internally-Equalized Expansion Valve
The refrigerant enters the inlet and screen as a high-pressure liquid. The refrigerant flow is restricted by a metered orifice through which it must pass.
As the refrigerant passes through this orifice, it changes from a high-pressure liquid to a low-pressure liquid (or passes from the
high side to the low side of the system).
Let's review briefly what happens to the refrigerant as we change its pressure.
As a high-pressure liquid, the boiling point of the refrigerant has been raised in direct proportion to its pressure. This has concentrated its heat content into a small area, raising the temperature of the refrigerant higher than that of the air passing over the condenser. This heat will then transfer from the warmer refrigerant to the cooler air, which condenses the refrigerant to a liquid.
The heat transferred into the air is called latent heat of condensation. Four pounds (1.8 kg) of refrigerant flowing per minute through the orifice will result in 12,000 Btu (12.7 MJ) per hour transferred, which is designated a one-ton unit. Six pounds (2.7 kg) of flow per minute will result in 18,000 Btu (19.0 MJ) per hour, or a one and one-half ton unit.
Valve details
The refrigerant flow through the metered orifice is extremely important, anything restricting the flow will affect the entire system.
If the area cooled by the evaporator suddenly gets colder, the heat transfer requirements change. If the expansion valve continued to feed the same amount of refrigerant to the evaporator, the fins and coils would get colder until they eventually freeze over with ice and the air flow is stopped.
A thermal bulb has a small line filled with C02 is attached to the evaporator tailpipe. If the temperature on the tail pipe raises, the gas will expand and cause pressure against the diaphragm. This expansion will then move the seat away from the orifice,
Design and Development of Combined system of air cooler and water chiller sys...SANJAY NEOLIA
The Combined system of air cooler and water chiller is developed for providing better cooling effect than the conventional air cooler. It also provides cold water for drinking purpose comparatively at low cost than refrigerator. It also decreased moisture content of the air coming through desert cooler upto some extent.
Our services are adapted to cooling towers system audit, regardless of age or ability. Enconenergy has earned a reputation for being a reliable and high quality service provider, guaranteeing and improving the thermal performance of the plant according to customer requirements.
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
1.Refrigeration System
Two types of valves are used on machine air conditioning systems:
Internally-equalized valve - most common
Externally-equalized valve special control
Internally-Equalized Expansion Valve
The refrigerant enters the inlet and screen as a high-pressure liquid. The refrigerant flow is restricted by a metered orifice through which it must pass.
As the refrigerant passes through this orifice, it changes from a high-pressure liquid to a low-pressure liquid (or passes from the
high side to the low side of the system).
Let's review briefly what happens to the refrigerant as we change its pressure.
As a high-pressure liquid, the boiling point of the refrigerant has been raised in direct proportion to its pressure. This has concentrated its heat content into a small area, raising the temperature of the refrigerant higher than that of the air passing over the condenser. This heat will then transfer from the warmer refrigerant to the cooler air, which condenses the refrigerant to a liquid.
The heat transferred into the air is called latent heat of condensation. Four pounds (1.8 kg) of refrigerant flowing per minute through the orifice will result in 12,000 Btu (12.7 MJ) per hour transferred, which is designated a one-ton unit. Six pounds (2.7 kg) of flow per minute will result in 18,000 Btu (19.0 MJ) per hour, or a one and one-half ton unit.
Valve details
The refrigerant flow through the metered orifice is extremely important, anything restricting the flow will affect the entire system.
If the area cooled by the evaporator suddenly gets colder, the heat transfer requirements change. If the expansion valve continued to feed the same amount of refrigerant to the evaporator, the fins and coils would get colder until they eventually freeze over with ice and the air flow is stopped.
A thermal bulb has a small line filled with C02 is attached to the evaporator tailpipe. If the temperature on the tail pipe raises, the gas will expand and cause pressure against the diaphragm. This expansion will then move the seat away from the orifice,
I will describe those things in this PPT
Introduction
Principles of air-conditioning,
Type of-of air-conditioning,
Cooling cycle / refrigeration cycle,
The coolant,
thanks
What is meant by “Airconditioning”?
Human Comfort
Why do we need A.C.?
Advantages and Disadvantage of A.C.
Ideal room temperature
some terminology-
Dry-bulb temperature
Wet-bulb temperature:
Dew point
Latent heat
Absolute humidity
Relative humidity
Specific humidity
Sensible heat
Evaporating Cooling
Condensation
Enthalpy
Entropy
7. Classification of air conditioners
8. Windows AC- advantages
Parts of the Window Air Conditioners
Working
The refrigeration system,
Air circulation system-room air cycle and
The hot air cycle.
Ventilation system,
Control system,
electrical protection system.
9.Split or Ductless AC-
Advantages, parts indoor and outdoor,
Types-
Wall mounted
Floor mounted/Tower AC
Ceiling mounted/Cassette AC
Multi Split ACs
10. Central Air Conditioning System
Advantages and disadvantages
11. Key differences between "Window", "Split" and a "cassette" air conditioners.
12. Cooling capacity
13. Energy Efficiency
14.Energy Consumption
15.Energy Efficiency Ratio
16.Energy Saving Methods
17.Some AC brands
HVAC is typically responsible for around 40% of the energy consumption in a building. Frequently, this is the largest energy consuming type of equipment on a site and can therefore provide significant scope for saving energy and money. This fact sheet covers common types of HVAC and will guide you in the right direction to identify energy efficient HVAC initiatives.
Building services engineering, technical building services, architectural engineering, building engineering, or facilities and services planning engineering refers to the implementation of the engineering for the internal environment and environmental impact of a building.
Design of HVAC system for commercial buildingjayeshmahajan24
PowerPoint Presentation Of project:-
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QFU-OVw4YNc
Detailed info of this paper is available on:-
https://www.slideshare.net/jayeshmahajan24/technical-details-of-energy-efficient-hvac-system/edit?src=slideview
In this paper, you will get information about new innovative ideas which should be added to our building. Also, we have invented a new outside wall section that has a low U value which will reduce the heat load of our building and its chip to build.
Application of refrigeration and air conditioningRavindra Kolhe
application of refrigeration and air conditioning which works on vapour compression cycle like refrigerator window air conditioner , water cooler, ice plant .
Cooling Tower: Types and performance evaluation, Efficient system operation, Flow control strategies and energy saving opportunities, Assessment of cooling towers
I will describe those things in this PPT
Introduction
Principles of air-conditioning,
Type of-of air-conditioning,
Cooling cycle / refrigeration cycle,
The coolant,
thanks
What is meant by “Airconditioning”?
Human Comfort
Why do we need A.C.?
Advantages and Disadvantage of A.C.
Ideal room temperature
some terminology-
Dry-bulb temperature
Wet-bulb temperature:
Dew point
Latent heat
Absolute humidity
Relative humidity
Specific humidity
Sensible heat
Evaporating Cooling
Condensation
Enthalpy
Entropy
7. Classification of air conditioners
8. Windows AC- advantages
Parts of the Window Air Conditioners
Working
The refrigeration system,
Air circulation system-room air cycle and
The hot air cycle.
Ventilation system,
Control system,
electrical protection system.
9.Split or Ductless AC-
Advantages, parts indoor and outdoor,
Types-
Wall mounted
Floor mounted/Tower AC
Ceiling mounted/Cassette AC
Multi Split ACs
10. Central Air Conditioning System
Advantages and disadvantages
11. Key differences between "Window", "Split" and a "cassette" air conditioners.
12. Cooling capacity
13. Energy Efficiency
14.Energy Consumption
15.Energy Efficiency Ratio
16.Energy Saving Methods
17.Some AC brands
HVAC is typically responsible for around 40% of the energy consumption in a building. Frequently, this is the largest energy consuming type of equipment on a site and can therefore provide significant scope for saving energy and money. This fact sheet covers common types of HVAC and will guide you in the right direction to identify energy efficient HVAC initiatives.
Building services engineering, technical building services, architectural engineering, building engineering, or facilities and services planning engineering refers to the implementation of the engineering for the internal environment and environmental impact of a building.
Design of HVAC system for commercial buildingjayeshmahajan24
PowerPoint Presentation Of project:-
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QFU-OVw4YNc
Detailed info of this paper is available on:-
https://www.slideshare.net/jayeshmahajan24/technical-details-of-energy-efficient-hvac-system/edit?src=slideview
In this paper, you will get information about new innovative ideas which should be added to our building. Also, we have invented a new outside wall section that has a low U value which will reduce the heat load of our building and its chip to build.
Application of refrigeration and air conditioningRavindra Kolhe
application of refrigeration and air conditioning which works on vapour compression cycle like refrigerator window air conditioner , water cooler, ice plant .
Cooling Tower: Types and performance evaluation, Efficient system operation, Flow control strategies and energy saving opportunities, Assessment of cooling towers
INDUSTRIAL WASTE HEAT USED IN TYPICAL THERMAL POWER PLANTIAEME Publication
An advanced waste heat and water recovery technology has been developed to extract a portion of the water vapor and its latent heat from flue gases based on a nonporous ceramic membrane capillary condensation separation mechanism. The recovered water is of high quality and mineral free, therefore can be used as supplemental makeup water for almost all industrial processes. The technology was first developed and proven at industrial demonstration scale for gas-fired package boilers,
This paper describes an experimental study of using the waste heat from a Panasonic Under-
Ceiling split room air - conditioner had a rated capacity of 3.51 kW (12,000 Btu/h). An under – ceiling
split type air conditioning for heating domestic water in private homes. Energy recovery improved the
performance, and the recovered energy could replace electricity completely for heating domestic water
use. An extra charge of refrigerant in the air-conditioner could prevent its compressor from over heating
during energy recovery. The experimental conducted on varies capacity of the range from 22.5 litres to
120 litres storage tank. Results show the water temperature increased lies in the range of 50 OC to 65
OC. It was found that, when the initial water temperature in the 22.5 litres storage tank 27 OC, the water
temperature reached 65 OC in 105 minutes. For 120 litres water, temperature increased from 27 OC to 62
OC,5 in 240 minutes.
Performance evaluation of an incorporation of a compact liquid desiccant syst...eSAT Journals
Abstract The primary goal of this paper is to suggest incorporation of a compact liquid desiccant system into an evaporative cooling-assisted 100% outdoor air system as an alternative proposal to the traditional vapor compression refrigeration system, especially with small loads, as well as to counteract the variation of climates. Current study presents an experimental analysis for building air conditioning system with using a LiCl aqueous solution as a liquid desiccant. Four air flow rate values are used for obtaining variable values of cooling capacity. Thermal and electrical COP is adopted to evaluate the system performance. The proposed system has the ability to improve indoor air quality, energy saving and environmental protection. Keywords: Air conditioning; Liquid desiccant; Evaporative cooling; 100% Outdoor air; Energy saving
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Water condensation system based on thermoelectric coller using solar energyIJAAS Team
The main objective of the paper is to develop a water condensation system based on thermoelectric cooler using solar Energy to convert atmospheric moisture directly into usable and even drinking water. This idea can be extended further in future – For large scale implementation, RO and UV water filter can be used for producing such water that meets the standard of WHO and BIS easily. Peltier device has many types of models which are much efficient than TEC1. Those can be used. As the paper aims at producing water from atmosphere and keeping this device handy, large sized scrubbers are not used for better air filtration. Scrubbers can remove all the oxides from the air. For large implementation it can be handled. The concept of this paper can also be used as a better alternative in refrigeration science against conventional systems. It can also be observed in this way i.e. the usage of such low power semiconductor devices are indicating towards more prominent evolution of cooling engineering that is going to alter the whole scenario and myths about the power consumption of refrigeration science. Thus in near future we will be able to use such devices that are now limited within the paper.
Conversion of dessert cooler into low cost air conditioner using peltier moduleeSAT Journals
Abstract This paper describes design and fabrication of dessert cooler with certain modifications so that it can be used as low cost air conditioner. The cooling in conventional cooler is done along Wet Bulb Temperature line that reduces Dry Bulb Temperature but simultaneously it increases specific humidly. This paper aims to reduce this humidity with the use of peltier module. This system provides better results than that of conventional cooler. The only disadvantage observed; is long time required to get the desired cooling effect. Keywords: Dessert Cooler, Peltier Module, Dry Bulb Temperature, Wet bulb Temperature
Performance Enhancement of an Air Conditioner with Condensate Mist Cooled Con...IJMTST Journal
This paper presents a simple and efficient methodology to design a household (and can also be used for
commercial air conditioning purposes) air conditioner, predicts the performance of air conditioning unit and
how the thermal performance can be improved, when the water mist system is coupled with the air cooled
conditioner as a pre-cool for condenser inlet air to increase the cooling capacity, and decrease the compressor
power consumption. Inputs for formulation include inlet air DBT and humidity ratio, air velocity, water
temperature and flow rate, and geometrical properties of evaporative medium. Generally air conditioning
units are used for small and medium scale residential buildings and the large units are used for the
commercial purposes. Therefore, more energy efficiency and lower cost are needed along with reliable control
for the air conditioning units. The influence of condenser and evaporator inlet air temperatures on the cooling
capacity and power consumption has been investigated and presented. It has been found that due to the
coupling of water mist with air cooled condenser, the cooling capacity of the air-cooled,air conditioner can be
increased up to 17.5%, and the compressor power consumption can be reduced up to 15.5%. Thus, it is
concluded that the application of water mist condenser, inlet air pre-cooling could increase the COP by up to
37%, especially when the ambient relative humidity is low[10].
Anti-Smog Radar Application for VehiclesIJMREMJournal
Smog is regarded as a dangerous situation for vehicles as the visibility of human fails and a person cannot
drive smoothly and safely which can lead to severe accidents and routine disturbances. Hence, “Anti-Smog
Radar Application for Vehicles” is proposed using Internet of Things technology which ensures the smooth flow
of vehicles in smog and prevents accidents in time and cost-efficient manner by detecting and displaying the
front objects with their important information (distance, position, velocity and size) on smart phone used by
authenticated drivers. The radar application controls the hardware system to be deployed on vehicles through
which the user can start, stop and set the hardware in particular direction. The hardware contains NodeMcu
(Microcontroller with built-in Wi-Fi), Ultrasonic sensor and servo motor. The servo is used to detect the
position of front objects and ultrasonic sensor is clipped on servo to detect the objects. For alerts, the objects
are drawn with different colors on application i.e. the red colored objects will be near to the vehicle, the yellow
colored objects will be at some distance from the vehicle and the green colored objects will be far from the
vehicle. Kalman algorithm is used to filter the ultrasonic readings to eliminate the noise. The proposed system
can work in every condition i.e. in day and night.
IoT based Environmental Monitoring and Control SystemIJMREMJournal
IoT plays a major role in collecting the information from the sensing unit enclosing our environment due to
alterations in the climate which led to the significance of environmental monitoring. This Paper presents a
development of real time environmental monitoring and control system by utilizing Node MCU, DHT11 sensor,
ACS712 current sensor, Thing Speak (Open IoT analytics service) and Blynk application. The main task of
monitoring parameters (Humidity, temperature and power consumption) with real time sensors is done by Thing
Speak continuously which has API (Application programming Interface) for gathering sensed data and enabling
users to observe the monitored data in graphs for an interval of every 15 seconds.
This project is also designed to control home devices sitting at any place in the world by utilizing power
efficiently through Blynk application which is used to read data from sensors located in home environment using
smart phone and to turn on/off heating and cooling appliances automatically with respect to room temperature
values.
Analysis and Implementation of Solid-State Relays in Industrial application F...IJMREMJournal
There are many applications and circumstances where switching devices are required for proper operation,
controlling and isolating the high power and low power systems. The most widely used switching devices are
electromechanical relays and solid state relays. In this work, analysis and implementation of solid state relays over
electromechanical relays with respect to instantaneous current supply inindustrial application is conducted and
compared. For this purpose, an experimental setup is arranged for switching operation of electromechanical relays
and solid-state relays.The results of voltage and the current transients are analyzed and compared. It was observed
that there are no transients occurred during switching of solid state relays where as during switching of
electromechanical relay transients observed in volatge and current waveforms. So, it is advisable to use the solid
state relays over electromagnetic relay for safe and smooth operation of the system.
MIM (Mobile Instant Messaging) Classification using Term Frequency-Inverse Do...IJMREMJournal
The focus of the study is based on binary sentiment classification on aspect level to develop a hybrid sentiment
classification framework of WhatsApp MIMs (Mobile Instant Messages). It has been carried out into two phases
i.e. training phase and testing phase. The training phase, 75% data is used for training dataset. Pre-processing
techniques like tokenization, removing stop words, case normalization, removing punctuation and stemming are
applied to acquire cleaner dataset to be used as input. The output is sent to the classifier after applying TF-IDF
for feature weighting. In the second phase, the classifier is trial with 25% testing dataset. Bernoulli’s Naïve
Bayesian classifier which is an improved form of traditional Naïve Bayesian classifier is used to classify
sentiments. There are 417 messages in total where 244 and 173 are classified as positive and negative
respectively. The proposed model has achieved satisfactory results up to 81.73% in comparison to base-line
classification model by getting 12 points higher accuracy i.e. 69.23%.
Is Lean Management applicable to the hospital and for which results?IJMREMJournal
lean management is a mode of organism inspired by Toyotism; His practice is evident throughout the world and
is one of the most affected institutions, except that the latter is a different profession. There is no shared vision
among the different actors on measuring the performance of the hospital. The activity of the hospital applies to
unique "products": each patient, with its peculiar specificity. The relationship of the workers with the patient is
radically different from the relationship of the worker with his product. That is why the practice of Lean has a
certain specificity in the health field.
Fabrication and Performance Analysis of Solar Tracking System by Using By-Pas...IJMREMJournal
Energy is a burning issue that almost every person experience now a days. Energy demand increases exponentially
since a decade. Due to the global warming and it’s threatening impacts on human life. Therefore, to overcome
such disastrous impacts on the planet, renewable energy resources play vital role now a days. Solar energy is one
of the vastest available renewable energy resources around the globe, but the main issue is its poor efficiency.
Pakistan is facing energy shortage that can be compensated through solar power and the need is to design a project
that maximizes its efficiency. So, the research is mainly focused on improving efficiency of solar panels against
shading loss by using different techniques. In this research, different results will be obtained and compared with
different techniques which are LDR based solar tracking system, by-pass diodes technology and super capacitors.
Fabrication of solar tracker is based on Microcontroller that drives L298N driver to operate stepper motor.
Reactivity Feedback Effect on the Reactor Behaviour during SBLOCA in a 4-loop...IJMREMJournal
The reactivity coefficient is a very important parameter for safety and Stability of reactors operation. To provide
the safety analysis of the reactor, the calculation of changes in reactivity caused by temperature is necessary
because it is related to the reactor operation. The objective is to study the effect of the temperature reactivity
coefficients of fuel and moderator of the PWR core, as well as the moderator density and boron concentration on
fluid density, reactivity, void fraction. peak fuel clad temperature and time to core uncover were found for two
feedback cases. This paper focuses on the effect of the Reactivity feedback, of the 6" (6-inch) Cold Leg
SBLOCA sequences in a 4-loop PWR Westinghouse nuclear power plant with a scram for various feedback,
moderator density coefficient, MDC, moderator temperature coefficient, MTC, the fuel temperature coefficient,
FTC, and boron concentrations. Dragon neutronic code is used for calculating reactivity's coefficient which is
used in RELAP5 thermal hydraulic computer code to simulate the effect of Reactivity feedback during Cold
Leg SBLOCA. The plant nodalization consists of two loops; the first one represents the broken loop and the
second one represents the other three intact loops. In the present analysis two models in RELAP5 code for
computation of the reactivity feedback, separable and tabular models are used. The 6-inch break size was chosen
because the previous work [1], showed that it was the worst size break in a 4-loop PWR Westinghouse. The
results show that the neglecting of the reactivity feed-back effect causes overheating of the clad and that the
importance of the reactivity feed-back on calculating the power (reactivity) which the key parameter that
controls the clad and fuel temperatures to maintain them below their melting point and therefore prevent core
uncover and fuel damage where the fuel temperature, clad temperature and core water level are in the range.
Lyapunov-type inequalities for a fractional q, -difference equation involvin...IJMREMJournal
In this paper, we present new Lyapunov-type inequalities for a fractional boundary value problem of
fractional
q, -difference equation with p-Laplacian operator. The obtained inequalities are used to obtain a
lower bound for the eigenvalues of corresponding equations.
The Policies of Government Intervention as Third-Party for Conflict in Bike-S...IJMREMJournal
This research accesses to the unbalance phenomenon between the rapid development of Sharing bicycle industry
and the good public order. Taking into account the inconsistent goals of bicycle companies and users, the local
government is employed as a third party to mediate the conflict. We establish the conflict model including three
decision makers - Enterprises, Citizens and Government - based on GMCR (Graph Model for Conflict Resolution)
theory, and then find out the equilibrium by means of the decision support system GMCR II. The results show that
the sustainable development of the Sharing bicycle market requires the cooperation and efforts of all the three
parties, the government plays a necessary role to guide the enterprises and the users. We also propose some
management insights on how to provide suggestions for the sharing bicycle companies to improve their
dispatching services, and how to establish and improve relevant laws and regulations to guide citizens to use
shared bicycles in order to achieve mutual benefits
Epidemiological study for Trichomonas Vaginalis for Discrete time model and C...IJMREMJournal
During the period of July until December 2017 Conduct an epidemiological study to investigate the prevalence
of Trichomonas Vaginalis among women who have been consulted for the consultation and emergency of the
maternity and child hospital in Diwaniyah city in Iraq. The number of specimens examined was 857 samples
and the ages ranged between 15-60 years. After the swabs were taken, the direct examination and coloring and
planting on the different food communities to diagnose parasitic Trichomonas vaginalis the incidence of
Trichomonas vaginalis was 129 (17%). Using the mathematical model discrete time model and continuous time
model, it was observed that the highest percentage of infection was in July and the disease began to fade until it
reached the lowest rate in December. Using the mathematical model mentioned above, it was noted that
teaching a significant role in curbing the spread of the disease.
Energy Conservation through Smart Building and Smart Lighting SystemIJMREMJournal
Energy conservation is an extensive topic due to the propagation of electricity demand and challenges globally
and is regarded as one of the most significant issues affects the power system quality, global environment and
consumers. Smart building is a technology that can connect everything to networks or systems to monitor and
control them in various areas such as offices, energy-consuming devices especially in laboratories, security
devices etc. Nevertheless, people's perception about using smart technology for energy saving is still in the mind’s
eye. This means that people discuss about environmental awareness readily. Due to the availability of electricity
and its elemental role, regulating consumers’ behaviours towards power savings can be a challenge. Remarkably,
the gap in today's smart technology design in smart buildings is the compassionate of consumers’ attitudes and
the merging of this perspective into the smart technology. Implementation of PLC based controlling system is a
convenient method to save the power and energy strategy for whole building. Furthermore, prepare a lighting
scheme can results a rapid response in energy conservation. Consequently, PLC Automatic system removes the
human intervention which makes the process smart and energy reduction will gives benefits to the consumers in
terms of reducing the cost of electricity bills. Nonetheless, contemporary buildings’ energy conservation has been
significant solution to cope with the rising electricity necessity.
The Effect of Workplace Relationship toward Job Satisfaction of Divine Word C...IJMREMJournal
The study was conducted to determine workplace relationship between employer and employees and among employees of Divine Word Colleges in Ilocos Sur, Philippines and its effect on the job satisfaction. Literatures and studies were reviewed, and questionnaires were used to gather the data related to workplace relationship and job satisfaction. The respondents of the study are employees of the colleges of Ilocos region which include Ilocos Sur and Ilocos Norte. The study is a descriptive study involving survey and fact-finding inquiry. Weighted mean and Pearson r were used to determine the workplace relationship and its correlation with job satisfaction. The study found that there is a significant correlation between workplace relationship and job satisfaction. Therefore, the study recommends that management need to monitor and improve workplace relationship between employer and employees and among employees and also improve and monitor factors that affect job satisfaction.
Semi-automatic Picture Book Generation based on Story Model and Agent-based S...IJMREMJournal
In the fields of artificial intelligence, automatic narrative generation has attracted considerable interest. Lots of studies on narrative generation have been reported such as novel, comic, and picture book. However, most of those reuse original stories, pictures, and sentences. As a result, there is a problem that generated narratives infringe on copyright. In this paper, we focus on the picture book as the narrative because picture book is a mix of images and language. As a first step of automatic story generation without representation mediums, we propose a novel semi-automatic picture book generation method based on story model and agent-based simulation. The computational experiments are carried out to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method
Efficiency Evaluation of Thailand Gross Domestic Product Using DEAIJMREMJournal
The goal of this research is to evaluate the efficiency of GDP in Thailand from the past years and provide suggestions for government and policy-makers on ways to manage inputs and improve outputs in the future while enhancing the GDP of Thailand. The paper analyzed the data collected from Office of the National Economic and Social Development of Thailand through a period of 25 years ranging from 1993 to 2017. The results show that the year 2017 was the worst years in terms of efficiency. In order to achieve the research goal, data envelopment analysis (DEA) was used. Theoretically, research has found that evaluation of GDP can be improved by eradicating the negative values of slack movement. In economic terms, the research proposed the promotion of export-led growth, business incubators, and entrepreneurship to boost not only the inputs but also the GPD of the country. In general, the GDP of Thailand is quite efficient. This research can provide strategic advice for Thai Government to improve the Gross Domestic Product thoroughly
Predicting Trade Conflict Outcomes using a Third-Party Intervention ModelIJMREMJournal
As anti-import sentiment and protectionism have been increasing, more papers have focused on using theories to explain or resolve them. However, most research has focused on disputes involving larger nations such that there is not much relatable information for disputes such as the one between South Africa and Zimbabwe. The aim of this paper was to bridge the knowledge gap by using the graph model for conflict resolution and the decision support software GMCRII to simulate possible responses to this regional trade conflict. This thirdparty intervention model will assist in investigating and prescribing a diplomatic solution with fair compromise to resolve the unequal trade problem between Zimbabwe and South Africa without harming the economies of both the countries. This research found that a peaceful resolution of the disagreement could be found by the addition of a third-party to help in the conflict resolution thereby ending the prolonged trade conflict. This undertaking will serve as a template for modelling and predicting an outcome in the event of third-party intervention for future trade disputes involving regional trade partners with emerging or developing economies such as those that exist in Africa
Proposed Framework for Effective Management of End-User Stakeholders’ in Publ...IJMREMJournal
Significant infrastructure such as roads, prisons, schools, rail tracks and train systems, among others are currently developed through the involvement of Public Private Partnership (PPP) arrangements which have been acknowledged internationally in recent time. The poor management of end-user stakeholder during PPP projects in developing nation like Nigeria has been established as one of the major factor affecting the successful growth and development of PPP projects. Due to the paucity in research on end-user stakeholder management on PPP projects in Nigeria, informs this study aim to expose the main strategic factors that can accommodate end-user stakeholder’s management in any PPP road project in Nigeria. The professionals that have worked on the project cum the end-user of the project area were used as targeted respondents for the adopted case study and survey strategies method approach. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the eighteen (18) interviews that were conducted having completed and analysed total number of 282 questionnaires using reliability and factor analysis approach. Seven valid underlying factors were revealed from 28 variables that were left on the questionnaire data with the aid of factor analysis which were used later as factors affecting end-user stakeholders’ management in PPP road project in Nigeria. A proposed framework was created with the seven underlying factors as a template for any successful PPP road project in developing country like Nigeria. These will quench the agitation of enduser stakeholders’ quarrels on PPP toll road projects
Fresh and Hardened Properties of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag Made Co...IJMREMJournal
This research work was carried out on concrete specimens made with different proportion of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) as a cement substitution in concrete. To accomplish the goal of the research work, overall 75 cubes and 60 cylinders were made. Out of 75 cubes and 60 cylinders, 15 cubes and 12 cylinders were cast for control concrete, and 60 cubes and 48 cylinders were cast by replacing 5,10,15 and 20% of cement with GGBFS. The cubes and cylinder specimens were 100x100x100 mm and 100x200 mm respectively, and mix design was done for 28 Mpa. All specimens were tested at 3. 7, 28 and 90 days of curing ages. The fresh properties such as workability and hardened properties such as compressive and tensile strength of all mixes were determined. Tests results showed that the workability of the concrete mixes made with GGBFS was higher than control mix. As the percentage of GGBFS increased the workability also increased. Hardened properties of concrete mixes made with GGBFS was lower than control concrete at early ages of curing. At the later age, hardened properties of GGBFS made concrete was more than control concrete. Furthermore, water absorption and density of GGBFS made concrete was lower than control concrete.
Design and Evaluation of Open Graded Hot Mix Asphalt Using Cement as A Grout...IJMREMJournal
Road networks ought to be efficiently designed to be safe, speedy and loading sustaining as it has a significant importance in country’s development. For that, pavement should be designed efficiently to exhibit better strength, durability and economical at the same time. Generally, a pavement is classified as Flexible or Rigid. Flexible pavement is opened early to traffic, has good riding quality and ease of maintenance but owing to heavy loading conditions these pavements are more susceptible to wear and tear. On the contrary rigid pavement is load sustaining, durable but having higher construction cost and poor riding quality. World is heading to semirigid pavement which exhibits characteristics of both these pavements. It is the combination of cement concrete and porous asphalt concrete which is achieved by leaving 25% to 30% air voids infused by cement grouts and is known as Semi-rigid pavement.In this research, semi-rigid pavement was designed using ratio of grout of optimum mix was 1:0.55 at water cement ratio by 2% of cement dosage with SP. Study concludes that, Semirigid pavement’s Marshall stability of 7 days was almost 85% of rigid pavement and 28 days compressive strength of semi-rigid pavement was almost 30.5% that of rigid pavement. Besides, it has been ensured that 7 days strength is comparable to 28 days strength of Semi-rigid pavement.
Design of Cold Recycled Emulsified Asphalt Mixtures Using Portland Cement as ...IJMREMJournal
Cold Recycling is getting popularity in research sector and construction industries because it overcomes all the issues of Hot Mix Asphalt of more consumption of natural resources, high production energy, central plant recycling, effect of greenhouse gases and non-feasibility in colder regions. In this research study, a cold recycled mixture is designed and compared in terms of mechanical and volumetric properties with control hot mix asphalt mixture, using 60% RAP (reclaimed asphalt pavement) aggregates and 40 % virgin aggregates to fulfill gradation requirements. Asphalt emulsion for cold recycled mixtures is used as a binder with varying five contents (4.3%, 4.8%, 5.3%, 5.8% and 6.3%). Also, a modified cold recycled mixture is prepared at optimum emulsion content of control cold recycled mixture by partially replacing conventional aggregate mineral filler with three different contents of Portland cement (2%, 3% and 4%) of total dry mass of aggregates. Marshall mix design procedure was adopted to calculate the optimum (bitumen, emulsion and filler content) for control hot mix asphalt, control cold recycled mixture and modified cold recycled mixtures respectively. Mechanical properties of each of these mixtures were compared with each other and it was found that modified cold recycled mixtures were better than controlled cold recycled mixture and comparable in properties to hot mix asphalt mixtures and Optimum filler content of Portland cement for modified cold recycled mixture was found to be at 4%.
Thermodynamic Analysis of Cooling Tower with Air to Air Heat Exchanger for Re...IJMREMJournal
In this paper a thermodynamic analysis of cooling tower with air-to-air heat exchanger is presented. During manual operation of conventional cooling tower, a good quantity of water is evaporated which requires equivalent amount of makeup water for their condensers. So, in this regard, the thermodynamic model of a cooling with an air to air heat exchanger is developed using engineering equation solver (EES) software and then simulated in different climatic conditions of two major cities of Pakistan namely Karachi and Jamshoro through the period of June & December 2017. The results show a significant variation in water vapor recovery with respect to atmospheric conditions mainly humidity and ambient air temperature. Results reveal that the when a cooling tower coupled with air to air heat exchanger maximum amount of water vapors are recovered at Karachi and ranges up to 67% and 62% in Jamshoro during the month of December.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
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introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
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and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
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adversary training.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
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A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
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Thermodynamic Analysis of Cooling Tower with Air to Air Heat Exchanger for Reducing Evaporative Losses
1. International Journal of Modern Research in Engineering & Management (IJMREM)
||Volume|| 1||Issue|| 10 ||Pages|| 55-62 || November 2018|| ISSN: 2581-4540
www.ijmrem.com IJMREM Page 55
Thermodynamic Analysis of Cooling Tower with Air to Air Heat
Exchanger for Reducing Evaporative Losses
1,
Ans Ahmed Memon, 2,
Muhammad waqas Chandio, 3,
Saadat Ali khokhar
1,
Student M.E. (Energy Systems Engg.) PGS, Mehran UET Jamshoro;
2,
Lab.Supervisor, Mechanical Engg. Mehran UET, Jamshoro
3,
Student M.E. (Energy Systems Engg.), Mehran UET, Jamshoro
---------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT-------------------------------------------------------
In this paper a thermodynamic analysis of cooling tower with air-to-air heat exchanger is presented. During
manual operation of conventional cooling tower, a good quantity of water is evaporated which requires equivalent
amount of makeup water for their condensers. So, in this regard, the thermodynamic model of a cooling with an
air to air heat exchanger is developed using engineering equation solver (EES) software and then simulated in
different climatic conditions of two major cities of Pakistan namely Karachi and Jamshoro through the period of
June & December 2017. The results show a significant variation in water vapor recovery with respect to
atmospheric conditions mainly humidity and ambient air temperature. Results reveal that the when a cooling
tower coupled with air to air heat exchanger maximum amount of water vapors are recovered at Karachi and
ranges up to 67% and 62% in Jamshoro during the month of December.
KEYWORDS: Thermodynamic analysis, Makeup water consumption, wet cooling tower, water vapor
recovery, effect of climate on wet cooling tower
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: Date, 14 November 2018 Date of Accepted: 21 November 2018
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
The world’s energy use is growing rapidly and increasing concern to the depletion of existing natural resources.
The conservation of energy resources becomes a key issue in the world. Out of these resources, energy resources
are consumed in power generation, industrial applications, commercial and residential buildings comfort
conditioning. In current scenario, Pakistan is also facing water crisis along with energy crisis, most of thermal
power generating systems, industrial hubs utilize plenty of water for its applications but as a water crisis concern,
we have to focus how to minimize water losses in these sectors in order to subside these crises. Most power
generating systems, refrigeration and industrial processes generates heat that must be removed and dissipated [1].
So, water is generally used as heat transfer medium to remove heat from condenser or industrial heat exchangers
to sink(atmosphere) [2]. This is due to the fact that water has high specific heat than any other medium and gives
higher heat transfer coefficient, an-other reason is that water is dense liquid and it enables in easiness in handling
from one place to other. Cooling tower is a device that cools the warm water coming from systems i.e. engines,
condensers etc. and recycle the water back into systems for economy and used as coolant once again [3]. It makes
use of evaporation whereby some amount of water is evaporated by air stream moving in opposite direction to the
water, and then subsequently discharged to atmosphere. The main source of energy loss in a cooling tower is the
energy loss in terms of its water evaporation loss, pumping loss, leakage loss, inefficient equipment design,
improper control on equipment’s. The water loss through evaporation can be compensated by addition of makeup
water continuously into the water circuit. As a result of which remaining amount of water is cooled down
significantly as shown Fig:1.1
Fig.1 Schematic diagram of conventional induced draft wet cooling water [4]
2. Thermodynamic Analysis of Cooling Tower…
www.ijmrem.com IJMREM Page 56
According to nature of cooling, cooling towers are used in two configurations, i.e. wet and dry cooling towers.
Mostly wet cooling towers are preferred in industrial application and power plants due to higher specific cooling
capacity [5]. Wet cooling tower consumes the maximum amount of water in a power plant, it utilizes large amount
of water in cooling down and creates loss in evaporation and waste greater amounts of water, so in order to proper
functioning some amount of makeup water is added to compensate these losses. So, it is too important in industrial
and power plants to minimize water losses in wet cooling tower. Following are the possible ways through which
water losses in a cooling tower can be reduces.
1) By changing the wet cooling tower to dry or hybrid cooling tower.
2) Reducing in blowdown losses with increasing cycles of concentration
3) Utilizing an air-to-air heat exchanger.
Modification in the design of steam turbine, condenser and related components is required for converting wet
cooling tower to dry or hybrid cooling tower, which decreases the efficiency of the power plant. Reducing
blowdown along with operating at higher (COC) cycles of concentration can increase the risk of scaling, fouling
and corrosion except when some sort of treatment is applied. So evaporative lose could be minimized by utilizing
an air to air heat exchanger. The work in [6] used a laboratory scale wet cooling tower with an air to air heat
exchanger in order to study how much water consumption can be reduced. The air-air heat exchanger condenses
the water vapor back into sump by inletting ambient air throughout the heat exchanger by an auxiliary fan. This
laboratory model saves the evaporative water loss about 35%, depending on surrounding air conditions. According
to [8] increases overall water efficiency of cooling tower by controlling blowdown and vapor losses. Ozone
treatment reduces the use of chemicals, in this way reducing blowdown losses. A vapor recovery system that
consists fiber filter of round shape, at the top of the cooling tower, absorbs the water vapor coming out of cooling
tower and then condenses it. The results show that about 10% of the evaporated water can be recovered with this
method. It is evident from the literature review presented above that evaporative water loss is crucial among all
water losses in cooling tower. Most of the researchers have tried to reduce this evaporative loss with the
applications of different techniques applied on cooling tower, some of them have utilized fiber filter to soak the
evaporated water loss, increase in cycles of concentration (COC), using air to air heat exchangers to minimize
evaporative loss and decrease in makeup water addition. So, in this regard the core purpose of this work is to
minimize evaporative water loss by an air to air heat exchanger coupled at top of cooling tower.
II. DESCRIPTION OF NEW DESIGN OF COOLING TOWER
The wet cooling tower is basically a heat exchanging device that cools the warm water coming from engines,
condensers of power plants and dissipate this heat to environment by combination of sensible and latent heat into
the ambient air. In wet type of cooling towers, hot water is carried at top of tower where it showered with the help
of nozzles and stems the water on film media to ensures the proper maxing of water and ambient air in the tower.
This outside ambient air is introduced in the tower with the help of louvers in the form of horizontal slats on both
sides of cooling tower. These slats are inclined downwards to make sure water remains inside of tower. As the
mixing between water and ambient air increases the heat transfer from water to air also increases which results in
more decrease in water temperature. Now this cool water is sumped at basin, where some amount of water is
removed in order to maintain required level of dissolved solids and impurities known as blowdown. Some amount
of fresh makeup water is added in cooling tower basin to compensate water losses evaporative, blowdown and
drift. When the cooling tower is equipped with a fan at its top location this is known as induced draft wet cooling
tower, in this tower air flows throughout the tower with low to medium velocity via this fan. This fan also
dissipates the air water vapor mixture to surrounding and guide into the proposed air to air heat exchanger. This
fan has adjustable pitch blades for minimum consumption of electric power, its power consumption also depends
on climatic conditions and cooling load. The humid warm air leaving the cooling tower from top lid passes
throughout an air-to-air heat exchanger, where its temperature is lowered by an ambient air crossing through the
heat exchanger simultaneously. So as a result of this, condensation of humid air which results in decrement of
actual evaporative loss. This condensate water will decrease in makeup water addition subsequently. The design
of new wet cooling tower equipped with an air-to-air heat exchanger is developed by using engineering equation
solver software (EES).
3. Thermodynamic Analysis of Cooling Tower…
www.ijmrem.com IJMREM Page 57
Fig.2 Schematic diagram of proposed induced draft wet cooling water
III. THERMODYNAMIC MODELLING DESCRIPTION
The thermodynamic modelling of an induced draft wet cooling tower has been carried out by taking into
consideration of fundamental equations of thermodynamics. Mass and energy expressions for cross flow wet
cooling tower and other related equations are provided and furnished here as under. The main operating
parameters considered for energy analysis of cooling tower are, inlet air temperature, pressure, relative humidity.
In the similar fashion, the temperature of water is considered as the inlet of cooling tower. The energy balance
and water balance equations are used to analyze thermal performance of cooling tower.
A. Assumptions:
➢ The process is assumed to be steady.
➢ The mass flow rate of dry air remains constant during entire process.
➢ Dry air and water vapors is ideal gases.
➢ The kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
➢ The radiant heat transfer is assumed to be negligible.
➢ The mass flow rate of water is considered as constant.
➢ Heat transfer through the tower wall to the environment is negligible.
➢ Water loss by drift is negligible.
B. Applying Mass and Energy Balances on Cooling Tower
∑𝑚̇ 𝑖𝑛 = ∑𝑚̇ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 (1)
∑𝑚̇ 𝑖𝑛 and ∑𝑚̇ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 represents total mass flow rate of air and water at inlet and outlet of cooling tower.
Mass balance of dry air for cooling tower:
𝑚̇ 𝑎,[1]= 𝑚̇ 𝑎,[2]= 𝑚̇ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 (2)
Mass balance for water and vapor content in air stream:
𝑚̇ 3 + 𝑚̇ 𝑎1 𝜔1 = 𝑚̇ 4 + 𝑚̇ 𝑎2 𝜔2 (3)
Water evaporation rate:
When air and water come in contact, some amount of water evaporates. The rate of evaporation can be
calculated as below
𝑚̇ 𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝 = 𝑚̇ 𝑎1(𝜔2 − 𝜔1) (4)
Energy balance on cooling tower:
The energy balance equation for fluid flow inside of cooling tower revelers that “energy transferred from hot
water (inlet circulating water) is gained by atmospheric air supplied to tower (outlet air) of cooling tower.
∑ 𝑚̇ ℎ = ∑ 𝑚̇ ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛 (5)
𝑚̇ 𝑎1ℎ1 + 𝑚̇ 3ℎ3 = 𝑚̇ 𝑎2ℎ2 + 𝑚̇ 4ℎ4 (6)
Solving for 𝑚̇ 𝑎 gives
4. Thermodynamic Analysis of Cooling Tower…
www.ijmrem.com IJMREM Page 58
𝑚̇ 𝑎 =
𝑚̇ 3(ℎ3−ℎ4)
(ℎ2−ℎ1)−(𝜔2−𝜔1)ℎ4
(7)
Range of cooling tower: The temperature difference between water inlet and outlet of the cooling tower is
known as range of a cooling tower.
𝑅 = ( Tw,1 – T w,2) (8)
Approach of cooling tower:
Approach = (T w,2 –Twet bulb) (9)
Effectiveness:
The effectiveness of a cooling tower is defined as the ration of range to ideal range i.e.,
∈=
(ℎ2−h1)
(hmax _2−ℎ1)
(10)
Alternatively, the effectiveness is the ratio of range to sum of range and approach.
∈=
𝑅
𝑅+𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ
(11)
C. Applying Mass and Energy Balances on Heat Exchanger
∑𝑚̇ 𝑖𝑛 = ∑𝑚̇ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 (4.12)
∑𝑚̇ 𝑖𝑛 and ∑𝑚̇ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 represents total mass flow rate of air and water at inlet and outlet of heat exchanger.
Mass balance of dry air for heat exchanger:
𝑚̇ 𝑎,[7]= 𝑚̇ 𝑎,[8]= 𝑚̇ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 (4.13)
Mass balance for water and vapor content in air stream for heat exchanger:
𝑚̇ 9 𝜔9 + 𝑚̇ 𝑎7 𝜔7 = 𝑚̇ 10 𝜔10 + 𝑚̇ 𝑎8 𝜔8+𝑚̇ [11]𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑: (4.14)
Energy balance on heat exchanger:
The energy balance equation for heat exchanger revelers that “energy transferred from warm saturated vapors is
gained by flowing atmospheric air throughout heat exchanger and remaining exhausted through heat exchanger.
∑ 𝑚̇ ℎ = ∑ 𝑚̇ ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛
𝑚̇ 𝑎9ℎ9 + 𝑚̇ 7ℎ7 = 𝑚̇ 𝑎10ℎ10 + 𝑚̇ 8ℎ8 + 𝑚̇ [11]𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑:ℎ𝑓𝑔 (4.15)
Actual heat transfer rate in air to heat exchanger:
𝑄̇ 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 𝜀 𝑄̇ 𝑚𝑎𝑥 (4.16)
The condensing water (𝑚̇ [11]𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑:) from the heat exchanger:
𝑚̇ [11]𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑: =̇ 𝑚̇ 𝑎9 (𝜔9 − 𝜔10) (4.17)
In order to compare the makeup water used in cooling tower including air to air heat exchanger with the
condensing water to measure the recovery(saving) of the evaporative water loss.
𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 =
𝑚̇ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒
𝑚̇ 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑢𝑝
∗ 100 (4.18)
The thermodynamic model was developed by using EES software and then simulated for various operating
parameters to ensure its validity.
D. Validation: The simulated results of the model are compared with previously published work for the model
validation. For proposed cooling tower (with heat exchanger), the values of simulated evaporated water recovery
at different state point of input data taken from experimental work are matched with available values in the
published work [6] and illustrated in figure.3
E.
Fig. 3 Results validation with Deziani.M[6]
5. Thermodynamic Analysis of Cooling Tower…
www.ijmrem.com IJMREM Page 59
Table 1: Operating parameters for model validation [6]
Dry bulb temperature of inlet ambient air
State:1 29.4 ̇0
C
State:2 25.7 ̇0
C
Mass flow rate of water
Hot water inlet temperature
Cold water outlet temperature
Cooling tower range
Wet bulb temperature of inlet ambient air
15.4 ̇0
C
12.2 ̇0
C
28500 m3
/hr.
38.2 ̇0
C
27.8 ̇0
C
10.4 ̇0
C
Table. 1 represents the operating parameters for cooling tower at two state points of climate data taken from
Deziani.M[6] paper for model validation purpose. And fig. 3 shows experimental vs simulated amount of water
vapors recovery at each sate point with its percent error.
IV.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this study thermodynamic model of cooling tower with an air-to-air heat exchanger is developed using
engineering equation solver (EES) software and simulated to determine amount of water vapor recovery in
different climatic conditions of two main cities of Pakistan namely Karachi and Jamshoro through June-
December-2017. The analysis includes effect of humidity and ambient air temperature on amount of water vapor
expressed in terms of percent recovery. The weather data of above-mentioned cities of Pakistan at different
seasons were recorded from official site of meteorological conditions [9-10]. The main parameters on account of
data collection are temperature, pressure and humidity.
A. Effect of humidity on Water Vapor Recovery in Karachi: Fig. 4 demonstrate the impact of humidity on
amount of water vapor recovery of cooling tower with an air-to-air heat exchanger for a fixed ambient air
temperature and pressure when operated in climate of Karachi in June and December 2017. The behavior of graph
clearly indicates that as humidity increases the amount of water vapor recovery increases. While the recovery
response in December is higher than that of in June, in December amount of water vapor recovery starts from
50% and reaches up to 67% while in case of June it starts from 15% and reaches up to 60%. This is due to the fact
that when more humid air crossing cooling tower out of heat exchanger it gives out more its water vapor via
condensation than that of less humid air. In winter atmospheric air becomes dry, so it has higher capacity to hold
water vapors than compared to that of winter (June). As air leaving cooling tower in winter carry enough amount
of water vapor due to evaporation inside of cooling tower and when crossing heat exchanger, it easily condensed
out more amount of water vapor inters of recovery in winter than that of June.
Fig. 4 Effect of Relative humidity on Recovery in Karachi June-Dec-2017
6. Thermodynamic Analysis of Cooling Tower…
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B. Effect of temperature on Water Vapor Recovery in Karachi : Fig. 5 illustrate the impact of ambient air
temperature on amount of water vapor recovery of cooling tower with an air-to-air heat exchanger for a fixed
relative humidity and atmospheric pressure when operated in climate of Karachi in June-December-2017. The
response of graph clearly indicated that as ambient air temperature increases the amount of water vapor recovery
decreases. This is due to the fact that, a cooling tower transfer heat to the environment by evaporation of water
which will transfer heat to surrounding. As ambient air temperature increases its wet bulb temperature also
increases which ultimately decreases the temperature difference of hot water with surrounding and decreases the
heat transfer and amount of evaporation. Due to this lower amount of evaporation less amount of water vapor can
be condensed out through heat exchanger. That’s why recovery response in Karachi June is in higher decreasing
order than that in December. In December it starts decreasing from 62% and reaches up to 26%. While in June it
starts decreasing at 65% and ends at 5%.
Fig. 5 Effect of temperature on Recovery in Karachi June-Dec-2017
C. Effect of humidity on Water Vapor Recovery in Jamshoro : Fig. 6 illustrate the effect of humidity on
amount of water vapor recovery of cooling tower with an air-to-air heat exchanger for a fixed ambient air
temperature and pressure when operated in climate of Jamshoro in June-December 2017. The behavior of graph
clearly indicates that as humidity increases the amount of water vapor recovery also increases. While the recovery
response in December is in higher order than that of in June, in December amount of water vapor recovery starts
from 45% and reaches up to 66% while in case of June it starts from 17% and reaches up to 62%. This is due to
the fact that when more humid air crossing cooling tower out of heat exchanger it gives out more its water vapor
via condensation than that of less humid air. The above figures are little bit lower than that of Karachi due to more
humidity caused by Arabian sea. In winter atmospheric air becomes dry, so it has higher capacity to hold water
vapors than compared to that of winter (June). As air leaving cooling tower in winter carry enough amount of
water vapor due to evaporation inside of cooling tower and when crossing heat exchanger, it easily condensed out
more amount of water vapor inters of recovery in winter than that of summer (June)
7. Thermodynamic Analysis of Cooling Tower…
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Fig. 6 Effect of Relative humidity on Recovery in Jamshoro June-Dec-2017
C. Effect of temperature on Water Vapor Recovery in Jamshoro : Fig. 7 illustrate the impact of ambient air
temperature on amount of water vapor recovery of cooling tower with an air-to-air heat exchanger for a fixed
relative humidity and atmospheric pressure when operated in climate of Jamshoro in June-December-2017. The
behavior of graph clearly indicated that as ambient air temperature increases the amount of water vapor recovery
starts decreasing. This is due to the fact that, a cooling tower transfer heat to the environment by evaporation of
water which will transfer heat to surrounding. As ambient air temperature increases its wet bulb temperature also
increases which ultimately decreases the temperature difference of hot water with surrounding and decreases the
heat transfer and amount of evaporation. Due to this lower amount of evaporation less amount of water vapor can
be condensed out through heat exchanger. That’s why recovery response in Jamshoro June is in higher decreasing
order than that in December. In December it starts decreasing from 63% and reaches up to 38%. While in June it
starts decreasing at 52% and ends at 10%. We achieve this higher amount of recovery in December due to lower
wet bulb temperature in December than that in June.
Fig. 7 Effect of temperature on Recovery in Jamshoro June-Dec-2017
8. Thermodynamic Analysis of Cooling Tower…
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V. CONCLUSION
The thermodynamic analysis of the induced draft wet cooling tower with air to air heat exchanger is peroformed
using Engineering Equation Solver (EES) to investigate the evaporative losses in different climatic conditions of
two main cities of pakistan namely karachi, jamshoro through June and December 2017. The simulated results
shows that:
• The ambient temperature and humidity plays an effective role in recovering of evaporative loss, with the
decrease in wet bulb temperature amount of water vapor recovery increases.
• As relative humidity increases it ilso increases water vapor recovery.
• The maximum amount of water vapors are recovered at Karachi and ranges up to 67% and 62% in
Jamshoro during the month of December.
• With the attachment of air to air heat exchanger to cooling tower it almost diminishes the drift losses.
VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMNTS
Authors are thankful to Mehran University of Engineering & Technology Jamshoro for providing necessary
resources for carrying this research work.
Nomenclature
Greek letters
T Temperature (o
C) ε Effectiveness (-)
w humidity Ratio (-) 𝑣 Vapor
M Makeup water (kg/s)
𝑚̇ Mass flow rate (kg/s) Abbreviations
P Pressure (kPa) COC Cycle of Concentration
𝑄̇ Heat (kW) WCT Wet cooling tower
𝑅 Universal Gas constant
𝑚̇ 𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝 Evaporation loss (kg/s)
Subscripts
WB Wet bulb temperature
R Relative humidity
max maximum
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