This document discusses the implications of globalization for the urban poor. It defines globalization as a complex process involving the economic, political, social, and cultural integration of activities worldwide. Key drivers of contemporary globalization include advances in technology, the collapse of political barriers, and policies of trade liberalization. While globalization may increase economic growth, its impacts on employment, inequality, and poverty are mixed and depend greatly on domestic policies and circumstances. A major effect of globalization has been rapid urbanization as populations move to cities in search of opportunities, often ending up in informal settlements that lack basic services.
Globalization and trade unions challenges nigerian manufacturing sector exper...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining the challenges globalization has brought to trade unions in Nigeria's manufacturing sector. Some key points:
1) Globalization has increased competition for local Nigerian companies from foreign rivals, adversely impacting trade union membership due to job losses from privatization and downsizing.
2) Globalization prioritizes market flexibility over social protections, weakening trade unions' power through employment insecurity and reduced representation.
3) Nigeria's manufacturing sector faces challenges of low capacity, declining output, and obsolete technology that have made it difficult to compete globally. This has threatened the survival of local industries and jobs.
4) For Nigeria to better benefit from globalization, it needs
Globalization,definitions, facts and future.Aliaksey Narko
This document discusses globalization and provides definitions, statistics, and opinions about its current state and future trends. It defines globalization as the integration of human and non-human activities across national boundaries and examines how it has increased international trade, foreign direct investment, life expectancy, and workforce migration. The document predicts that globalization will continue decreasing the influence of nation states and increasing the power of international organizations and corporations. It also anticipates stronger workforce migration, more internationalized companies, and a shift in global manufacturing centers.
This document discusses globalization and its impact on social-ecological systems using the case of the rhino horn trade. Globalization has increased connectedness between actors involved in the rhino horn trade across international borders. While globalization has led to increased poaching threatening rhino populations, it has also strengthened collaboration between anti-poaching efforts. Social-ecological systems theory views the environment and human systems as coupled. The potential legalization of rhino horn trade in South Africa is discussed as an example of adaptive governance seeking to reduce poaching incentives while generating funds for conservation.
This document discusses perspectives on globalization from both pro-globalists and anti-globalists. It outlines some of the perceived benefits of globalization such as increased trade and economic growth. However, it also notes concerns of anti-globalists, including threats to national economies, environmental degradation, and loss of jobs in developed countries. Anti-globalist perspectives come from both developed and developing nations. The document provides an overview of the complex debate around the impacts of globalization.
This document discusses different perspectives on globalization. It begins by outlining the main strands of the globalization process, including increasing interconnectedness between societies, rising power of multinational corporations, and a growing global culture. It then examines five approaches to globalization: Technological Enthusiasts view it as an inevitable process driven by technology; Marxisant Pessimists see it increasing inequality and destroying local cultures; Pluralist Pragmatists see it as a complex process with both benefits and drawbacks; Sceptic Internationalists reject the idea of a borderless world and maintain the importance of nation-states. The document aims to provide a balanced overview of the diverse ways globalization can be understood.
As per the adage, ‘Every cloud has a silver lining’, we have observed that pro- and anti-globalization go hand in hand. If one section of the society considers it to be advancing for good, other section will always pick the bad out of it.
Pro-globalists debate that globalization brings about much increased opportunities for almost everyone, and increased competition is a good thing since it makes agents of production more efficient, the anti-globalists, on the contrary, argue that certain groups of people who are devoid in terms of resources are not currently capable of functioning within the increased competitive pressure that will be brought about by allowing their economic to be more connected to the rest of the world.
Let's read more to understand the impact of both the faces of globalists, their ideology and perception.
Happy reading!
This document provides an overview of globalization and discusses both its positive and negative impacts. It begins by defining economic globalization as the increasing economic interdependence between countries through greater cross-border trade, financial flows, and labor movement. Technological advances, trade liberalization, changes in multinational institutions, ideological convergence around free markets, and cultural homogenization are identified as key drivers of globalization. Both opportunities like increased innovation and growth in emerging economies as well as challenges such as rising inequality and environmental degradation are examined. The document aims to present a balanced perspective on the complex effects of globalization.
Globalization and trade unions challenges nigerian manufacturing sector exper...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining the challenges globalization has brought to trade unions in Nigeria's manufacturing sector. Some key points:
1) Globalization has increased competition for local Nigerian companies from foreign rivals, adversely impacting trade union membership due to job losses from privatization and downsizing.
2) Globalization prioritizes market flexibility over social protections, weakening trade unions' power through employment insecurity and reduced representation.
3) Nigeria's manufacturing sector faces challenges of low capacity, declining output, and obsolete technology that have made it difficult to compete globally. This has threatened the survival of local industries and jobs.
4) For Nigeria to better benefit from globalization, it needs
Globalization,definitions, facts and future.Aliaksey Narko
This document discusses globalization and provides definitions, statistics, and opinions about its current state and future trends. It defines globalization as the integration of human and non-human activities across national boundaries and examines how it has increased international trade, foreign direct investment, life expectancy, and workforce migration. The document predicts that globalization will continue decreasing the influence of nation states and increasing the power of international organizations and corporations. It also anticipates stronger workforce migration, more internationalized companies, and a shift in global manufacturing centers.
This document discusses globalization and its impact on social-ecological systems using the case of the rhino horn trade. Globalization has increased connectedness between actors involved in the rhino horn trade across international borders. While globalization has led to increased poaching threatening rhino populations, it has also strengthened collaboration between anti-poaching efforts. Social-ecological systems theory views the environment and human systems as coupled. The potential legalization of rhino horn trade in South Africa is discussed as an example of adaptive governance seeking to reduce poaching incentives while generating funds for conservation.
This document discusses perspectives on globalization from both pro-globalists and anti-globalists. It outlines some of the perceived benefits of globalization such as increased trade and economic growth. However, it also notes concerns of anti-globalists, including threats to national economies, environmental degradation, and loss of jobs in developed countries. Anti-globalist perspectives come from both developed and developing nations. The document provides an overview of the complex debate around the impacts of globalization.
This document discusses different perspectives on globalization. It begins by outlining the main strands of the globalization process, including increasing interconnectedness between societies, rising power of multinational corporations, and a growing global culture. It then examines five approaches to globalization: Technological Enthusiasts view it as an inevitable process driven by technology; Marxisant Pessimists see it increasing inequality and destroying local cultures; Pluralist Pragmatists see it as a complex process with both benefits and drawbacks; Sceptic Internationalists reject the idea of a borderless world and maintain the importance of nation-states. The document aims to provide a balanced overview of the diverse ways globalization can be understood.
As per the adage, ‘Every cloud has a silver lining’, we have observed that pro- and anti-globalization go hand in hand. If one section of the society considers it to be advancing for good, other section will always pick the bad out of it.
Pro-globalists debate that globalization brings about much increased opportunities for almost everyone, and increased competition is a good thing since it makes agents of production more efficient, the anti-globalists, on the contrary, argue that certain groups of people who are devoid in terms of resources are not currently capable of functioning within the increased competitive pressure that will be brought about by allowing their economic to be more connected to the rest of the world.
Let's read more to understand the impact of both the faces of globalists, their ideology and perception.
Happy reading!
This document provides an overview of globalization and discusses both its positive and negative impacts. It begins by defining economic globalization as the increasing economic interdependence between countries through greater cross-border trade, financial flows, and labor movement. Technological advances, trade liberalization, changes in multinational institutions, ideological convergence around free markets, and cultural homogenization are identified as key drivers of globalization. Both opportunities like increased innovation and growth in emerging economies as well as challenges such as rising inequality and environmental degradation are examined. The document aims to present a balanced perspective on the complex effects of globalization.
Globalisation, Environment And BusinessPeter Cullen
The document discusses the historical relationships between world systems and business. It describes how human institutions act to reduce uncertainty and how businesses are designed to produce goods and services with stability. World systems have changed over time from isolated mini-systems to today's globalized multi-polity economies. Globalization has promoted reducing barriers between national borders to facilitate the flow of goods, capital, services and labor. The current globalized system integrates relationships between local, regional and global systems and has increased human impacts on the environment, shifting the nature of uncertainties.
- Anthony Giddens defines globalization as the intensification of worldwide social relations that connects distant localities such that local events are shaped by distant events and vice versa.
- Giddens identifies four dimensions of globalization: the world capitalist economy, the nation-state system, the world military order, and industrial development.
- Postcolonialism consists of reactions to and analyses of colonialism's cultural legacy with the goal of addressing its residual effects and promoting mutual respect between cultures.
Globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness between societies and economies around the world through cross-border trade, investment and cultural exchange. While globalization has been ongoing for centuries, it has accelerated in recent decades due to advances in technology and transportation. Supporters argue that globalization increases economic growth and benefits all participants, while critics argue it exacerbates inequality and undermines local cultures and economies. There is ongoing debate around how to ensure the benefits of globalization are distributed equitably and its impacts are properly managed.
IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION AND INITIATION OF TRADE UNION WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE ...Keshav Prasad Bhattarai
This document summarizes the impact of globalization and trade union initiation in Nepal. It discusses how globalization has integrated economies through increased trade, investment, and movement of people, technology, and ideas. While globalization has created opportunities for some, it has marginalized many countries and communities. In Nepal, the decade-long armed insurgency disrupted economic development and global integration, costing the country billions and driving many youth to migrate for work. Though poverty has declined in Nepal, rural poverty remains high and the economy still has not fully benefited from globalization due to lack of infrastructure and opportunity.
Globalization involves the increased movement and exchange of goods, services, capital, technology and information across borders. It has brought both opportunities through increased connectivity as well as challenges to national sovereignty. Key drivers of economic globalization include advances in science and technology, the rise of multinational corporations, and increased financial integration between countries. While globalization threatens nation-state autonomy through various flows that transcend borders, international institutions and agreements aim to facilitate cooperation and resolve global issues.
Globalization is a process by which people from different parts of the world influence each other through increased contact, driven by technological developments in communication and transportation. These developments have led to increased international trade, financial integration, and the growth of multinational corporations and international organizations like the UN. While globalization shrinks distances, it also increases diversity and interconnection worldwide in economic, cultural, and political realms.
The document discusses threats to globalization. It summarizes the views of an author from the late 19th century who believed globalization would allow people to access goods and invest globally with ease. However, the document notes that rising trade imbalances, commodity price increases, and shifts in global production and ownership have created fault lines in an increasingly globalized world and contributed to the current economic crisis. De-globalization is now occurring as world trade and private capital flows decline sharply.
Globalization and Industrial Development in Nigeriaiosrjce
Globalization and industrial development are recent events which have received considerable attention
by scholars and bodies in the academic field, which is an inevitable feature of today‘s world. Globalization has
become important in the modern intellectual development in the contemporary world. This inevitably leads to
the definition of the concept. What precisely does the concept globalization mean? There are enormous
scholarly works on globalization. According to Schneider and Eriste, (2002) in the emergent socio-political and
economic transformation as well as the area of communication and transportation, the globalization trend now
seems to be irreversible. Globalization is a phenomenon which is multi-dimensional and multifaceted process
that encompasses economic, political, social, and technological development
Globalization: Truest Meaning - PowerPointYaryalitsa
Globalization refers to increasing global connections and integration in economic, political, and cultural realms. [1] Optimists see benefits like increased prosperity through global economic integration, while pessimists worry about negative impacts like environmental destruction and loss of local culture. [2] The truest definition of globalization is that it describes how peoples around the world are increasingly part of a single global society and economy, with ideas, goods, and services circulating more freely across borders. [3]
In this module, you will journey to the very heart of this course: you will be asked to identify the challenges posed by globalization and consider responses to these challenges as demonstrated by experiences on the ground. For this purpose, students will produce case studies of communities (in the Philippines and other countries) experiencing the impact of globalization and their respective responses to issues that arise. There are global-civic societies engaged in advocacies relating to climate and environmental protection, for example, human trafficking across borders, the application of advances in science and technology to serve some of the world’s poorest communities, and so on. There are, too, communities that have managed, in varying degrees of success, to deal with the effects, good and bad, of globalization.
Globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness between countries due to advances in technology and transportation. It began in the 19th century as countries developed economic, political, and business ties. Globalization has impacted many aspects of society including politics, economics, education, trade, and culture. It has led to both benefits like open markets and cross-cultural sharing, as well as issues regarding labor rights and economic instability. While Western culture has spread widely, some argue that globalization has also strengthened local cultural identities. Overall, globalization is an ongoing process that is changing economies and societies around the world in both positive and negative ways.
Globalization refers to the expansion of global linkages and the growth of a global consciousness that leads to the consolidation of a world society. While it provides greater access to global markets and products, it also puts pressure on local jobs through outsourcing. Globalization improves conditions for women in developing nations and helps break down regressive social barriers. However, it also widens inequality gaps between nations and can negatively impact the poor through job losses from privatization. The environmental and cultural impacts of globalization are complex and not fully understood.
"Climate Crunch" : Scenarios for the global economic environmentFERMA
"Climate Crunch" : Scenarios for the global economic environment.
The recently published Global Risks 2014 report of the World Economic Forum identifies environmental risks as highest in terms of impact and likelihood. Those risks include both natural disasters, such as earthquakes and geomagnetic storms, and man-made risks such as
collapsing ecosystems, freshwater shortages, nuclear accidents and failure to mitigate or adapt to climate change. Failure of climate change mitigation and
adaptation is the fifth top risk concern according to
multi-stakeholders communities (see figure beside).
Climate change is evidence proven and this paper doesn’t intend to explore the causes. However, one can state that climate change is a systemic problem – it is one that touches all the others. As such by its systemic nature, it can cause breakdowns of entire systems and not only a component part. (
This document discusses sustainable globalization through six lenses: economic/financial, technology, poverty and inequity, limits to growth, movement of talent, and geopolitical. It focuses on two issues through the economic/financial lens. First, it discusses the need for an environmental, social, and governance framework in evaluating economies and companies. Second, it discusses the need to redefine gross domestic product to account for more than just growth. The document provides examples of imbalances highlighted by solely using GDP as a measure of globalization.
The document discusses various definitions and perspectives on globalization. It notes that over the last three decades, the scale and scope of global interconnectedness has grown significantly in all spheres, from economic to cultural. However, skeptics argue this does not necessarily constitute globalization and instead see the world as characterized more by international interdependence between states. The document also examines how globalization manifests in economic, military, and legal domains on a global scale.
Globalization represents an unavoidable phenomenon in the history of mankind, which is making the world smaller and smaller by increasing the exchange of goods, services, information, knowledge and cultures between different countries, therefore, it is very important to understand the "why, where, what and how" of our current situation.
This document summarizes an IMF report on globalization. It discusses how globalization has led to increasing integration of economies through greater movement of goods, services, capital and people across borders. It provides statistics showing rising global trade, foreign investment, and financial and personal flows between countries. The summary concludes that while globalization has benefits like increased access to goods, jobs and living standards, there are also risks that must be managed through policies promoting strong and stable economies.
This document summarizes urban dynamics in India based on analysis of census data and satellite imagery. It finds that:
- Indian cities are becoming more economically important, with the top 10 cities accounting for 8% of the population but 15% of economic output while using only 0.1% of land.
- Cities are generally becoming more spatially spread out over time as densities decrease, though sprawl affects larger cities more. This sprawl could impact sustainability.
- There has been a large shift in India's population distribution since 1951, with more people now living in large cities and fewer in small villages. The number of small settlements is declining as places cluster and grow.
- A key question is how
1) The informal economy makes up a large share of employment in many developing countries and includes survival activities, micro-entrepreneurs, and workers or firms subordinated to larger formal firms.
2) Empirical evidence on the impact of trade opening on informality is mixed and depends on country and sector, but well-designed labor market policies can help facilitate transition to formality.
3) Informality is associated with lower economic growth, limited export opportunities, impaired adjustment to changes, and vulnerability to economic shocks due to lack of skills and fiscal resources.
Globalisation, Environment And BusinessPeter Cullen
The document discusses the historical relationships between world systems and business. It describes how human institutions act to reduce uncertainty and how businesses are designed to produce goods and services with stability. World systems have changed over time from isolated mini-systems to today's globalized multi-polity economies. Globalization has promoted reducing barriers between national borders to facilitate the flow of goods, capital, services and labor. The current globalized system integrates relationships between local, regional and global systems and has increased human impacts on the environment, shifting the nature of uncertainties.
- Anthony Giddens defines globalization as the intensification of worldwide social relations that connects distant localities such that local events are shaped by distant events and vice versa.
- Giddens identifies four dimensions of globalization: the world capitalist economy, the nation-state system, the world military order, and industrial development.
- Postcolonialism consists of reactions to and analyses of colonialism's cultural legacy with the goal of addressing its residual effects and promoting mutual respect between cultures.
Globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness between societies and economies around the world through cross-border trade, investment and cultural exchange. While globalization has been ongoing for centuries, it has accelerated in recent decades due to advances in technology and transportation. Supporters argue that globalization increases economic growth and benefits all participants, while critics argue it exacerbates inequality and undermines local cultures and economies. There is ongoing debate around how to ensure the benefits of globalization are distributed equitably and its impacts are properly managed.
IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION AND INITIATION OF TRADE UNION WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE ...Keshav Prasad Bhattarai
This document summarizes the impact of globalization and trade union initiation in Nepal. It discusses how globalization has integrated economies through increased trade, investment, and movement of people, technology, and ideas. While globalization has created opportunities for some, it has marginalized many countries and communities. In Nepal, the decade-long armed insurgency disrupted economic development and global integration, costing the country billions and driving many youth to migrate for work. Though poverty has declined in Nepal, rural poverty remains high and the economy still has not fully benefited from globalization due to lack of infrastructure and opportunity.
Globalization involves the increased movement and exchange of goods, services, capital, technology and information across borders. It has brought both opportunities through increased connectivity as well as challenges to national sovereignty. Key drivers of economic globalization include advances in science and technology, the rise of multinational corporations, and increased financial integration between countries. While globalization threatens nation-state autonomy through various flows that transcend borders, international institutions and agreements aim to facilitate cooperation and resolve global issues.
Globalization is a process by which people from different parts of the world influence each other through increased contact, driven by technological developments in communication and transportation. These developments have led to increased international trade, financial integration, and the growth of multinational corporations and international organizations like the UN. While globalization shrinks distances, it also increases diversity and interconnection worldwide in economic, cultural, and political realms.
The document discusses threats to globalization. It summarizes the views of an author from the late 19th century who believed globalization would allow people to access goods and invest globally with ease. However, the document notes that rising trade imbalances, commodity price increases, and shifts in global production and ownership have created fault lines in an increasingly globalized world and contributed to the current economic crisis. De-globalization is now occurring as world trade and private capital flows decline sharply.
Globalization and Industrial Development in Nigeriaiosrjce
Globalization and industrial development are recent events which have received considerable attention
by scholars and bodies in the academic field, which is an inevitable feature of today‘s world. Globalization has
become important in the modern intellectual development in the contemporary world. This inevitably leads to
the definition of the concept. What precisely does the concept globalization mean? There are enormous
scholarly works on globalization. According to Schneider and Eriste, (2002) in the emergent socio-political and
economic transformation as well as the area of communication and transportation, the globalization trend now
seems to be irreversible. Globalization is a phenomenon which is multi-dimensional and multifaceted process
that encompasses economic, political, social, and technological development
Globalization: Truest Meaning - PowerPointYaryalitsa
Globalization refers to increasing global connections and integration in economic, political, and cultural realms. [1] Optimists see benefits like increased prosperity through global economic integration, while pessimists worry about negative impacts like environmental destruction and loss of local culture. [2] The truest definition of globalization is that it describes how peoples around the world are increasingly part of a single global society and economy, with ideas, goods, and services circulating more freely across borders. [3]
In this module, you will journey to the very heart of this course: you will be asked to identify the challenges posed by globalization and consider responses to these challenges as demonstrated by experiences on the ground. For this purpose, students will produce case studies of communities (in the Philippines and other countries) experiencing the impact of globalization and their respective responses to issues that arise. There are global-civic societies engaged in advocacies relating to climate and environmental protection, for example, human trafficking across borders, the application of advances in science and technology to serve some of the world’s poorest communities, and so on. There are, too, communities that have managed, in varying degrees of success, to deal with the effects, good and bad, of globalization.
Globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness between countries due to advances in technology and transportation. It began in the 19th century as countries developed economic, political, and business ties. Globalization has impacted many aspects of society including politics, economics, education, trade, and culture. It has led to both benefits like open markets and cross-cultural sharing, as well as issues regarding labor rights and economic instability. While Western culture has spread widely, some argue that globalization has also strengthened local cultural identities. Overall, globalization is an ongoing process that is changing economies and societies around the world in both positive and negative ways.
Globalization refers to the expansion of global linkages and the growth of a global consciousness that leads to the consolidation of a world society. While it provides greater access to global markets and products, it also puts pressure on local jobs through outsourcing. Globalization improves conditions for women in developing nations and helps break down regressive social barriers. However, it also widens inequality gaps between nations and can negatively impact the poor through job losses from privatization. The environmental and cultural impacts of globalization are complex and not fully understood.
"Climate Crunch" : Scenarios for the global economic environmentFERMA
"Climate Crunch" : Scenarios for the global economic environment.
The recently published Global Risks 2014 report of the World Economic Forum identifies environmental risks as highest in terms of impact and likelihood. Those risks include both natural disasters, such as earthquakes and geomagnetic storms, and man-made risks such as
collapsing ecosystems, freshwater shortages, nuclear accidents and failure to mitigate or adapt to climate change. Failure of climate change mitigation and
adaptation is the fifth top risk concern according to
multi-stakeholders communities (see figure beside).
Climate change is evidence proven and this paper doesn’t intend to explore the causes. However, one can state that climate change is a systemic problem – it is one that touches all the others. As such by its systemic nature, it can cause breakdowns of entire systems and not only a component part. (
This document discusses sustainable globalization through six lenses: economic/financial, technology, poverty and inequity, limits to growth, movement of talent, and geopolitical. It focuses on two issues through the economic/financial lens. First, it discusses the need for an environmental, social, and governance framework in evaluating economies and companies. Second, it discusses the need to redefine gross domestic product to account for more than just growth. The document provides examples of imbalances highlighted by solely using GDP as a measure of globalization.
The document discusses various definitions and perspectives on globalization. It notes that over the last three decades, the scale and scope of global interconnectedness has grown significantly in all spheres, from economic to cultural. However, skeptics argue this does not necessarily constitute globalization and instead see the world as characterized more by international interdependence between states. The document also examines how globalization manifests in economic, military, and legal domains on a global scale.
Globalization represents an unavoidable phenomenon in the history of mankind, which is making the world smaller and smaller by increasing the exchange of goods, services, information, knowledge and cultures between different countries, therefore, it is very important to understand the "why, where, what and how" of our current situation.
This document summarizes an IMF report on globalization. It discusses how globalization has led to increasing integration of economies through greater movement of goods, services, capital and people across borders. It provides statistics showing rising global trade, foreign investment, and financial and personal flows between countries. The summary concludes that while globalization has benefits like increased access to goods, jobs and living standards, there are also risks that must be managed through policies promoting strong and stable economies.
This document summarizes urban dynamics in India based on analysis of census data and satellite imagery. It finds that:
- Indian cities are becoming more economically important, with the top 10 cities accounting for 8% of the population but 15% of economic output while using only 0.1% of land.
- Cities are generally becoming more spatially spread out over time as densities decrease, though sprawl affects larger cities more. This sprawl could impact sustainability.
- There has been a large shift in India's population distribution since 1951, with more people now living in large cities and fewer in small villages. The number of small settlements is declining as places cluster and grow.
- A key question is how
1) The informal economy makes up a large share of employment in many developing countries and includes survival activities, micro-entrepreneurs, and workers or firms subordinated to larger formal firms.
2) Empirical evidence on the impact of trade opening on informality is mixed and depends on country and sector, but well-designed labor market policies can help facilitate transition to formality.
3) Informality is associated with lower economic growth, limited export opportunities, impaired adjustment to changes, and vulnerability to economic shocks due to lack of skills and fiscal resources.
The impact of globalization in the developing countriesAlexander Decker
This academic article discusses the impacts of globalization on developing countries. It examines the effects in three key areas: economic and trade processes, education and health systems, and culture. While globalization has benefits like increased economic growth and technology transfer, it also has drawbacks such as rising inequality and loss of cultural traditions. The article provides an overview of both the positive and negative influences of globalization across multiple domains in developing nations.
Globalisation is changing employment sectors in both the developed and developing world. It is opening up new jobs and opportunities in some places, while eliminating traditional jobs in others. For women in developing countries, globalisation has provided increased access to education and urban jobs, though many also work in difficult conditions in factories. For men in developed countries, globalisation has reduced access to long-held manufacturing jobs. Overall, globalisation brings both benefits and challenges for different groups through its economic impacts and restructuring of employment sectors worldwide.
The document defines globalization as the increasing economic interdependence between countries through rising trade and financial flows. It involves the integration of economic, political and cultural aspects worldwide. The stages of globalization began in 1490 with nautical developments, continued in 1890 with European industrialization, and reached a third stage in 1990 with the rise of multinational corporations and communication reforms. Globalization is driven by advances in transportation, telecommunications, and other factors that increase interdependence between economic and cultural activities worldwide.
The document discusses globalization and emerging markets. It provides an overview of globalization including its political and economic aspects. It then covers the evolution of globalization and challenges companies face when globalizing. The document also discusses key global economic data from 2005 including GDP, population, exports, and trade for various countries. Emerging markets like China, India, and Russia are examined in terms of their growth factors, common traits, and reforms. China's reform agenda is outlined and comparisons are made between India and China.
Globalization has led to increasing interdependence between countries through growing flows of trade, finance, information and culture. It has consolidated through declining transportation and communication costs, neoliberal policies, financial deregulation, and the activities of multinational firms and international organizations. This has created global supply chains and specialization in high-tech, services, manufacturing and raw materials. However, many criticize that globalization has reduced sovereignty and prioritized financial interests over social welfare by escaping controls of states and societies.
This document discusses globalization and international trade. It provides background on the history of long-distance trading dating back to nomadic Arab traders. It then outlines key events and developments that increased globalization such as the establishment of trading companies and organizations like the WTO. The document also discusses how globalization has benefits like increased economic growth but also disadvantages like increased inequality between nations. It concludes by discussing measures to help integrate low-income nations and reduce poverty.
6 Ways the United Arab Emirates is Succeeding in the Knowledge EconomyWiley
The United Arab Emirates has paved the way toward success in the knowledge economy through strategic planning and investment. See how others can follow their lead.
The document discusses the town planning of Delhi, including its geography, history of urbanization, population growth trends, and master plans implemented over time to accommodate increasing population. It provides details on the planning and development of Shahjahanabad during Mughal rule in the 17th century, including the layout of key areas like the Red Fort, Jama Masjid mosque, streets, neighborhoods, gardens and city walls. It also briefly outlines the subsequent development of Lutyens' Delhi after Delhi became the capital under British rule in the early 20th century.
Globalization;ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGESASIF SULTAN
The document discusses the advantages and disadvantages of globalization. It states that globalization refers to countries joining together economically, through education, society and politics, while maintaining their national identities. Some advantages include increased free trade, investment opportunities, flexibility for corporations, and spread of ideas. However, some disadvantages are the potential spread of materialism, threats to sovereignty, job losses in developed nations, economic disruptions, and corporate influence exceeding individuals. The document concludes that while globalization has issues, it is not disappearing, so nations must understand its impacts and work to address problems and spread benefits widely.
The document discusses the impacts of globalization, including economic, social, and environmental impacts. It lists improved standards of living, increased competition among nations, and widening income gaps as economic impacts. Socially, it mentions increased awareness of foreign cultures and loss of local culture. Environmentally, it notes environmental degradation and the need for environmental management. The document provides potential exam questions about these different impacts and their significance.
Globalization is a process that involves the worldwide integration of economies, technologies, and cultures. It began accelerating in the late 20th century due to advances in transportation and communication technology. While globalization has led to increased economic opportunities through expanded trade and investment, it has also contributed to cultural and economic homogenization. It has impacted systems of governance, urban development, labor markets, and gender norms around the world. Both supporters and critics of globalization make arguments around its effects on issues like sovereignty, inequality, and cultural diversity.
Globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness of economies and societies around the world through trade and information sharing. There are three main types - economic, social, and political. Key drivers of globalization include improved communications like the internet, improved transportation infrastructure, free trade agreements, global banking, and the growth of multinational corporations. The effects of globalization include a changed global food supply, increased outsourcing and less job security in some countries, potential environmental damage from increased trade and transport, homogenization of cultures, and a rise in anti-globalization protests.
Globalization refers to the increasing integration and interdependence of economies, technologies, and cultures around the world. It is a complex phenomenon that impacts societies in various ways. While some argue globalization benefits economies through increased trade and access to foreign markets and technologies, others argue it can negatively impact local businesses and economies. The lived experiences of people and communities around the world provide perspectives that can both challenge and expand understanding of the complex effects of economic globalization.
This document discusses the interaction between the process of globalization and the tourism sector. It first explains how globalization can be understood and the ways it influences tourism. It then examines the position of Turkish tourism and its place within the Turkish economy as a case study of these interactions. The document is structured to first define globalization and its effects in areas like technology, economy, politics, culture and terrorism. It then explores how globalization has impacted tourism and discusses sustainable tourism development.
Globalization And The Impact Of Globalization In The...Nicole Savoie
Globalization has had an uneven impact in Medellin, Colombia. While it has benefited sectors like security and energy efficiency through infrastructure like cable cars, it has not significantly impacted politics or the economy. However, these areas have still improved compared to the 1990s. Medellin can use globalization to reduce unemployment and increase economic value, such as through developing transportation infrastructure in poorer areas to connect them to jobs. This has led to commercial changes and new business opportunities in these areas. While Medellin and Colombia face challenges with internationalization, globalization remains a tool for development when implemented moderately and inclusively.
The lecture analyzes the phenomenon of Globalization, the technological revolution, the over exploitation of ICTs, and the rise of Information Society.
Globalization, ICTs, and the Information SocietyBoutkhil Guemide
In a world characterized by globalization and shaped by information and communication, the ability to act on information flows, and on media messages, becomes an essential tool for fostering a political agenda. With noopolitik, diplomacy will now include not only governments but also the societies they represent.
Globalization, ICTs, and the Information societyBoutkhil Guemide
This document provides an outline for a lecture on globalization, information and communication technologies (ICTs), and the information society. It begins with introductions to globalization, defining it as the flow of goods, services, capital, people, information and ideas across borders. It describes characteristics of globalization like transparency, connectivity, and the role of science and technology. It then discusses impacts of globalization, both positive like economic growth, and negative like increased competition. The document outlines how ICTs like the internet and mobile phones have increased globalization by reducing barriers. It defines the information society and references theorists like Daniel Bell and Manuel Castells who see it as successor to industrial society based on information.
Literature Review Of Globalization Yanxing Docguestef4a23
Globalization involves the increasing interconnectedness of economic and cultural activities across the world. It has accelerated due to faster communication technologies and the rise of multinational corporations operating globally. While globalization has increased economic opportunities, it also brings risks from greater dependence on central economies and rapid technological changes shaping the new knowledge economy. Key aspects of globalization include the de-localization of activities across great distances and the decline of national governments' power relative to international organizations and market forces.
Globalization refers to the increasing integration and interdependence of economies and societies around the world through increased cross-border movement of goods, capital, services, and people. It has led to greater global economic, political, and cultural integration. While it offers opportunities for economic growth and development, it also poses challenges related to increased inequality, urbanization, environmental pressures, and cultural homogenization that require careful planning and policy responses.
This document discusses the concepts of neo-liberal globalization and its effects. It defines neo-liberalism as an economic ideology based on free markets with minimal government intervention. Globalization refers to the increasing integration of economies and flow of goods, services, and capital across borders enabled by technology. The document examines how globalization has impacted markets, labor, democracy, communication, culture, and localized rivalries. While globalization creates new opportunities, it can also exacerbate inequality and poverty. Overall the impacts of globalization remain controversial with both supporters and critics.
Economic forces have facilitated globalization through increasing trade, financial integration, and the rise of multinational corporations. Technological advances have reduced communication and transportation costs, allowing companies to globalize production. While economic globalization has increased prosperity through access to cheaper goods and expanded markets, it has also been associated with developing country exploitation and widening inequality between wealthy and poor nations. Overall, globalization has integrated economies but with both benefits and disadvantages that are unevenly distributed.
Locating Oneself in Global Learning- First 4 ReadingsOslo
First 4 Readings of Locating Oneself in Global Learning! I suggest to do all of the readings from the class reading selection list on it'slearning. Here is just a reference so you do not have to open 4 different links in order to remember the content. Will add more as class progresses. We will have a great time learning together. These words are not my own and taken directly from the designated readings.
A Term Paper On GLOBALIZATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA By UMAR AHM...Kelly Taylor
This document provides a summary of a term paper on globalization and economic development in Nigeria. It discusses several key points:
- Globalization has increased trade openness and economic integration among countries. However, some argue it promotes uneven income distribution and growth that benefits some nations over others.
- The paper studies the relationship between trade openness and GDP growth in Nigeria from 1985-2012. While trade openness and growth moved in the same direction, the correlation between them was weak, possibly due to Nigeria's reliance on oil and imports.
- Nigeria needs to diversify its economy and manufacturing sector to better benefit from globalization and trade liberalization.
This document discusses globalization and its relationship to international relations. It begins by defining globalization and how it interconnects cultures and economies on a global scale. Both advantages and disadvantages of globalization are then examined. Key advantages include increased GDP, reduced unemployment, and greater competition. Key disadvantages include uneven distribution of wealth between developed and developing countries. The document concludes by stating that while globalization faces obstacles, its positive effects will prevail if people and governments make cooperative efforts to address issues like poverty and migration.
This document summarizes a presentation on global communication given by Danijel Labaš from the University of Zagreb in Pamplona, Spain from January 11-15, 2010. The presentation discusses topics like nonverbal communication, cultural diversity on the internet, ethics in global dialogue, and definitions of globalization. It also examines global mass communication theories from Denis McQuail and debates whether Spain or Croatia could be considered the "center of the world" in global communication.
Globalization has integrated economies and created a unified economic space through reduced trade barriers and increased capital mobility. While this has benefits like access to larger markets, it also shifts power to corporations that can exploit resources across borders. Developing nations must comply with conditions set by organizations like the IMF and World Bank to access loans, prioritizing corporate interests over local needs. Overall globalization has concentrated economic power among a few powerful states and corporations.
Running Head: GLOBALIZATION 1
GLOBALIZATION 11
Globalization
Student’s Name
Instructor’s Name
Course Title
Date
Introduction
In past few years globalization has been much discussed issue. In this essay, I would attempt to describe the meaning of word globalization along with I would evaluate the benefits as well as drawbacks of the global world. Globalization has altered the face of world. Apart from that, I would discuss major changes in the trade policies of globalization. And at last, I would evaluate the consequences for migration within the global world.
Globalization
Term ‘A Global Village’ has majorly been related to Marshall McLuhan (Baker, 2011). In its books he terms how world has contracted into single big village. Global Village is called as the effects about globalization, mass media along with information and communication technology. As per this philosopher and sociologist, there would be just major culture left within this world. Capability for somebody for gathering the information quite fast wherever they have been provides impression, which we live in similar virtual place, in similar village.
With increasing standards of world along with the present concepts as well as complexities within the political, economic along with the socio-cultural ideologies, man has often and regularly pondered on aspects about his nature. Unity, equality, trade as well as commerce have been at forefront of complexities of man.
Having those thoughts in mind, man has moved by history thus trying to satisfy its desires in regard to rest of the people. Advent of 21st century has given birth to concept about making world one village, therefore, globalization. World is getting smaller, has been the term utilized quite often for describing the nowadays world along with globalization. Economic growth has grasped majorly all the nations.
Globalization has been the process, which began to appear at finish of 19th century having the emergence of the industrialization. Products had been produced on the bigger scale having export being the target. Globalization has been the scenario through which economies, societies along with cultures have been interrelated. World has been made the smaller place; distances have been no longer the obstacle. Because of globalization borders within nations have been shortening (Jeffery, 2002).
Where word globalization has been used, we most of the time refer it to the economic globalization. Emergence of economic globalization has majorly because of creation of some international companies after the World War 2. Those companies focus to eliminate the borders among nations so as to facilitate trade along with communication within those nations, thus diminishing the chance of upcoming war. Advances within the technology resulted in the reductions within cost of the international trade. Several international companies tried to diminish barriers towards the international trade. Few essential changes are m.
This article reviews the phenomenon of globalization, its essence, content and causes are analyzed in various aspects. The special attention is paid to the cultural aspect, opinions of sociologists on the distribution of heterogeneity of world culture and globalization of culture its causes and consequences are analyzed. The theme of global languages and the problem of preserving cultural identity and heritage of different nations and peoples are also revealed. by Dinara Abdunayimova 2020. Globalization, its essence, causes and consequences. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 9 (Sep. 2020), 28-32. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i9.583. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/583/557 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/583
Globalization refers to the increasing integration and interdependence of economies, societies, and cultures around the world through cross-border trade, investment, and communication. There are three key aspects of globalization discussed in the document:
1. Economic globalization - The growth of international trade and investment has increased economic interdependence between countries. Western countries persuaded developing nations to open up by arguing their problems were due to a lack of technology.
2. Cultural globalization - The spread of Western culture through processes like westernization has led to cultural assimilation in many parts of the world. However, new communication technologies now allow for more diverse cultural exchanges globally.
3. Political globalization - As national boundaries become less significant economically
Similar to The implications of globalisation for the urban poor (20)
The implications of globalisation for the urban poor
1. Globalisation and Social Justice
Student No: 130443540
Module: TCP8921
MSc Planning for Developing Countries
Architecture, Planning & Landscape
Newcastle University
14th January 2014
The implications of globalisation for
the urban poor
2. MODULE: TCP8921 MSC PLANNING FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES STUDENT NO: 130443540
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Defining globalisation
Globalisation has always been a difficult concept to define, mainly because of its vastness and
complexity. Numerous attempts have been made to give an exhaustive definition of the term,
but being globalisation an ongoing process, its various definitions can never be definitive and are
inevitably updated and constantly improved.
Globalisation encompasses a very broad range of sectors (economy, politics, society, culture,
technology, environment, telecommunications, etc.), and that is why there is a great difficulty to
interpret the term including all its perspectives and connotations (Al-Rodhan & Stoudmann,
2006). Faced with this fact, many scholars have attempted to give their definition of globalisation,
even by focusing more on one aspect rather than on another. In this case, the predominant
element in most definitions is the economic aspect, like in the definition given by the World Bank
“the freedom and the opportunity for individuals and companies to put in place economic
transactions with residents of other countries.” In fact, most of the definitions suggest that
globalisation is primarily a phenomenon or a process in which the expansion of the market in
international terms , and then the global distribution of goods and services , regardless of
geographic, political, social or cultural (Wallerstein, 1974; Garrett, 2000). So, in economic terms,
globalisation represents the possibility to buy and sell goods worldwide and the interdependence
of the markets in which it moves goods and capital; no state can be considered independent
because the goods it produces are sold all over the world and raw material is imported from
other countries. Therefore, the prices of the products are necessarily influenced and dependent
on what is the global market economy. In addition, also related to the economic system, there is
a "globalisation of labour": the assertion of multinationals in the scenario of the global economy
and the production often deployed in the southern countries of the world.
Nevertheless, even though economy is the most common reading key, scholars have also focused
on the human and social meaning of the term, observing that globalisation also means
multiculturalism, which involves the elimination of boundaries in terms of religion and culture.
In fact, in these times there is more than ever the opportunity to confront and deal with different
cultures and ways of thinking, both locally, because of migration and increasing mobility of
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people, and nationally thanks to the relationships between countries. Moreover, globalisation
has also political and ecological features: no political issue can be pertaining to a single state,
because the policy decisions of individual states are influenced and determined by the global
society. The same argument applies to ecological problems: all states have an interest in making
the best use of resources of the planet and working together to develop in a more sustainable
way. Al-Rodhan & Stoudmann (2006) have attempted to propose a definition that seems to be
comprehensive enough to include most of the aspects of the globalisation process: “Globalisation
is a process that encompasses the causes, course, and consequences of transnational and
transcultural integration of human and non-human activities.”
The elements that caused globalisation
Globalisation is not a new phenomenon (O’Rourke & Williamson, 2000); it is rather more evident
in this era thanks to new technologies that provide an easier flux of capitals, information, ideas
and people (Perlman, 2007). With globalisation, the world has become a single social system in
which what happens in one corner of the planet can affect the livelihoods of the rest of the globe.
The factors that have started contemporary globalisation can be broadly grouped into three main
elements, as described by Paolo Figini:
1. “The scientific-cultural element” inherent to the growth of mass media and advances in
technology, which spread the development of IT and communication systems, eliminating
the distance barrier and making it easier to share information around the globe.
2. “The political element” inherent to the collapse of political (and even physical) barriers
after the fall of the socialist regimes. This has also lead to an increased mobility of labour,
with people more willing to move between different countries in search for work, and it
lead to an improved transport system that makes global travel easier and relatively faster,
enabling a greater movement of people and goods across the world;
3. “The economic element” inherent to the policies of trade liberalisation and integration of
financial markets. This also includes the growth of multinational companies with a global
presence.
(Paolo Figini)
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Theories about the possibility that globalisation could worsen inequality in the world stood
already in 1940. Today we have several examples that confirm these concerns, in fact, despite
the claim of Bhagwati (2004) that “growth is good for the poor, globalisation increases growth,
so it is likely to reduce poverty” while others also argue that globalisation is more likely to benefit
the poor if trade reforms are implemented in conjunction with labour market deregulation
(Topalova, 2004; Goldberg & Pavcnik 2005), economic growth does not always imply poverty
reduction, in fact between these factors falls inequality that depends on how governments and
populations deal with the phenomenon. (Thorbecke & Nissanke 2006). Generally, the increase in
inequality in the world is strictly due to the liberalisation of the markets, which is one of the direct
causes of globalisation. The gap between those who have benefited from globalisation and the
rest of the population (the poor), is much more evident in countries of the developing world (UN-
HABITAT, 2003).
In the era of globalisation and thus fast and easy exchange of goods and services, Nigeria, despite
its many natural resources and manpower which would make it the richest nation in Africa, has
failed to raise the living standards of the vast majority of its population and has failed to benefit
equitably from the situation. In fact, between 1987 and 1996, the percentage of the Nigerian
population living in poverty has grown from 28% to 66% and the poorest of the poor has grown
from 6% to 29% (Thomas & Canagarajah, 2002).
Of all the aspects of globalisation, the effect of free trade on development and inequality, is the
more complicated one to understand (Ghose, 2000). The free market, in fact, affects and
operates in various ways by increasing or decreasing inequality (Bussolo & Lecomte, 1999).
According to the theory of neoliberalism, free trade can only have beneficial effects, as it allows
to export and import more goods and services faster, making thereby increase the production
and hence the earnings of producers and decrease the costs for consumers. In reality, the
situation is quite different. As in any situation, from the benefit of some people, namely those
who actively takes the opportunities of globalisation, derives the disadvantage of others, that is
those who can not actively participate. Thanks to globalisation and the development of exchange
and communication technologies, it has become very easy to move capital and jobs from richer
countries to poorer ones, where production is cheaper, on the other hand this means that there
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is an increase in the concentration of the population in the areas affected by the phenomenon
of development, depriving those areas not affected by the investment of manpower and financial
resources (Nissanke & Thorbecke 2006). As for the labour market, according to the neoliberal
theory, free trade and globalisation expected to benefit the factors in excess, in other words, the
skilled labour in developed countries, and the unskilled labour in developing countries
(Samuelson-Stolper Theorem). The reality, however, shows that, in both cases those who gather
the only benefits are the skilled workers. In fact, the global economy requires skilled labour and
unskilled labour has almost no opportunity, so unskilled workers of less developing countries,
end up in the informal sector and in slums (Wood and Ridao-Cano, 1999).
One of the major problems of globalisation, is that very often the less developing countries are
not able to successfully benefit of the majority of the opportunities that a global economy can
offer. The most emblematic example of this kind of marginalisation is Africa: with globalisation
and all the factors that it involves, “by 2020 it is estimated that around 22 million jobs will be
created, but the problem is that it will not be enough to decrease unemployment below 10%. [...]
The continent has been largely unable to transcend its traditional functions in the world economy
as a supplier of raw materials and a captive market for imported manufactured goods” (UN-
HABITAT, 2003),
Globalisation and poverty
The impacts of globalisation on employment, from the free trade and FDI point of view, is
uncertain. Empirical studies have been conducted to analyse direct and indirect impacts,
especially in developing countries (Matusz and Tarr, 1999; Ghose, 2000) and the results are
various, picturing conflicting effects of globalisation on employment. In general, trade and FDI
liberalisation has a positive effect on manufacturing employment and labour, but a more careful
analysis implies that the employment impact of globalisation can not be generalised (Lee &
Vivarelli 2004) because it is country specific and sector specific.
According to the findings of Lee and Vivarelli (2004), the effects on employment in developing
countries has been generally positive in Asia, while mostly negative in Latin America.
However, if globalisation creates job opportunities on one hand, it can lead to job losses on the
other. The possibility to transfer manufacturing industries around the world,causes mixed effects
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in developed countries, where the companies themselves gain benefits in cost reduction, while
the people who were previously employed in those industries end losing their job in favour of
less-paid labours. Moreover, the spread of multinational companies worldwide, besides creating
job opportunities, cause a different kind of negative effects on local employment, both in
developed and developing countries: the rise of multinationals heavily impacts on local firms,
which struggle to be competitive in the big market scene, and therefore end to be cut off, from
which bankruptcy and job losses. For these reasons, the effect of globalisation on employment
has to be carefully considered and the outcome mainly depends on one’s point of view.
Studies conducted in different countries showed how the impact of globalisation, within a trade
reform framework, has very diverse and conflicting outcomes depending on domestic issues and
ways of reception. Case studies of Columbia and India conducted respectively by Goldberg and
Pavcnik (2005) and Topalova (2004) outlined that those who benefited the less from trade
reforms, which targeted openness upon the international market and finance, were the poor,
while the same study conducted in Poland and Mexico, respectively by Goh and Javorcik (2007)
and Hanson and Harrison (1999) had totally opposite outcomes. Even more diverse are the
outcomes of these studies with respect of inequality, in fact all case studies (India, Columbia and
Poland) presented different results upon the relationship between trade reform and inequality:
according to Topalova (2004), there has been no significant relationship between inequality
increase and globalisation, while there has been in Columbia according to Goldberg and Pavcnik
(2005), while again in Poland the outcome was opposite, with trade reform associated with a
decrease of inequality. However, it must be taken into account that “with 38% of the world’s
population, China and India shape world trends in poverty and inequality. They have grown very
fast over the past decade (India) or two (China). China’s surging inequality is now greater than
before the Communists won the civil war in 1949, and inequality between regions is probably
higher than in any other sizable country. On income distribution, several studies suggest that
world income inequality has been rising during the past two to three decades. Finally, whatever
we conclude about income inequality, absolute income gaps are widening and will continue to do
so for decades” (Wade, 2004).
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A further consequence of globalisation is the relocation of industries from developed to
developing countries. This phenomenon arises due to several factors. First, the majority of
countries in the developing world provides an advantageous environment for industrial
development for western countries in Europe and America, in terms of low labour costs, poor
policy in favour of environmental protection and the absence or scarcity of trade unions that
operate for the rights of the workers, which is why the latter find themselves dealing with long
working hours, poor conditions and low wages, often well below the minimum European or
American wage. The first country to have operated industry relocation has been the United
States, with the transfer of entire supply chains and resulting in thousands of jobs losses. General
Motors has been one of the first companies to relocate, in the '80s, and the closure of 11 factories
in Flint, Michigan, has had a disastrous impact on the town with the loss of employment for about
30,000 people. In recent years, Europe has seen a dramatically increase of this phenomenon,
with several examples within Italian companies: Calzedonia and Omsa have moved to Bulgaria
and Serbia, Benetton and Stefanel to Croatia, Dainese has fled to Tunisia, Rossignol to Romania,
Geox has split between Brazil and Vietnam, Bialetti now manufactures in China, and FIAT, one of
the biggest Italian industries, now assemble its product abroad, throughout several different
countries (Manca & Demicheli, 2014). This phenomenon leads to several advantages and
disadvantages depending on the points of view. The relocation of industries in developing
countries has the immediate benefit of creating new jobs in the latter, in fact, countries like
China, India, Brazil, etc., are experiencing a boosted industrialisation process mainly due to the
intervention of the already industrialised countries that are moving their industries and
investments in these areas (Wu, 2001). However, the increase of employment opportunities,
does not always present itself together with fair economic growth. In fact, the opportunities that
are created, are often of precarious conditions, increasing job insecurity and, moreover, the
purpose of the relocation of industries from developed countries is to drastically lower the cost
of production due to the very low wages of labour that can be found in developing countries. So,
new jobs are created, enabling more people to get employed, but employment is usually of poor
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condition, so that poverty and the poor per se do not benefit at all from this situation (Gabayet,
L. 1993).
On the other hand, the relocation of industries leads to contrasting effects even in countries from
which industries are relocating. When companies realise that they have the opportunity to
enormously break down the cost of production in developing countries, the step towards
relocation is very short,also considering the ease with which, thanks to globalisation, it is possible
to move resources and capitals (Wade, 2004). In these terms, the phenomenon of industry
relocation drains the industrialised countries of their own industries, hence leaving thousands of
people without a job and increasing the local unemployment rate plus, as a result, the poverty
rate. From this analysis it is easy to see that the only actors to truly benefit from this phenomenon
are the entrepreneurs themselves and not the employed labour.
The possibility to shift manufacturing from industrialised countries to developing countries, also
leads to increasing unregulated industries, particularly in the BRICS countries Brazil, Russia, India,
China & South Africa, which means no control over the CO2 emissions, heavy environmental
damage, biodiversity loss and worsening of living conditions. In other words, the problems that
developed countries have faced during the industrialisation era are now arising again in new
places, the developing countries.
Globalisation and urbanisation
Urbanisation is one of the most significant effects derived from globalisation. For the first time
in history, more than 50% of the world’s population lives in towns and cities.
Globalization prompted the growth of cities through foreign investment and capital flows.
Capitalism in the neoliberal form focused on high industry (communication, technology, finance,
banking, etc.), neglecting the rural hinterland and agricultural industries.
In this framework, populations from rural areas increasingly flow towards urban centres, hoping
to find better economic opportunities, are forced to find accommodation on their own, ending
to build on land that does not belong to them, paving the way for a rapid and uncontrolled
development of informal settlements. These settlements often lack the most basic services like
water, sanitation, electricity, sewerage system, and are in poor conditions. While urban
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population grows, the need for housing and land increases in parallel. In most developing
countries, which have seen the highest and most rapid urban development of recent years,
governments are unlikely to overcome this continuing and increasing demand. This creates the
“urbanisation of poverty”, an environment in which rich and poor converge into the same place,
but with diametrically opposite living conditions, portraying a scenario where luxurious
residential districts overlook on dilapidated and overcrowded slums. However, “people remain
as close as possible to the city regardless of slum conditions because job opportunities are
concentrated in urban areas”. Additionally, Van Der Ploeg (2008) states, slums are cost effective:
“after the point where formal cost of living surpasses slum cost of living, the squatter settlements
remain relatively affordable and population increases” (Van Der Ploeg & Poelhekke 2008).
At the end of 2000, both Asia and Africa were 36% urbanised, but their per capita income
developed very differently: 340% increase in Asia while only 50% in Africa (Bloom et al, 2008).
While Europe, with the Industrial Revolution, experienced urbanisation and population growth
together with industrialisation, in developing countries, the latter did not develop alongside
urbanisation, thus the economy was not able to address all the needs of the population,
generating increasing levels of poverty (UN-HABITAT 2003). Therefore, urbanisation does not
categorically need or mean economic growth.
All this happens at the very time when governments are trying to show their countries are
modernising, progressing and a good place for international investment and the place they want
to show off to the world are displaying abject poverty.
Emerging countries yearn to appear modern and appealing to attract foreign investment and
capital flows, and they focus on constructing great “Western” buildings and planning their cities
on the European or American model. However, they can not achieve this while continuing to have
the urban poor in plain sight. So, rather than meeting the needs of their growing poor population,
governments tend to marginalize them more and more towards the borders of the cities, which,
however, are constantly expanding. This leads to an increasing demand for land, and therefore
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those lands that were worthless and home to the slums, increase in value and become useful for
expansion. This situation suggests a climate in which governments want nothing more than to
get rid of the urban poor, driving them away instead of helping them, increasing their inability to
gain social growth and depriving them of the opportunity to integrate in the new increasingly
global labour world.
“The problem of slums is a problem of poverty, uneven distribution, and social exclusion.
Neoliberal capitalism, despite its best intentions, has been a contributing factor to these
problems.” (Teresa Almeida).
Conclusions
More than one billion people live in extreme poverty, which means, according to the World Bank
definition, the condition in which a person lives on less than $1 a day. According to Ravallion
(2004) there is no substantial link between globalisation and poverty, while Agénor’s (2004)
opinion is that globalisation does damage the poor at low levels, but beyond a certain threshold,
it actually seems to reduce poverty. Globalisation produced a vast quantity of different
outcomes, but yet it hasn’t directly helped to reduce poverty and inequality, so it is very difficult
to define if globalisation and all that it implies does or does not benefit the urban poor. It is such
a multifaceted phenomenon, which interact with the environment in such many different ways,
together with urban poverty that is “a dynamic condition of vulnerability or susceptibility to risks”
(World Bank), that a clear outcome can not be set. Globalisation is either good or bad for the
urban poor (and for anyone else) depending on the factors taken into consideration at a
determined time and place.
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