The Importance Of Commercial Buildings In The Ottoman Empire

The Importance Of Commercial Buildings In The Ottoman Empire
Secondly, commercial buildings were so popular in Cairo because it was already a major trading
point for the Ottoman Empire. The different type of commercial buildings were wikalas, khans,
qaisariyas, suqs, and funduqs. Ismail explains that these type of buildings existed since the
Mameluke Empire period, but they were kept being built during the Ottoman Empire, with some
minor changes.
The wikalas were buildings located within the city walls and had a design that had shops on the
ground floor that faced onto courtyards and a rab system (living quarters) on the upper floors. Some
of the shops from the ground level had special designs in their facades that allowed the merchants to
display the imported goods that they had for sale. The building had only one entrance per each
facade, and each of them led to the open central courtyard that aside from shops, had storerooms for
the merchant's goods. To get access to the upper floors, people had to use staircases that were
usually placed in a corner of the facades (Ismail 2005).
The khans and funduqs were buildings that had combined functions of hostel and trading centre and
were used mostly by traveling merchants and visitors to the city. These buildings were built mostly
near the trading routes outside the city, and they required towers for extra protection, however, some
of them were located inside the city and did not required to be fortified because of it. A major
difference is that these buildings did not had shops in
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Similarities between Hinduism and Islam
What are the Similarities between Hinduism and Islam?
Hinduism and Islam are two religions that are similar in many ways. In Islam, the religion was
created by The Prophet, Muhammad, created in 62 CE; In Hinduism, The religion was created by
two different groups, the Dravidians, the first known people in India, and the Aryans, the Indo–
European group of people who invaded the Harrapan civilization through the Hindu Kush, and that
religion was Hinduism, created nearly 4,000 years ago. Other concepts that they also share are the
aspects of the religions like The Idea of Reincarnation, caste system, the idea of a supreme god.
Reincarnation in its essence is a religious belief. Many of people to this day believe in reincarnation
or some cyclic of rebirth based on the migration of the human soul from one physical body to
another. Perhaps the idea is best expressed in the words of Mahatma Ghandi, "Each night, when I go
to sleep, I die and the next morning, when I wake up, I am reborn" (Mahatma Gandhi). This quote
illustrates the idea of Samsara, the process of birth, death and rebirth. The process of reincarnation
allegedly continues until the soul reaches its full maturity and perfection when it joins its source –
God or the "Universal Soul"(World History). In Hinduism and Jainism, moksha is the discharge
from the cycle of rebirth. The individuals who accomplish moksha are brought together with a
definitive higher force, or God, and no more needed to persist lifetimes in which

Ibn Sinan Dbq
Moreover, the transfer of ideas also had an intellectual impact in fields such as astronomy, medicine,
and mathematics. To begin with, Claudius Ptolemy, a Greek scholar, created a model of how the
solar system is arranged, the Earth in the center (document one). Claudius Ptolemy most likely
described the inverse with the Earth in the center because of the limited technology during his time
period, some time around 100 AD. Persian Muslim scholar, Al–Biruni, describes the Hindu view of
how the earth is shaped and that the earth is the center of the universe (document six). Al–Biruni is a
Persian Muslim and not a Hindu and therefore writes about these conceptions with the point of view
of an outsider. During this time period, various scholars came up with ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This led people out of the dark and enlightened them about possibilities. Moving on, Cannon of
Medicine, written by Ibn Sina, explains the importance of studying the symptoms of disease in order
to create effective medicine. Ibn Sina was a prominent Islamic philosopher who was also trained
medically. Due to his experience in medicine and his ability to think philosophically he has a deeper
understanding of what must be done in order to improve medicine. Furthermore, an astrolabe which
is a maritime navigation device that aided in exploration and trade is pictured (document four). The
astrolabe was created around 200 BC and made its way from Islamic territories to Europe. Finally,
al–Khwarizmi, a Persian Muslim mathematician, discusses the Hindu numeric system (document
five). Al–Khwarizimi was Islamic and the period in which he lived was known as the Islamic
Golden Age, a time where interpretations of the Qur'an became more scientific. This affected the
way in which he viewed Hindu mathematics as seen in the first couple of sentences where he speaks
of God and His

Characteristics Of Ottoman Divan Poetry
Culture The culture of the Ottoman Empire derived over centuries as the leading authority of the
Turks involved, altered and adapted the cultures of conquered lands and their people. The customs
and languages of Islamic societies, markedly Arabic caused a strong influence, while the Persian
culture had a powerful donation through the heavily Persian zed regime of the Seljuq Turks, the
Ottomans' antecedent. As the byzantine administration extruded from Anatolia by the early ottoman
Turks, following them into trope after, it was foreseen as part of the struggle (Jihad) against the
Christians: the first Ottoman rulers named themselves Gaze, or Warriors. The Ottomans moved
further west and the absorption of the Greek and Balkan populations progressed, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ottoman Divan poetry was a highly observed and symbolic art form. From the Persian poetry that
largely stimulated it, it inbred a wealth of symbols whose meanings and interrelationships–both of
similarity and opposition were more or less agreed on. Divan poetry was composed through the
persistent comparison of many such images within a severe musical outline, thus allowing numerous
possible senses to appear. There were common genres, most particularly the mesnevî, a kind of
verse romance and thus a variety of narrative poetry; the two most notable examples of this form are
the Leyli and Majnun of Fuzûlî and the Hüsn ü Aşk of Şeyh Gâlib. Until the 19th century, Ottoman
prose did not develop like the Divan poetry did. This was because prose was expected to follow the
rules of rhymed pros, a type of writing inclined from the Arabic saj' and which agreed that between
each adjective and noun in a string of words, such as a sentence, there must be a rhyme. Yet, there
was a custom of prose in the literature of the time, however completely non–fictional in nature. One
apparent exception was Muhayyelât ("Fancies") by Giritli Ali Aziz Efendi, a collection of stories of
the fantastic written in 1796, however not published until

Sinan Shipwreck Essay
The Sinan Shipwreck is a Chinese cargo ship that sank off the coast of South Korea in c.1323 AD
during the Yuan Dynasty. The ship left Ning–po on the Eastern Chinese Seaboard and was carrying
cargo to Japan when it wrecked, less than a month after departing from China. The government of
the Yuan Dynasty and Mongol Empire was set up by Kublai Khan, the founder of the dynasty. He
created a system of bureaucracy that included many different cultures that were a part of the empire.
For example, Tibetan Buddhists, Mongols, Han Chinese, Khitans, and Jurchens. Many parts of the
government were of Chinese style. Kublai Khan's administration was the traditional tripartite of
authority. The civil office was managed by the Central Secretariat, the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
They were given special legal privileges and were officially supported by the Yuan government.
Kublai Khan even set up the Imperial Academy of Medicine to manage the education of new doctors
and medical treatises. Healers were divided into two groups, non–Mongol physicians called otachi
and Mongolian shamans. Otachi were characterized for their use of herbal remedies, while Mongol
shamans were noted for their spiritual cures. During the Yuan period advances in medicine were
made and the practice of Chinese medicine spread throughout the empire. Healers were even
brought along on military campaigns as they expanded, techniques such as moxibustion, pulse
diagnosis, acupuncture, and herbal mixtures and remedies spread westward. Wei Yilin, a physician
that lived 1277–1347, invented a method for reducing dislocations under anesthesia. One Mongol
physician named Hu Shihui wrote about how important a healthy diet is. Western medicine was also
practiced but it was frowned upon by Chinese physicians because it contradicted the yin–yang and
wuxing philosophy upon which traditional chinese medicine

The Patriot Act, 2001-Al Qaeda
2000–Al Qaeda carried out a planned attack with the bombing of the USS Cole. A small vessel
loaded with explosives pulled alongside the USS Cole and detonated it's cargo of explosives, 17
American sailors were killed in the attack. "Suicide attacks can also demonstrate to observers as
well as target audiences how determined the group is and how far it is willing to go to achieve its
objectives." (Lutz, 2011, p.60). 2000–A CIA proxy force, the Northern Alliance attacked Derunta
training camp near Jalalabad in an attempt to kill Osama Bin Laden. 2001–The Patriot Act was
created to give law enforcement agencies more tools to combat terrorism. 2001–Al Qaeda terrorists
in Afghanistan are targeted by the U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM), and the CIA's

Ottoman Domes
The dome is considered one of the most important architectural elements in Islamic culture and the
dome became a very important architectural element during the Ottoman time period and many of
these domes drew from earlier Islamic and the Hellenistic Roman world. The dome is one of the
most important elements of the Ottoman time period and they were known for being one of the main
cultures in history to incorporate domes as a main component in their architecture. Ottomans used
domes in mosques (the largest domes were reserved for mosques), madrasas, and türbes.
Monumental domes began to appear in the 14th century in the Ottoman capital Bursa, in the 15th
century in Edirne and after the conquest of Constantinople in Istanbul. This paper will address the
domes built under the Ottomans from the late 1300s to the 1600s. However, it is important to note
that early Ottoman architecture was heavily influenced by both Seljuks and the Byzantines– their
immediate predecessors. The dome itself, as built by the Ottomans are almost all hemispherical in
shape. Theresa Grupico explains that "Domes and tent canopies were associated with the heavens in
Ancient Persia and the Hellenistic Roman world. A dome over a square base reflected the geometric
symbolism of those shapes. The circle represented perfection, eternity, and the heavens. The square
represented the Earth. An octagon was intermediate between the two."
The Ottoman empire began modestly, as a principality of the western vanguard

The Selimiye Mosque
The Selimiye Mosque located in Edirne Turkey although the mosque has changed some functions it
still remains a functioning mosque for the people of Edirne today. Commissioned in 1574 by Sultan
Selim II, Selimiye was constructed by famous architect Mimar Sinan. Constructed during the middle
of the Ottoman Dynasty it remains a structure that highlights not only Ottoman architecture, but
Islamic architecture.
The Ottoman Empire has a long history spaning over 600 years. The Turks were first pushed from
their home in Central Asian and relocated to Western Anatolia. Originally the Turks were a nomadic
tribe living on the prairie. Osman Gazi ben Ertugrul or Osman I a Ghazi warrior founded what
would become the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire acquired their footing during the
Crusades, a military campaign stated by the Catholic Church. The fourth Crusade led to the fall of
the Byzantine Empire allowing the Ottoman Empire to take over. The Ottomans captured the
Byzantine capital of Constantinople now Istanbul and started their conquest for land and power. This
was the first Islamic empire to infiltrate Europe and Asia. The Ottoman Empire dominated much of
the known world by its organized, well equipped, and efficient army. The military of Ottoman's
possessed would lead to one of the most powerful empires of the time. Their focus included
expansion of land, meaning gaining power. The Ottoman's reached their height in power under the
Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent. Suleyman

The Characteristics Of Early Islamic Art And Early...
Early Christian art had a rough start. It started off not being wanted because it worshiped idols and
that was frowned upon in the early days. Although, as time went on and Christians started realizing
the benefits that art had at conveying their beliefs. The earliest Christian art occurred in the
catacombs, which were underground tombs under the city and they often depicted biblical symbols
like Noah's ark. Architecture also grew during this time, as people got more accepting of this culture
things started picking up. Art became in demand and so did architecture. Before the spike happened,
early Christians didn't have any designated places to worship and as soon as it became more
accepted that changed. Early Christian churches often mimicked roman work because it was so
successful. An example of this was Old St. Peter. Architecture and art weren't the only thing early
Christians used to push Christianity into the mainstream, music also played a role in the
development Christianity. "Early Christian music prohibited instrumental accompaniment of any
kind" (Benton and Diyannni 185). This was mainly because it wasn't considered religious it was
considered un religious. As time progressed this was eventually overturned. Early Christian music
often used harps as a background for the scriptures.
Islamic art is very different characteristics than early Christian art. The main difference is the
location. Early Christian art started in one place Jerusalem, but Islamic art came from

Comparing Islamic and Arabic Architecture Essay
Comparing Islamic and Arabic Architecture
Works Cited Missing
The Hagia Sophia church and the Suleymaniye mosque are separated by a thousand years but are
tied together eternally. One representing the achievement of the Christian–Byzantine empire and the
other representing the ability of the Islamic–Ottoman empire and its architect Sinan. Two empires
that had very little in common other than their architecture and region. In earlier history the Dome of
the Rock represented the Islamic empire's attempt to rival the newly defeated Byzantine empire and
its architectural achievements such as the Holy Sepulchre. As history often repeats itself, with
similar political motives the Suleymaniye mosque became the Ottoman's answer to the ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
SIMILARITIES
Because Sinan worked on the Hagia Sophia he became intimately familiar with its form and
structure so its not surprising that it had an influence on much of his work. Of all his
buildings,conceptually the Suleymaniye is probably the most similar to the Hagia Sophia with the
basic concept of the central domed space made larger with attached semidomed spaces which in turn
have smaller spaces attached topped by smaller domes. Because the dome of the Hagia Sophia was
considered to be a great feat for the Christians Sinan designed the dome of the Suleymaniye to send
the message that not only were Muslims just as capable but, with an even larger and higher dome,
that they were superior.
More similarities can be drawn with the forms and structures of the two buildings. In addition to the
dome and semidomes, the main arches, piers, buttresses, and galleries were adopted by the
Suleymaniye. These were all part of the basic structural system in both buildings of a dome on four
supports. Sinan also used pendentives as the structural system under the main dome and squinches
as a transitional element between semidomes and the rest of the structure. Additionally Sinan used
similar wide arches in the Suleymaniye although they were not needed structurally and were
probably used for their formal appearance. The piers of the Suleymaniye are also similar with their
projections used to support the bracing arches. These are the basic formal and

The Capitals Of The Empire
CAPITALS OF THE EMPIRE
After the conquest of the Christian cities Bursa, Edirne and Constantinople the Turkish sultans
transformed each of them to make their capital. Each one marked a stage in the development of the
young Ottoman Empire. This gave the possibility to discover and learn from other cultures, like the
Byzantines, but always in a way of reinterpretation, according to the characteristic of the Ottoman's
own architecture and culture.
Although they are not too distant from each other, the three cities are very different. Bursa is
situated at the foot of the Olymp of Mysie, Edirne on a flat land irrigated by three rivers, Istanbul on
the sea. Water used to be a determining factor for the planning of their cities, for it was ... Show
The splendour and the monumentals dimensions were reserved for only the sacred buildings,
especially the mosques.
PUBLIC SPACES
The Turks' way of life and especially their concept of life in society has also an influence on
urbanism. Square are quite rare and are big open spaces where markets take place. The bazaar, in
covered roads with barrel vault is the Turkish city's shopping centre. Therefore one cannot find big
public spaces for the community as they existed in the Greek, Roman or Byzantine empire. Cafés in
the open air, generally near the mosque, or in green areas, are preferred as social spaces but always
in a informal way.
The külliye is the most important part of the Ottoman cities, but it's function doesn't correspond to
this idea of public space. It is the religious and social place, where in most cases there is a mosque, a
madrasa, a hosptital, a refectory, a tomb, a library, and more.
The mosque and the külliye formes a well ordered complex apart from the urban structure of the
residential areas.
BURSA YILDIRIM BEYAZIT KÜLLIYE, 1391–1403
The first complete külliye is the one of Bursa, the first capital of the Ottoman Empire. It included
the mosque, the madrasa, the sultan's turbé, a nursery, a refectory of the natives, public baths and a
caravanserai. The buildings are situated on terraced land, on the outskirt of the

A Short Story : A Story?
Somewhere in the Hoenn region, a young man was waking up to the dawn of a new day. What a tme
to be alive, Sinan thought caustically, as he rose from his bed sleepily. At 7 AM in the morning, light
was beginning to filter through the wooden slats in soft beams. As the grogginess ebbed away, he
remembered that all trainers had to be present in the lab for the Beginner's Ceremony by 8 AM. The
way he heard words could be screwy sometimes, and he wasn't the best at writing, but reading and
details he paid attention to extensively. So he rose from the bed and pulled on a faded pair of ragged
jeans, before heading to the bathroom to wash up and making himself look presentable, his mind
was swirling with thoughts. Can't believe I've finally saved up enough for this, he thought, a slow
grin spreading across his broad cheekbones and deepening into dimples. I'm so f*ckin' ready, and
he'd never felt more excited in his life. F*ck school, f*ck working–– Sinan wanted to go out and
explore his heart out again. Get away from the quiet monotony that depressed him so.
"Sinan, get some cake desk!" His mother called from downstairs. He did a double take, scratching
the back of his head. He knew that wasn't right, but the clatter of pots and pans downstairs was
making it difficult for him to filter out what he needed to know.
"What? Mom?" He called back.
The clattering stopped as she responded in a clear, high voice. "Breakfast! Breakfast!"
I shoulda been able to figure that one out on my

How Did Hagia Sophia Change Over Time
*– to add foot notes
Constantinople, a great city founded by Constantine the Great, was an advantageous site which lied
between Europe and Asia with strategic importance. Acropolis or the City of Byzantion, a Greek
city, had already been established in 7th century B.C. long before Constantinople was founded.
Around 2nd century AD the city fell into the Romans and became the Roman city of Byzantium.
Constantine became the sole emperor(*–time period) of the Roman Empire and this city was chosen
as his new capital and became known as New Rome or Constantinople.
It was during his reign that Hagia Sophia, the Church of the Holy Wisdom of God, became the grand
building seen today.
Hagia Sophia: The 'What, When, How and Why'
Few buildings could ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hagia Sophia had been associated with legends and miracles which attracted pilgrims.
Time as a mosque
In 1453 AD, the Ottoman troops led by Sultan Mehmet II after more than a month in siege. When
the city was conquered, the fate of Hagia Sophia changed along with the city. One of the first
changes the sultan made was to convert Hagia Sophia church into a mosque. It was named Aya
Sofya and the change became the first step to convert Christianized Constantinople to an Islamic
city.
Numerous changes befitting a mosque were made to the building.
Islam forbids images and virtual representation of figures. So of course when Hagia Sophia was
changed into a mosque, all the mosaics and figures were covered with plaster. They were still kept
intact however. The sultan apparently loved and valued the art and ordered that the mosaics and the
visual depictions relating to Christianity were to be kept instead of being taken down.
Minarets, another necessity in a mosque, were added in separate times. The first sultan to rule
Constantinople, Sultan Mehmet II(*) added in the first minaret. Sultan Bayezid added another in and
Sinan, a famous architect, under the reign of Sultan Murad III added in the last 2 minarets. Mihrab
was also added in facing the east direction towards Mecca, the holy city for

One Sentence: The Gardens Of Versailles And Point Of View
One Sentence: The Gardens of Versailles and Point of View The Gardens of Versailles exemplify
appeasement and prioritization of the visitor through the use of narrative and optical effects.1 André
Le Nôtre's Gardens of Versailles show discipline and immense attention to detail, whilst keeping the
visitor's or the client's best interest in mind. Le Nôtre created a unified system that focused on the
walker's experience, including theatrical elements and mythical figures to add character. He
coordinates elevations with horizontal distance, establishing "a close relation between the walker's
positions and what is made visible of the garden." What is visible of the garden can only be
experienced and is best experienced from the walker's point of view. The Gardens of Versailles have
a playful narrative provided by the sculpture of gods struggling in the water of a fountain and a
labyrinth with 39 bosquets. All of these elements are included for the pleasure of the guests. Overall,
the usage of storytelling and optical effects are what make the Gardens of Versailles unique among
Le Nôtre's other works and in the architectural world. One Paragraph: The In's and Out's of Medici
Palace Michelozzi's Medici Palace is an example of classical Renaissance, though it has features
that make it noteworthy. Beginning with the exterior, the palace has an overhanging cornice that
surrounds the roofline and its size is in relation to the entire building, rather than the top floor.
Atypical of

Summary: Social Influence Bias
Furthermore, the hivemind creates an effect where opposing opinion become minimized through the
use of the downvote. Thus, giving the opposing viewpoint a negative connotation of lacking
support. The article "Social Influence Bias: A Randomized Experiment" (2013) found about Reddit's
upvote mechanic that "popular products may be popular because of the irrational effect of past
positive ratings, or the best products may become popular because they are of the highest quality."
(Lev Muchnik, Sinan Aral and, Sean J. Taylor, 2013). The authors' usage of "irrational effect"
implies that the way posts become popular based on "past positive ratings" is flawed. As the use of
"irrational" suggests that there is no logic behind the vote and more of mindless

The Hagia Sophi The Nika Riot
The Hagia Sophia came out of the Nika riot. This impressive structure was part of a reconstruction
effort by emperor Justinian and his wife Theodora, after most of Constantinople was burned. The
Hagia Sophia is a beautiful church with a central dome that has a diameter of 101 feet, two– half
domes that double the interior length of the church to 200 feet. This awe inspiring building has had
an eventful history and after the capture of Constantinople in 1453 by the Turks who then added the
minaret(s). This paper will explore the minaret that was thought to be the first, and what the role of
this was.
A minaret is a tower typically found adjacent to mosques, traditionally used for the Muslim call to
prayer. The Hagia Sophia started out as a Christian church, but after being taken over in 1453 was
converted to a mosque thanks to Sultan ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They then added a minaret which was the first sign of conversion from church to mosque. (28)
Over the year's historians have accepted that the minarets were added by different sultans which was
emphasized by the fact that they used different materials to build these huge towers that stand
approximately 60m tall. (28–29) There are four minarets but the original one is thought to have been
removed in the sixteenth century. (28) A few days after the fall of Constantinople a tower appears to
have been constructed. The Turks seemed to use this tower pending the completing of their minaret.
The minaret was to be constructed on the turret at the south side of the west window. Between 1453
and 181 Mehmed the Conqueror decided to make a grand minaret. To do this they may have used
the neglected tower of the Byzantine empire. In April of 1573 the minaret was in need of repair of
external buttresses and so was the tower over the main entrance, which may have still been used
occasionally for

The Ottoman Hexagonal Tile With Floral Pattern
The Ottoman Hexagonal Tile with Floral Pattern is located in the Art from Islamic Lands gallery, in
room 2550, on the second floor of the Arthur M. Sackler Museum on the Harvard University
Campus. The object number is 1960.102. It is located with a series of Ottoman tiles on the
easternmost wall of the one–room gallery. The tile, created between 1520 and 1540, is from İznik,
Turkey. It is composed of fritware ceramic painted underglaze. The base of the tile is a white
underglaze glaze, and all decoration is in various shades of blue underglaze. The shape is a hexagon
with a circular, symmetrical floral pattern derived from a central focal point. This tile had
meticulous work put into its design, showing the concern of its artist to emulate cultural tradition
and destiny on a single ceramic hexagon.
Fritware is a form of pottery where frit is added to the clay in order to lower the necessary fusion
temperature. This version of ceramics was popular in İznik, Turkey, the leading producer of
decorative tiles during the Ottoman Empire. Underglaze is a technique in which decoration is
painted to the piece before it is glazed. However, underglaze uses certain pigments derived from
oxides that fuse with the glaze, thus restricting the color palette. The original color found to work by
the Chinese was cobalt blue, and this is present on the Ottoman tile. In addition, the İznik factories
used turquoise, purple, green and red in later years. Because this tile is from the earlier part

Machiavelli's Mentality
Harel Tillinger
Niccolo Machiavelli was born in the city of Florence, on May Third, 1469. He came to power and
was exiled by the Medici family. While he was exiled, he wrote The Prince to inform other leaders
how to maintain power unlike himself. In his signature book, Machiavelli explained how a leader
must always have war on his mind, never be hated, and be surrounded by truthful ministers. Leaders
who shared a similar mentality as Machiavelli are Hongwu and Suleyman because of his harshness
with government officials, and him being a patron of the arts, respectively. Hongwu shares a
comparable mentality with Machiavelli because he was harsh with his officials. Zhu Yuanzhang, or
Hongwu, was the first emperor to rule the Ming empire and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Suleyman was considered the best sultan of the Ottoman Empire. He conquered Belgrade and
Rhodes, two major territories for the Ottomans. Also, Suleyman thrived to make Istanbul the capital
of the arts in that time period. Niccolo Machiavelli states in The Prince, "A prince ought also to
show himself a patron of ability, and to honour the proficient in every art"(Machiavelli 21).
Suleyman illustrates this quote because he built and supported hundreds of projects to make Istanbul
a center of artwork. "[Suleyman] began a series of building projects, including bridges, mosques,
and palaces, that rivalled the greatest building projects of the world in that century"(wsu.edu).
Suleyman with the help of Sinan, one of the greatest architects at the time, helped to transform
Istanbul into a "center of visual art, music, writing, and philosophy in the islamic world"(wsu.edu).
Using Machiavelli's method of being a patron of the arts, Suleyman remained in power for 46 years,
the longest Ottoman sultan.
As a final point, Hongwu and Suleyman both uniquely share qualities that make them similar to
Machiavelli. Hongwu was very harsh with his citizens and Suleyman accomplished to make Istanbul
the center of the arts. As a result both the rulers ruled for more than 40 years which is what The
Prince strived to

Resistance And Its Effect On Society
Abstract In today 's economy, change is all–pervasive in organizations. It happens consistently, and
frequently at fast speed. Since the change has turned into an ordinary piece of hierarchical motion,
workers who oppose change can really cripple an organization. Resistance is an inescapable reaction
to any real change. People actually race to guard the norm on the off chance that they feel their
security or status is undermined. Folger and Skarlicki (1999) claim that "authoritative change can
create doubt and resistance in workers, making it once in a while troublesome or difficult to
actualize hierarchical enhancements" (FOLGER, 1999). If the administration does not comprehend,
acknowledge and attempt to work with resistance, it can ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A standout amongst the most widely recognized purposes behind resistance is fear of change. This
incorporates reasons for alarm of not having the capacity to perform or not being "adequate".
Individuals likewise fear instability and the obscure. It 's somewhat like the mariners of old who
dreaded the uncharted seas. On the off chance that individuals can feel that they are a piece of the
change there is frequently less resistance. They feel listened. Yet, over and over, I experience
resistance because of an absence of inclusion. The solution for this problem is involving individuals
in the change as ahead of schedule as could be expected under the circumstances. When we discuss
safe places we 're truly alluding to schedules. We cherish them. They make us feel secure and
proficient. So there 's sure to be resistance at whatever point change obliges us to do things any
other way. Whether it 's new systems, new stopping spots, new reporting lines, or new corporate
society, changes to schedules can be uncomfortable. By showing individuals how it will function
and exhibit the requirement for change, this problem can be solved. Other than these reasons low
trust, misunderstanding about the need for change, saturation or exhausting can be reasons
(Lunenburg, 2010) Perceiving practices that demonstrate conceivable resistance will bring issues to
the light of the need to

Sephardic Jewish Pirates and the Caribbean Connection
Leeba Freund
Mrs. Cohen
Jewish History
December 17, 2010
Sephardic Jewish Pirates & the Caribbean Connection
If you plan on touring the island of Jamaica, you may be interested in visiting the oldest Jewish
cemetery, Hunt's Bay cemetery, near Kingston. Kingston has a Jewish community dating back to the
1600s. What you will find in this cemetery may astonish you: typical Jewish gravestones with a
Hebrew inscription. But that is not the unusual part; in the corner of some gravestones, you'll see
carved pictures of skulls and crossbones. What are crossbones doing in a Jewish cemetery? What is
the connection between the Jews of Jamaica and Piracy? [pic] [pic] [pic] Hunt 's Bay Cemetery – ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hence, the title "Portugal" in all the Spanish Colonies became synonymous with "New Christians"
or Marranos. Though the New World was under Spanish rule, the Crown turned a blind eye to the
secret Jewish communities sprouting up in every new colony. The Jews played it safe, changing
their names and feigning devotion to the Catholic religion, all the while building an economic
empire of international trade throughout South and Central America, the Caribbean Sea and
European waters of the Mediterranean.
SPAIN AS A WORLD POWER As Spanish conquistadors conquered and settled land after land in
the New World, jewelry from the natives and mines of silver and gold poured into the Spanish
treasury from the Incas. Sugar, coffee, bananas, tobacco and other profitable crops that thrived in the
warm climate of the Caribbean islands, Central America and South America, filled ship after
Spanish ship with an abundance of wealth from the new colonies. As Spain's treasury filled, other
European nations had their eyes on the golden mine of New World treasures. While the Spanish
conquistadors conquered land, plundered the natives and terrorized their women, the Marranos
dedicated themselves to settling the new lands and creating a safe world for them to live in. They
logged trees, set up plantations, worked the gold and silver mines and set up trade and shipping
routes from the

An Essay On The Blue Mosque
The Blue Mosque, or as its mother language call it The Sultan Ahmet Camii, is an amazing and an
interesting Islamic piece of architect located in Istanbul, Turkey. The blue tiles of the inside,
adorning its interior walls, are the main reason why people call it the blue mosque. I found it
interesting to write about such a historical piece of architecture that was built during the rule of
Ahmed I (or the first) in the early 17th century. A tomb of the founder, like many other mosques, a
hospice and a madrasa as well, all together were found and contained under the name of Külliye in
the mosque. The mosque's function is still a mosque, as it was the first imperial mosque for more
than forty years in that time, and was never converted into anything, not a church nor a museum.
Non–Muslims are not to enter during the daily five prayers for half an hour or so, however, it is a
popular tourist attraction in Istanbul. The sultan at that time, Sultan Ahmed the First, was one of the
youngest sultans. At the age of 14, he decided to build a big ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Being surrounded by other important edifices of the early Istanbul it also raises its importance. And
the mosque has an amazing scenery of the sea. Along with the magnificent scenery, it happens to be
decorated by masters such as the architect Mehmed Aga who had fashioned the interior to perfection
just like a jeweler. The mosque itself used to be part of a great known complex, including a covered
bazaar, schools, public kitchens, a caravanserai, Turkish baths, a hospital and the mausoleum of
Sultan Ahmed himself. Many social and cultural buildings have not survived to our day and age and
yet, the Blue Mosque in all its glory is still standing just as beautifully as it did the day it was

Benidorm Or In The 1950s?
Do you prefer Benidorm today or in the 1950s? The Benidorm of 1950 is better than the current
Benidorm. The reason we leave for the resort is to leave the complex city, that is Deviation. But
today's Benidorm is full of high–rise buildings just like the city we are in now. In the end, we left the
city to the city with the sea. That makes it difficult to get the rest we want. On the other hand, the
1950 Benidorm has fewer tall buildings and a larger sandy beach. So we can feel stronger that we
are off to our daily life, and we can become more familiar with nature. Then the reason we go on a
trip is to relieve stress. However, the present Benidorm is rather stressful. For example, when we
book a room we worry and worry. Because of the price ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
El Dorado is a mysterious isle of nature. Sinan was originally a small fishing town. However, there
are tourism resources such as beaches and tidal flats, but due to lack of transportation facilities,
accommodation facilities and convenience facilities, the number of tourists was small. Because of
these characteristics, the country decided to develop into a leisure and recreation space with well–
preserved natural and traditional culture. In order to develop and improve various laws, and private
investment And the size is 30.9 billion won. There are spa, resort, sea water hot springs, outdoor
pool and many other facilities. Business briefing session held in June 2004 And began construction
in September 2004, and was opened in July 2006 as a whole. Most of El Dorado Resort's employees
are local residents. The resort offers a variety of experiences, including comprehensive leisure, mud
sauna and food development programs.A total of 1,385 people visited the Jindo Tidal Flat Ecology
Pavilion from October to December 2006. El Dorado Resort visited 33,959 people from July to
December 2006. Currently, for the 5 million tourists, the opening of the Millennium Bridge and the
opening of the airport in Black Mountain have been carried out, including uninhabited camping,
bicycle tours and sports

The Killer's Instinct Short Story
The Killer's Instinct
Desperate times require desperate measures.
When I play football, one thought always flies in my mind it motivates me never to stop, never give
up, and never back down. I always believe that I should never stop no matter what happens. It
doesn't matter if you are tired, hurt, or dizzy. Once you enter the football pitch, all of your
teammates depend on you. However, eventually, you will know how bad exceeding your limits can
hurt you.
My Team Spirit
I always used to lose with my team because I was the weakest and fattest player in the team. I got
sick of feeling down after every match. Just having the guilt of not giving everything I have to my
team disappoints me with myself, my training, and my leadership. As the captain ... Show more
I was fat and weak. My injury stopped me for a long time. Now, I am strong and I had no excuses. I
came to AL Noor FC in Sanabis (a district in Qatif). I exercised with them for a month, and I
attended one official match, but I knew that my place wasn't there, I am a Hawari (what local
football is called in Qatif) player. After exercising with the club every day I regained my skill and
my touch to the ball; every day we did some drill, we jogged, and we played a practice match. I left
the club after a month to join Sinan's team with his friends. He told me a lot about their team and
that I should join them to play like the old days, but this time I was far much stronger. Sinan was
always with me through my injury; he always supported me to become better and stronger. He is
always there in desperate times ready to help me. I joined his team instantly, and we played a lot of
matches. The shocking thing for me was how much I improved, and I could finally make a change
in the match's course. We won most of the matches. I met a lot of people, and I gained a ton of
friends from the team. In time, I became even better. I decided to establish a new team. I called it Al
Ashawis. The first player I brought to the team was Sinan and the second one was Moayad Al Zaher.
I knew Moayad from a lot of time, and I played with him for five years and still going on. I had a
history with him and Sinan in all of my football teams, they are

Filter Bubbles
Although the 2016 presidential election was over one month ago, many people still can't believe the
surprise result. Behind being upset about the result, some populations start to think the role of social
media during the election. They aware the power of social media is very strong. But at the same
time, only a few of them realize that they live in filter bubbles.
Techopedia defines Filter Bubble as "the intellectual isolation that can occur when websites make
use of algorithms to selectively assume the information a user would want to see and then give
information to the user according to this assumption." In past elections, millions of voters get
information from different media. Some of those media are reliable resources, but some of they
aren't. But they truth, they all lacked people into filter bubble.
Typically this 2016 election, publics are more likely to get news from some unreliable resource, ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This action might make those people have confidence in their support candidate. But on the other
side, it will lead those people "sheltered from opposing viewpoints", they are half blind to the other
side of the world.
People realized the dangerous of living in filter bubbles, so they want to test the effects that political
polarization on facebook. Recently, A research asks ten voters to look at the opposite side of their
opinion. They ask five liberals to look the "right wing" news resource and five conservatives to look
the "left wing" news resource. The result of bursting those Facebook bubble and let ten voters
touches the opposite view information is quilt interesting.
The effects on those voters are vary. Some say after seeing the opposite view totally influences their
final decisions. But others who have strong beliefs think they are becoming more upset and
confused on those "false" news and think they are "Like reading a book by a

Champagne On Ice Case Study
Champagne on ice at Finnish first
Finnish developer Suomen Hyötytuuli is this week celebrating having completed turbine installation
and successfully exported first power to the grid at its 42MW Tahkoluoto wind farm off Finland.
Jan De Nul jack–up Vole au Vent lifted the seventh of 10 Siemens 4.2 MW turbines into place
during a reNEWS visit to Finland's first commercial wind farm last Thursday.
Finnish Sea Service cable lay vessel Nökö had that morning linked the project's14 km of array
cabling to landfall at Pori.
A successful summer installation campaign has left the project slightly ahead of schedule, but given
sea ice can arrive in the Barent's Sea in late August overrunning was never an option.
Jan De Nul vessels Pompei, Tiger and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"We are confident we can recoup the €100 million investment within 10 to 11 years and plan to add
a further 35 turbines in the 10MW range to the site between 2021 and 2023," Suomen Hyötytuuli
managing director Toni Sulameri told reNEWS.
The developer is also drafting plans to place 300 turbines at three separate sites some 380KM north,
near the town of Raahe.
The Raahe projects could be operational by 2025 and Hyötytuuli boffins are busy finalizing designs
for ice–resistant monopiles that could support some of the turbines.
"Subsidy free is where we want to end up" Sulameri said. "But to get there we have a lot to learn
from operating this wind farm."
Pre–emptive maintenance key to winter wins
A preventative operations and maintenance strategy will be essential at Tahkoluoto as harsh arctic
winters will severely limit the scope for repairs.
"We need to have excellent condition monitoring," Tahkoluoto technology manager Jaakko
Kleemola told reNEWS.
"If we notice a shaft or baring fault towards the end of the annual weather window we need to
inspect it, run the machine on a lower power level for the winter and plan repairs for the following
year," he explained.
The site's Siemens 4.2MW turbines are equipped with ice–monitoring technology, but the developer
has opted not to install any blade heating as the sea air should stop

The Importance Of Architecture And Architecture
Introduction
In the Ottoman period, a new art direction was appeared and spectaculars perspectives were born.
Due to the expansion of territories by the Ottoman Empire, several sciences, fields and theories were
developed. One of these fields was architecture; the Ottomans constructed several public buildings
and edifices were shared the perfection in structure and in aesthetic value. The mosques are the most
influenced edifices in this period because the Ottomans practiced Islam, besides the increasing in
Muslim population and the annexation of new lands to the Ottoman Empire, the construction of
mosques was required. Another essential factor in the development of the mosques architecture is a
thriving economy. The Ottomans constructed the buildings with luxurious architectures such as
fenestrations spreading over the shaft of the dome to reflect the glory of exterior of the mosques. We
can conclude that the construction method, in the Ottoman period, is influenced by the Ottoman
culture, the Islamic regulations called Shariah and several issues such as climate and materials used
in building. Also, we can see the effect of byzantine architecture on the Ottoman buildings.
However, several innovative contributors appeared in the Ottoman period such as Sinan (figure 1),
he is genius in art and architecture and he constructed approximately 400 buildings. Sinan affected
the Ottoman archeticture in a direct way by introducing new ideas; his works have aesthetic value
besides the

Pantheon and Hagia Sophia
Pantheon and Hagia Sophia Pantheon and Hagia Sophia are two extremely outstanding architectural
pieces of their times. They have been built according to the traditions of those particular times. The
materials used to built these buildings and the purpose for which they were used are all very
important aspects and have been briefly covered in this report. Pantheon The statesman Agrippa
built pantheon in 27 B.C. Then it was completely rebuilt by the emperor Hadrian. The Pantheon is
remarkable for its size, its construction, and its design. The dome was the largest built until modern
times. The present structure was probably originally built as a temple for all the pagan gods. We do
hear of it as being a law–court and a reception area for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The lower level and the second level are divided by the cornis in the ratio of a square root of 2 to 1.
Exterior walls are divided into two zones by the cornis but no correspondence with the height of the
interior cornis. The hemispherical dome has the skylight oculus of 8.9m in diameter. The second
level is the re–design in 1747, which consists of a row of blind windows alternating with square
designs. The real columns and pilasters of lower level are repeated again on the upper walls as
graphic images. This kind of design technique, the repeat and the superimpose are frequently used in
high Renaissance, Mannerism, Baroque and of course in modern age. Hagia Sophia Hagia Sophia
was built by Emperor Constantius, son of Emperor Constantinos I, and was opened for services in
360 AD. Although very little is known about this church, it is assumed that it was a basilica–type
structure with a rectangular floor plan, circular apse and timbered roof. It was similar to St. Studios,
a basilica in Istanbul, the ruins of which still exist. Ancient sources emphasize that the eastern wall
was circular. Constantius donated gold and silver as well as religious objects to his church, but these
were vandalized by Arians during the Council of 381 AD. Hagia Sophia was first named "Megale
Ekklesia" (The Great Church) as it was the largest church in Constantinople. The historian Socrates
indicated that the church was named Sophia during the reign of Emperor

Drones Analytical Essay
During Clinton's presidency the CIA borrowed "a gangly, insect–like airplane called the RQ–1
Predator" from the Air Force which allows Clinton to view what is known as a "live drone feed"
(Mazzetti 61). Some were impressed by the "insect–like" drone but felt like it would be a waste of
time to sit and watch the feed. Those opposed felt that it had no use to it, but only to realize later on
how great of an impact it would have for the government (Mazzetti 61). Drones would be the key
weapon for a "secret war" since "it was a tool that killed quietly," and would allow strikes in
restricted areas where publicist couldn't go (Mazzetti 99–100). This weapon created a whole new
meaning behind wars and assassinations as some view them as inhuman others view it as success.
Many believe citizens should have trust in the government and adhere that drones are being used to
""find, fix, and finish" terrorists" (Mazzetti 77). The CIA use of the drones makes them ... Show
As the percent of terrorist rise every day, drones are deemed successful to lower the rates such as in
the cases of Qaed Salim Sinan, Nek Muhammad, and Al–Awlaki. November 2002, the pilot of the
Predator watched an overpopulated truck driving and only to realize it contained Qaed Salim Sinan
al–Harethi who is " the most wanted man in Yeman" and the United States wanted him dead due to
him being "the mastermind of the 2000 bombing of the destroyer U.S.S Cole" which killed
"seventeen sailors" while refueling and this was the perfect chance (Mazzetti 85). After getting
authorization the CIA fired the missile at the truck and killed every person in there and "Qaed Salim
Sinan al–Hareth was eventually identified" dead (Mazzetti 87). This is the whole new start of the
killing machine on the war of

The Selimiye Mosque
The Selimiye Mosque located in Edirne, Turkey stands for over 400 years as a place of Islamic
practice. The mosque has had some changes, but it still remains a functioning mosque for the people
of Edirne. Commissioned by Sultan Selim II, Selimiye was constructed by famous architect Mimar
Sinan and completed in 1574. Selimiye was constructed during the middle of the Ottoman Dynasty
and remains a structure that highlights not only Ottoman architecture, but Islamic architecture.
The Ottoman Empire has a long history spanning over 600 years. The Turks were first pushed from
their home in Central Asian and relocated to Western Anatolia. Originally the Turks were a nomadic
tribe living on the prairie. Osman Gazi ben Ertugrul or Osman I, a Ghazi warrior, founded what
would become the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire acquired lead during the Crusades, a
military campaign started by the Catholic Church. The fourth Crusade led to the fall of the
Byzantine Empire allowing the Ottoman Empire to take over. The Ottomans captured the Byzantine
capital of Constantinople, now Istanbul and started their conquest for land and power. This was the
first Islamic empire to infiltrate Europe and Asia. The Ottoman Empire dominated much of the
known world by its organized, well equipped, and efficient army. The military of Ottoman's
possessed would lead to one of the most powerful empires of the time. Their focus included
expansion of land, meaning gaining power. The Ottoman's reached their

Mehmed The Conqueror And The Ottoman Sultans
Introduction Mehmed the Conqueror and the Ottoman sultans who followed him desired Topkapi
Palace to convey the power, wealth, and religiousness of the Ottoman household. Unlike many other
works of art and architecture, Topkapi Palace was constantly expanding. An excellent example of
this is the Arabic inscription on The Imperial Gate in Topkapi Palace. The gate itself was
constructed in 1478. The tughra below it belonged Sultan Abdulaziz, a nineteenth century Ottoman
sultan.
Introduction to the Ottomans. In 1453, Mehmed the Conqueror, an Ottoman Turk, succeeded in
conquering Constantinople, the capital of the former Byzantine empire. In 1460, he decided to
commision a palace. By 1478, the palace was complete and was named Topkapi Palace. ... Show
Topkapi palace displays the wealth of the ottoman household. Porcelain can be found in the palace.
Also there are jade colored plates in the palace, but for a very morbid reason: the sultans were
always in fear of getting assassinated, and they thought the plates would change color if the food
was poisonous. Inside the palace there also was the Topkapi dagger. The topkapi dagger was a
dagger made out of emerald. There was also the spoonmaker's diamond, which is "one of the largest
cut diamonds in the world," according to Britannica Academic. Another example of the wealth of
topkapi palace is the size of it. Topkapi palace is 172 acres.
Through the size of topkapi palace it exuded power. However, it was not because of it's size implies
to Gulru Necipolgu, an expert on topkapi palace, but because of how hard it was to even catch a
glipse of the sultan. The sultan's aloofness made him seem more powerful and mysterious. This was
the ultimate purpose of topkapi. Necipolgu argues that "What seems to us haphazard and modest
[Topkapi Palace] is, in actuality, what they [Ottoman sultans] considered to be a symbol of

Media Manipulation Exposed in George Orwell's Shooting an...
Media Manipulation Exposed in George Orwell's "Shooting an Elephant" The phrase "the power of
the press" is used often, but what exactly is the power of the press? Since the beginning of news
reporting, it's been known that what actually gets into the news reports is monitored and carefully
picked by higher authorities. What isn't widely known, however, is that the media can use specific
wording and phrases that, on the surface, look like normal news coverage, but are actually a
technique of the media to control the images people see and the words they hear and read. From this,
people then form their ideals, but are these actually ideals of those people if the media from which
they based them off of was controlled to begin with? It is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
On a daily basis, Orwell was perceived as an intruder upon the Burmese land by the natives, but on
this day, he is "momentarily worth watching" (Orwell 337). Taking up an elephant rifle, Orwell went
forward to do something about the elephant, though he wasn't sure exactly what that would be. He
didn't want to kill the elephant, but now that he held the rifle, he felt that the Burmese had the power
and were forcing him along: Here was I, the white man with his gun, standing in front of the
unarmed native crowd–seemingly the leading actor of the piece; but in reality I was only an absurd
puppet pushed to and fro by the will of those yellow faces behind... [The leader] becomes a sort of
hollow, posing dummy, the conventionalized figure of a sahib. For it is the condition of his rule that
he shall spend his life in trying to impress the "natives," and so in every crisis he has got to do what
the "natives" expect of him (Orwell 337). Orwell's perspective was that because the Burmese
expected him to shoot the elephant, he had no other choice but to do so. His own ideals of how
shooting the elephant was wrong were overcastted by the Burmese "media," who urged him along
and condoned the death of the elephant. It is not evident whether or not the natives were aware of
their power over Orwell. The media as we know it today, however, did realize its power over the

Architectural Styles Of The Ottoman Empire
Distinguishable characteristics like the form, method of construction, regional features, and the
materials used to make a building or any other construction, which helps in identifying that structure
amongst others are what comprise an architectural style. Architectural styles have a vast diversity as
they represent changes in beliefs, religion, fashion, and the invention of new technology over a
broad time period. Over the ages, different empires would rule over a region with each ruler of those
empires having their own unique perspective on their religion. Subsequently, when new empires
would come in power, they would then take inspiration from the previous empire's architecture and
add or remove characteristics from the architecture based on their personal religious perspectives.
In the same way, the Ottoman empire was influenced by styles of architecture from the preceding
empires, namely the Byzantine, Iranian, and Islamic architectural styles. As a result, the Ottoman
empire's architectural style has resemblances with the Romanesque architecture, which is a blend of
the ancient Roman and Byzantine architectures. And it also has similarities with the Gothic
architecture which was heavily influenced by the Romanesque architecture and subsequently by the
Renaissance architecture. However, all three of these architectural styles also have their differences
due to individual religious perspectives.
The Byzantine architecture made with architectural traditions of the

The Ottoman Empire’S Sultan Suleiman, Also Known As The
The Ottoman Empire's Sultan Suleiman, also known as The Magnificent Lawgiver, is widely
regarded to be one of the empire's greatest rulers. While it is known that he had a great love, a
Ukrainian concubine and later wife Roxelana, little is said of the part she played in helping the
nation prosper. Roxelana was the first concubine to achieve great power, and was even more
influential than the men in the imperial court. Through her diplomacy skills and her patronage of
charitable building projects, she broke through the barriers that were previously in place to limit
Ottoman women. Roxelana was a trailblazer when it came to a woman's role in the imperial
household; through her international diplomacy and charitable contributions to ... Show more
However, Roxelana stayed in Istanbul with Jihangir after her other sons moved away, and she even
moved out of the harem to Suleiman's quarters in Topkapi Palace. Additionally, Suleiman became
monogamous after their marriage, which was another aspect of their relationship that was
considered out of step with the Ottoman norm.
The harem was a very private institution that only the sultan had access to. Because of this, most of
the Western perspective on Roxelana is based on gossip. Since Suleiman was so sensitive about his
love for Roxelana, concerns were raised as to how she wielded such unprecedented control over the
sultan. In her love letters addressed to him, she used sweet language and poetic expressions to gain
more and more of Suleiman's love. In other words, she used her femininity to her advantage and
played the perfect wife to gain political influence and power. As a result, Roxelana was demonized
as a conniving woman who manipulated Suleiman through witchcraft. She was deemed a ziadi, or
"witch." The Ottoman public, as well as the Janissaries and the entire imperial court disliked
Roxelana. Undeniably, Roxelana was determined to become a powerful woman in the imperial
household, and she did not only rely on expressions of love to do this. She often acted on Suleiman's
behalf in foreign diplomacy deals and when gift exchanges were

Speech On Bad Eating Habits
We all have some bad habits that we find difficult to break, but what causes them? Most of the time,
bad habits usually develop when we feel stressed or bored. People find that bad habits are a simple
way of dealing with these problems. These problems eventually have a major impact on our physical
and mental health. Bad habits are unwanted behavior that take time to break depending on the
severity of the obsession. Habits can range from non–dangerous habits, like biting your nails to
dangerous ones, such as smoking, drinking, and overspending. Habits can sometimes go unnoticed
by people because they vary in seriousness. Many believe that they're a lot healthier than they really
are, but studies show that less than 3 percent of Americans live a healthy lifestyle. As we continue to
follow our current lifestyles, our life expectancy will gradually decrease. This is why I strongly
believe that people need to correct their bad habits, because each bad habit will increase the risks of
health problems. Bad habits such as staying up late, lack of physical activity, and the overuse of
technology are a few of the major habits that our current generation is developing.
As a night owl, staying up late can create bad eating habits. Cutting back on sleep increases the
likelihood of indulging high calorie foods which may eventually lead to obesity. As the lead study
author at the University of Pennsylvania, Andrea M. Spaeth tested a group of 27 participants who
went to bed at 10 pm and another group of 198 who went to bed at 4 am. Their results concluded
that the second group had consumed significantly more food than the first group. As Spaeth stated,
the longer we stay awake, the more time we get to eat high fat foods.
Staying up late does not only lead to overeating, but it also weakens your immune system. If you're
staying up late, you're probably getting sick frequently because you're not getting the recommended
hours of sleep. According to a study in the "Cancer Research" journal from researchers at the
University of Chicago and University of Louisville, poor quality sleep can speed cancer growth,
increase tumor aggressiveness and weaken the immune system's ability to control early cancers.
People who sleep for

Engineering Jobs and A Outline of Each Essay
Civil Engineering:
Civil engineering is primarily concerned mainly with the planning and construction of different
facilities (bridges, highways, buildings, dams, railroads, etc.)
Civil engineering in Islam was mainly concerned with irrigation and water supply. Four different
types of irrigation were developed by Muslims, which are Basin irrigation, perennial irrigation,
Terrace irrigation and Wadi irrigation
Computer Engineering: Computer engineering deals with the computers (digital gear). It covers the
design, usage and theory of computer hardware (application) and software (information Processing
techniques).
One of the famous Muslim computer engineer is, Lotfi Asker Zadeh, an Iranian scientist and the
founder of fuzzy logic and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As through the economy and trades established by Muslims there was a transmission of different
crops and farming methods from different regions outside the Islamic world.
Architectural Engineering:
Structural: concerned with building structure and disturbing the load transferred in the building.
Mechanical systems: control the temperature and climate inside the building, taking into
consideration the air quality and humidity (HVAC)
Electrical and lighting systems: to design the circuits and paths of utilities and power inside the
building envelop
Construction and management engineering: the responsibility of the engineer that the quality, cost
and schedule meets the project plans
Muslims had a great influence on architecture and have many inventions in this field, for example:
Arabesque: which is an application of repeated geometrical forms founding in decorating walls.
Also the Minaret, which is a distinctive architectural feature of the Islamic civilization, more
specifically, the mosque.
One of the most famous Muslim architects is Mimar Sinan, whom is Turkish. He is the head
ottoman architect and also was a civil engineer. He was accountable for constructing more then 300
different buildings.
Bioengineering/Biomedical Engineering:
There are three major

War Trauma
In the successive chapters, war trauma will be analyzed in the selected novels: Somewhere, Home,
Absent and The Scar of David from the victim's and the soldier's perspectives, as both the war's
victim and soldier silently bear the pain and the heaviness of war trauma. They see the pain they
suffered, "not so much as a consequence of the war, but of the long unacknowledged silence that
followed" (Struk 176).
The researcher's focus on this interesting book is out of the belief that literature/fiction is a kind of a
camera producing written pictures reflecting reality. The Iraqi novelist and poet, Sinan Antun brings
up an important point of how fiction reflects reality, but he focuses on the Middle East. He observed
"how Western audiences tend ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Similarly, Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o in Barrel of a Pen: Resistance to Repression in Neo–Colonial Kenya
(1983) compares a writer's pen to the weapon to write back, "[o]ur pens should be used to increase
the anxieties of all oppressive regimes...The pen may not always be mightier than the sword, but
used in the service of truth, it can be a mighty force" (69). He believes that the intellectuals' mission
is to stand in the face of absolute unjust power. It wasn't before the 1980s that the West began to
believe that there are Arab women who have the talent of mirroring life on papers. Such change
began when Arab women writers write in exile and how their works are read back home and by
foreigners. What was more surprising for the western readers is that those Arab women did not only
write from the housewife perspective, but from the perspective of socially and politically aware
citizens in countries witnessing traumatic wars. When they write, they open the window to snapshot
their lives through writing to explore a silenced, marginalized and unknown world that has been for
long the West's fantasy about "the other". They, as Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o describes, use their pens as
weapons to write back; to snapshot their

Calligraphy In The Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Research Project (1A)
General Area of Research in the Ottoman Empire: Art
Calligraphy was how most people wrote during the Ottoman Empire. Calligraphy was very
respected by the Ottomans. It was mainly used in the city of Istanbul. Derman, Ugur. "The Art of
Calligraphy In The Ottoman Empire." Muslimheritage.com. Muslim Heritage, N.D. Web. March
2nd 2017. There were two types of architecture that greatly influenced the Ottomans. There were
many types of architecture and they were mosques, hammams, and kulliyes. The mosques were
places where people could worship. Hammams were basically public baths. Kulliyes were the
buildings that surrounded the mosques. "Ottoman Empire: Art & Architecture." Study.com. N.P.,
N.D. Web.

Edward Kritzler
In his novel tittle Jewish Pirates of the Caribbean, Edward Kritzler reveals a unique point of view on
the Jews during the Inquisition when they were exiled and persecuted. Moreover, he supplements
his book with bright descriptions about the Jewish journeys across the Atlantic Ocean in search of
freedom. Also, the book is a valuable piece of writing that contains precious knowledge about the
people of that era. This includes but is not limited to their traditions, place in the society, and general
way of life. Collectively, the novel serves as a literary depiction of Caribbean Jews from a very
exciting standpoint. The book focuses on the end of the fifteenth century during the Spanish
Inquisition. A time when many Jews were exiled from Spain. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
He portrayed this part of history as he understood it, without sugarcoating any unpleasant portion.
Also, in my opinion, his in–depth knowledge of Jamaica helps his credibility without the need for
prior credentials. The idea to write this book was sparked when Edward Kritzler found a journal
about 4 decades ago which belonged to an English buccaneer from the seventeenth century. There,
much history of the Hebrew nation's sailing across the sea was discovered. This is what ignited the
creation of Kritzler's highly acclaimed non–fiction novel. In the beginning it focuses on one of the
darkest periods in the history of mankind, the era of Inquisition. As a result of this terrorizing time
period, the Jewish people who were exiled from the Iberian Peninsula could no longer find a place
where they could reside peacefully no matter where they traveled. This was due to the holy
inquisition whose sole purpose was to catch and punish them. Furthermore, Kritzler writes about a
very intriguing part of this hardship, which consisted of the Jews' scrappy attempts to survive. A part
of this was a variety of strategies which even included some Jews becoming traders, bankers, and
usurers. Such professions assisted them in becoming reintegrated into society. Others took up a more
contemporary route since during this time Jews were in high demand for their

Architectural Bias
Difference in Architectural Recognition due to Historical Bias. As Winston Churchill once said
"History is written by the victors". When looking into past events there will always be more than
one side to a story, yet for many centuries the study of history concentrated on the retail of an
specific person or group who would generally impose their own ideas and perspective of the past.
This creates something called historical bias which in term makes most of the historical documents
fallacious. Architectural history is no stranger to this trend; since most of of our records come from
Western historians (Greek, Roman, European). Western movements and architects are depicted as
artistic and influential architecture while Eastern architecture is rarely credited or talked about. The
Ottomans had equally significant contributions to architecture development thanks to architects such
as Koca Sinan (1538–1588). While western architects such as Michelangelo are commonly known
as some of the greatest architects of the century, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
First, he would designs a dome baldachin inside a square roof that would serve as the center of the
build. After that he would just let the building take form from the dome.On the other hand,
Michelangelo would have have highly planned designs that would focused on the symmetry and the
artistic beauty. As Dogan Kuban said " What the classical orders are to Greek, Roman, and
European architecture generally, the dome baldachin is to the Turkish". (Kuban, 73). Sinan highly
tectonic style originated an entirely new design process in which space is created from the support
systems rather than a floor plans. Michelangelo is greatly acclaimed for his designs particularly in
comparison to other architects that worked during the renaissance but his mannerisms designs
"singularity" could be compared to Sinan's understanding of functionality and structure through the
use of roofing systems, specifically

The Importance Of Commercial Buildings In The Ottoman Empire

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The Importance Of Commercial Buildings In The Ottoman Empire