Abstract : This work which is entitled “The Impact of Social Media (Facebook/YouTube) on the Political Opinions of Syrians” aimed to report on survey research conducted, which identify the roles that played by the social electronic communication tools as Facebook and YouTube among the Syrian students at the Girne American University (GAU) politically. Moreover, this study aims to answer the following three questions: What impact do Facebook and YouTube have on the Syrian students at the Girne American University (GAU) politically, and what shape does this impact take. Also, dependence of Syrian students on these networks in reading the news. Also, this work has interviewed most of the Syrian students through the survey. This study, demonstrates the appeal that social media can have both positive and negative points in the Syrian students at the University. Keywords: Syria, Facebook, YouTube, Politics, Electronic Communication
Literature Review of Information Behaviour on Social MediaDavid Thompson
Using your knowledge about information resource and skills in searching and evaluating information achieved in the first half of the semester, now you are required to choose a specific topic in the area of information research, explore the exisiting literature within this domain and write a literature review.
Monitoring of electoral campaigning on social media - TunisiaJamaity
With 7.4 million users, Facebook is by far the social network most used by Tunisians.
It is also their main source of information on electoral matters. Because of the platforms it offers to political actors, DRI and ATIDE decided to monitor how electoral campaigning took place on Facebook for the presidential and legislative elections of 2019.
Literature Review of Information Behaviour on Social MediaDavid Thompson
Using your knowledge about information resource and skills in searching and evaluating information achieved in the first half of the semester, now you are required to choose a specific topic in the area of information research, explore the exisiting literature within this domain and write a literature review.
Monitoring of electoral campaigning on social media - TunisiaJamaity
With 7.4 million users, Facebook is by far the social network most used by Tunisians.
It is also their main source of information on electoral matters. Because of the platforms it offers to political actors, DRI and ATIDE decided to monitor how electoral campaigning took place on Facebook for the presidential and legislative elections of 2019.
This presentation was presented during international seminar "Youth for Arab Baltic Cooperation" that was held in Vilnius, Lithuania on 19th-25th of November.
How does fakenews spread understanding pathways of disinformation spread thro...Araz Taeihagh
What are the pathways for spreading disinformation on social media platforms? This article addresses this question by collecting, categorising, and situating an extensive body of research on how application programming interfaces (APIs) provided by social media platforms facilitate the spread of disinformation. We first examine the landscape of official social media APIs, then perform quantitative research on the open-source code repositories GitHub and GitLab to understand the usage patterns of these APIs. By inspecting the code repositories, we classify developers' usage of the APIs as official and unofficial, and further develop a four-stage framework characterising pathways for spreading disinformation on social media platforms. We further highlight how the stages in the framework were activated during the 2016 US Presidential Elections, before providing policy recommendations for issues relating to access to APIs, algorithmic content, advertisements, and suggest rapid response to coordinate campaigns, development of collaborative, and participatory approaches as well as government stewardship in the regulation of social media platforms.
On July 24th, 2010, Kristen Purcell will be teaching part of the Digital Libraries à la Carte course at Tilburg University in the Netherlands. The international course is offered each summer by the Tilburg Innovation Centre for Electronic Resources, or TICER. Kristen will share data on the growing mobile landscape both globally and in the US, highlight key aspects of today’s changing information ecology, and explore with librarians how they can leverage these two trends in their work.
This is my first presentation which connect Social Media & Politics. Indian politicians are stilll reluctant to use social media. This is an attempt to showcase the power of social media vis a vis pros n cons.
Do your employees think your slogan is “fake news?” A framework for understan...Ian McCarthy
Purpose – This article explores how employees can perceive and be impacted by the fakeness of their company slogans.
Design/methodology/approach – This conceptual study draws on the established literature on company slogans, employee audiences, and fake news to create a framework through which to understand fake company slogans.
Findings – Employees attend to two important dimensions of slogans: whether they accurately reflect a company’s (1) values and (2) value proposition. These dimensions combine to form a typology of four ways in which employees can perceive their company’s slogans: namely, authentic, narcissistic, foreign, or corrupt.
Research limitations/implications – This paper outlines how the typology provides a theoretical basis for more refined empirical research on how company slogans influence a key stakeholder: their employees. Future research could test the arguments about how certain characteristics of slogans are more or less likely to cause employees to conclude that slogans are fake news. Those conclusions will, in turn, have implications for the
morale and engagement of employees. The ideas herein can also enable a more comprehensive assessment of the impact of slogans.
Practical implications – Employees can view three types of slogans as fake news (narcissistic, foreign, and corrupt slogans). This paper identifies the implications of each type and explains how companies can go about developing authentic slogans.
Originality/value – This paper explores the impact of slogan fakeness on employees: an important audience that has been neglected by studies to
date. Thus, the insights and implications specific to this internal stakeholder are novel.
Leveraging social capital in university-industry knowledge transfer strategie...Ian McCarthy
University-industry partnerships emphasise the transformation of knowledge into products and processes which can be commercially exploited. This paper presents a framework for understanding how social capital in university-industry partnerships affect knowledge transfer strategies, which impacts on collaborative innovation developments. University-industry partnerships in three different countries, all from regions at varying stages of development, are compared using the proposed framework. These include a developed region (Canada), a transition region (Malta), and a developing region (South Africa). Structural, relational and cognitive social capital dimensions are mapped against the knowledge transfer strategy that the university-industry partnership employed: leveraging existing knowledge or appropriating new knowledge. Exploring the comparative presence of social capital in knowledge transfer strategies assists in better understanding how university-industry partnerships can position themselves to facilitate innovation. The paper proposes a link between social capital and knowledge transfer strategy by illustrating how it impacts the competitive positioning of the university-industry partners involved.
Social media have become essential infrastructure for public debates and the forming of political opinion. In established democracies, traditional media still play a significant role, even if their content is distributed through social media, while in many new democracies or transition countries, social media have become the dominant platform of political exchange. Facebook’s ‘Free Basics’ initiative for 42 developing countries is creating a social media monopoly in these countries. In some countries, people have come to understand Facebook as ‘the internet’, since most online interaction is mediated through Facebook.
Identifying Trends in Discrimination against women in the workplace In Social...UN Global Pulse
In collaboration with the International Labour Organisation (ILO) Country Office for Indonesia, Pulse Lab Jakarta conducted a feasibility study to explore online data as a source of real-time signals of discrimination against women in the workplace. Keywords were used to filter public tweets related to discrimination, identifying four topics with significant volume of discussions (over 100,000 tweets over three years); discrimination in job requirements, permission for women to work, perceptions on appropriateness of different types of work for women, and the multiple burdens of working women. The study found that, using these keywords, signals were not strong enough in ILO’s priority focus areas in Indonesia. Therefore, the tweets analyzed in the research did not lead to conclusive results. While most of the identified tweets corresponded to discriminatory job requirements, weak signals from messages coming from directly affected populations may imply that it is common for women workers to keep silent about their experience related to discrimination and violence in the workplace for various reasons including fear of losing the job and facing further discrimination.
Cite as: UN Global Pulse, 'Feasibility Study: Identifying Trends in Discrimination Against Women in the Workplace In Social Media', Global Pulse Project Series no.11, 2014'.
Social Media and the Internet of Things (Arab Social Media Report 2017) 7th E...Ahmed Al-Shams
The power and influence of social media has continued to grow globally over the past decade. During this period, the scope and scale of usage have changed dramatically, from the early days when social media was primarily fulfilling social needs of connectivity, communication, socialization and entertainment, to the current era, where social media applications are seen as important tools of governing, development, diplomacy and business. More recently, informational flows taking place through social media have been informing—and misinforming—public opinion and influencing policy development and political communication. For example, in 2015 and 2016, social media played a critical role in shaping public opinion internationally and on national levels, during numerous major events with global implications. During the past few years, as applications of “big data” and artificial intelligence continued to mature, the level of sophistication and influence of social media expanded further. As societal penetration rates increased, these data-driven applications started to provide deep insights into public views, sentiments, needs, behaviors and activities in numerous countries at unprecedented granular levels. The newfound insights harnessed through social media created new opportunities, as well as new risks.
The phenomenon of interest may be described as the extent to which social media may be used inpolitical campaigns, including past campaigns and future campaigns. This includes four main questions: (1) Was there significant use of social media in past political campaigns, namely the 2008 campaign of President Barack Obama? (2) Has social media continued to be used in subsequent political campaigns? (3) If social media has been used, have there been any problems with its use? (4) What is the best way to utilize social media in future political campaigns?
This presentation was presented during international seminar "Youth for Arab Baltic Cooperation" that was held in Vilnius, Lithuania on 19th-25th of November.
How does fakenews spread understanding pathways of disinformation spread thro...Araz Taeihagh
What are the pathways for spreading disinformation on social media platforms? This article addresses this question by collecting, categorising, and situating an extensive body of research on how application programming interfaces (APIs) provided by social media platforms facilitate the spread of disinformation. We first examine the landscape of official social media APIs, then perform quantitative research on the open-source code repositories GitHub and GitLab to understand the usage patterns of these APIs. By inspecting the code repositories, we classify developers' usage of the APIs as official and unofficial, and further develop a four-stage framework characterising pathways for spreading disinformation on social media platforms. We further highlight how the stages in the framework were activated during the 2016 US Presidential Elections, before providing policy recommendations for issues relating to access to APIs, algorithmic content, advertisements, and suggest rapid response to coordinate campaigns, development of collaborative, and participatory approaches as well as government stewardship in the regulation of social media platforms.
On July 24th, 2010, Kristen Purcell will be teaching part of the Digital Libraries à la Carte course at Tilburg University in the Netherlands. The international course is offered each summer by the Tilburg Innovation Centre for Electronic Resources, or TICER. Kristen will share data on the growing mobile landscape both globally and in the US, highlight key aspects of today’s changing information ecology, and explore with librarians how they can leverage these two trends in their work.
This is my first presentation which connect Social Media & Politics. Indian politicians are stilll reluctant to use social media. This is an attempt to showcase the power of social media vis a vis pros n cons.
Do your employees think your slogan is “fake news?” A framework for understan...Ian McCarthy
Purpose – This article explores how employees can perceive and be impacted by the fakeness of their company slogans.
Design/methodology/approach – This conceptual study draws on the established literature on company slogans, employee audiences, and fake news to create a framework through which to understand fake company slogans.
Findings – Employees attend to two important dimensions of slogans: whether they accurately reflect a company’s (1) values and (2) value proposition. These dimensions combine to form a typology of four ways in which employees can perceive their company’s slogans: namely, authentic, narcissistic, foreign, or corrupt.
Research limitations/implications – This paper outlines how the typology provides a theoretical basis for more refined empirical research on how company slogans influence a key stakeholder: their employees. Future research could test the arguments about how certain characteristics of slogans are more or less likely to cause employees to conclude that slogans are fake news. Those conclusions will, in turn, have implications for the
morale and engagement of employees. The ideas herein can also enable a more comprehensive assessment of the impact of slogans.
Practical implications – Employees can view three types of slogans as fake news (narcissistic, foreign, and corrupt slogans). This paper identifies the implications of each type and explains how companies can go about developing authentic slogans.
Originality/value – This paper explores the impact of slogan fakeness on employees: an important audience that has been neglected by studies to
date. Thus, the insights and implications specific to this internal stakeholder are novel.
Leveraging social capital in university-industry knowledge transfer strategie...Ian McCarthy
University-industry partnerships emphasise the transformation of knowledge into products and processes which can be commercially exploited. This paper presents a framework for understanding how social capital in university-industry partnerships affect knowledge transfer strategies, which impacts on collaborative innovation developments. University-industry partnerships in three different countries, all from regions at varying stages of development, are compared using the proposed framework. These include a developed region (Canada), a transition region (Malta), and a developing region (South Africa). Structural, relational and cognitive social capital dimensions are mapped against the knowledge transfer strategy that the university-industry partnership employed: leveraging existing knowledge or appropriating new knowledge. Exploring the comparative presence of social capital in knowledge transfer strategies assists in better understanding how university-industry partnerships can position themselves to facilitate innovation. The paper proposes a link between social capital and knowledge transfer strategy by illustrating how it impacts the competitive positioning of the university-industry partners involved.
Social media have become essential infrastructure for public debates and the forming of political opinion. In established democracies, traditional media still play a significant role, even if their content is distributed through social media, while in many new democracies or transition countries, social media have become the dominant platform of political exchange. Facebook’s ‘Free Basics’ initiative for 42 developing countries is creating a social media monopoly in these countries. In some countries, people have come to understand Facebook as ‘the internet’, since most online interaction is mediated through Facebook.
Identifying Trends in Discrimination against women in the workplace In Social...UN Global Pulse
In collaboration with the International Labour Organisation (ILO) Country Office for Indonesia, Pulse Lab Jakarta conducted a feasibility study to explore online data as a source of real-time signals of discrimination against women in the workplace. Keywords were used to filter public tweets related to discrimination, identifying four topics with significant volume of discussions (over 100,000 tweets over three years); discrimination in job requirements, permission for women to work, perceptions on appropriateness of different types of work for women, and the multiple burdens of working women. The study found that, using these keywords, signals were not strong enough in ILO’s priority focus areas in Indonesia. Therefore, the tweets analyzed in the research did not lead to conclusive results. While most of the identified tweets corresponded to discriminatory job requirements, weak signals from messages coming from directly affected populations may imply that it is common for women workers to keep silent about their experience related to discrimination and violence in the workplace for various reasons including fear of losing the job and facing further discrimination.
Cite as: UN Global Pulse, 'Feasibility Study: Identifying Trends in Discrimination Against Women in the Workplace In Social Media', Global Pulse Project Series no.11, 2014'.
Social Media and the Internet of Things (Arab Social Media Report 2017) 7th E...Ahmed Al-Shams
The power and influence of social media has continued to grow globally over the past decade. During this period, the scope and scale of usage have changed dramatically, from the early days when social media was primarily fulfilling social needs of connectivity, communication, socialization and entertainment, to the current era, where social media applications are seen as important tools of governing, development, diplomacy and business. More recently, informational flows taking place through social media have been informing—and misinforming—public opinion and influencing policy development and political communication. For example, in 2015 and 2016, social media played a critical role in shaping public opinion internationally and on national levels, during numerous major events with global implications. During the past few years, as applications of “big data” and artificial intelligence continued to mature, the level of sophistication and influence of social media expanded further. As societal penetration rates increased, these data-driven applications started to provide deep insights into public views, sentiments, needs, behaviors and activities in numerous countries at unprecedented granular levels. The newfound insights harnessed through social media created new opportunities, as well as new risks.
The phenomenon of interest may be described as the extent to which social media may be used inpolitical campaigns, including past campaigns and future campaigns. This includes four main questions: (1) Was there significant use of social media in past political campaigns, namely the 2008 campaign of President Barack Obama? (2) Has social media continued to be used in subsequent political campaigns? (3) If social media has been used, have there been any problems with its use? (4) What is the best way to utilize social media in future political campaigns?
Social Media Networking Site Usage Demographics Statsrishibajaj8
Social media are interactive, computer-mediated technologies that facilitate the creation and
exchange of ideas, information, professional skills and other forms of expression across virtual
communities and networks, to estimate the social media technology using among population.
In the present times, social media is one such platform which has been useful in connecting the people throughout the world. Be it a personal interaction, a product promotion, an advertisement or a political campaign, social media has formed to be the best platform to connect to people globally. In this report the discussion will be focused on the how and why the social media has been used as the medium for political campaigns in offices. The importance of social media for political campaigns will be analyzed and discussed. Thus the research will be focused on the role of social media in political engagement. There will be analysis of how the new age media has increased the possibilities to the ideal situation for political campaign
Surveillance and Monitoring in the Social Media Era: Threats and Opportunitie...ijtsrd
Social media platforms are viewed as all progressive in opening up democratic spaces the world over. In the Middle East and North Africa region, social media platforms are regarded as key to the Jasmine Revolution that resulted in the fall of some regimes widely regarded as repressive by the international community. In Southern Africa, the hashtag movements saw youth shrugging off political apathy to challenge the establishment. Information Communication Technologies are refreshingly enticing the youth to participate and revitalize politics in the sub region. However, regimes in the sub region, traditionally comfortable with the hegemonic stringent hold on mainstream media, are becoming uncomfortable with these new developments and have resorted to legislation that threaten freedom of expression by citizens on social media as well as surveillance of citizens. This study is therefore going to establish societal views on state surveillance and monitoring of citizens' activities on social media. This is going to be executed through in depth interviews with media practitioners, scholars, political analysts, policy makers and ordinary users of social media platforms. Findings will be presented and analysed qualitatively and thematically. Tawanda Mukurunge | Neo Tlali | Takura Bhila "Surveillance and Monitoring in the Social Media Era: Threats and Opportunities to Democratic Processes in Southern Africa" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29546.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/29546/surveillance-and-monitoring-in-the-social-media-era-threats-and-opportunities-to-democratic-processes-in-southern-africa/tawanda-mukurunge
Media in Authoritarian and Populist Times: Post Covid-19 scenarioAI Publications
This paper is analytical in approach and draws various conclusions from the present-day media and its functioning. Media plays critical role in strengthening of Democracy but at the same time can be impediment also if not properly managed and given enough freedom to operate. Media is also called the fourth pillar of Democracy and gives space to criticism, dissent and questioning skill to electorate against the people in power. This paper argues that media in times of populism and authoritarianism is in for a serious overhaul and change. Media is very difficult to be found independent and working in conducive environment. Populism and authoritarians stifles dissent and criticism and manages the media in order to sell its own agenda. Post Covid-19 this phenomenon has gotten worse and the pandemic has aggravated the situation.
Usage of YouTube Content among Chennai Urban Women.pdfPugalendhiR
Abstract: The majority of YouTube users are college students, therefore it's critical to understand their usage patterns,
goals, and any potential psychological and behavioural effects. In order to determine the current trends in YouTube usage
among female undergraduate students in Chennai City, this study will examine the devices used, memberships subscribed
to, purposes used, and identity formation time spent networking, negative impacts experienced, and educational usage.
Data from a survey were analysed with SPSS-Statistic 19.0 software, and the findings were compared to the examined
literature. According to the survey, students' YouTube networking habits will eventually win out over parents' and
teachers' attitudes, and although while cell phones are currently prohibited in many college buildings, they will
undoubtedly be utilised in classrooms in the near future. The discoveries provide the current study in this area more depth.
The Pessimistic Investor Sentiments Indicator in Social NetworksTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
With the worldwide proliferation of social networks, the social networks have played an important role in the social activities .Peoples are inclined to obtain the corresponding public opinion to make decision such as shopping, education, investment and so on. Analysis of data generated by social networks has become an important field of research, however in the field of public opinion analysis of social networks the quantitative measure indexes are still lacking. In this paper, the calculation method of pessimistic investor sentiments indicator is proposed, and the index has a certain theoretical and practical value.
Did Social Media Really MatterCollege Students’ Use of Onli.docxcuddietheresa
Did Social Media Really Matter?
College Students’ Use of Online
Media and Political Decision
Making in the 2008 Election
Matthew James Kushin
Department of Communication
Utah Valley University
Masahiro Yamamoto
The Edward R. Murrow College of Communication
Washington State University
This study examined college students’ use of online media for political
purposes in the 2008 election. Social media attention, online expression, and
traditional Internet attention were assessed in relation to political self-efficacy
and situational political involvement. Data from a Web survey of college stu-
dents showed significant positive relationships between attention to traditional
Internet sources and political self-efficacy and situational political involve-
ment. Attention to social media was not significantly related to political
self-efficacy or involvement. Online expression was significantly related to
situational political involvement but not political self-efficacy. Implications
are discussed for political use of online media for young adults.
Matthew James Kushin (Ph.D., Washington State University, 2010) is Assistant Professor in
the Department of Communication at Utah Valley University. His research interests include
political campaigns, online media, and social media.
Masahiro Yamamoto is a Doctoral Candidate in The Edward R. Murrow College of
Communication at Washington State University. His research interests include online media,
mass media and social organization, and public health.
Correspondence should be addressed to Matthew James Kushin, Department of Communi-
cation, Utah Valley University, Orem, UT 84058. E-mail: [email protected]
Mass Communication and Society, 13:608–630, 2010
Copyright # Mass Communication & Society Division
of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication
ISSN: 1520-5436 print=1532-7825 online
DOI: 10.1080/15205436.2010.516863
608
During the 2006 and 2008 election seasons, new technologies emerged
that enable individuals to participate in media-rich online communities
organized around the creation and exchange of media content (Kolbitsch
& Maurer, 2006; O’Reilly, 2005; Rainie, 2007b; Tapscott & Williams,
2006).1 Such social media were quite popular in the 2008 election
campaign among young adults. For example, young adults used video
sharing and social network sites to obtain campaign information and=
or share campaign news with others, exchange their political views,
and express support for a candidate (Kohut, 2008; Smith & Rainie,
2008).
As political actors used social media for their campaign, and young
adults were relying less on traditional news media and more on new
online media for political information (Kohut, 2008), some political
and media observers commented that social media played a significant
role in the 2008 campaign in affecting young voters’ political cognition
and behaviors (Hesseldahl, MacMillan, & Kharif, 2008; Marchese,
2008; Owen, 2008). Existing li ...
Did Social Media Really MatterCollege Students’ Use of Onli.docxmariona83
Did Social Media Really Matter?
College Students’ Use of Online
Media and Political Decision
Making in the 2008 Election
Matthew James Kushin
Department of Communication
Utah Valley University
Masahiro Yamamoto
The Edward R. Murrow College of Communication
Washington State University
This study examined college students’ use of online media for political
purposes in the 2008 election. Social media attention, online expression, and
traditional Internet attention were assessed in relation to political self-efficacy
and situational political involvement. Data from a Web survey of college stu-
dents showed significant positive relationships between attention to traditional
Internet sources and political self-efficacy and situational political involve-
ment. Attention to social media was not significantly related to political
self-efficacy or involvement. Online expression was significantly related to
situational political involvement but not political self-efficacy. Implications
are discussed for political use of online media for young adults.
Matthew James Kushin (Ph.D., Washington State University, 2010) is Assistant Professor in
the Department of Communication at Utah Valley University. His research interests include
political campaigns, online media, and social media.
Masahiro Yamamoto is a Doctoral Candidate in The Edward R. Murrow College of
Communication at Washington State University. His research interests include online media,
mass media and social organization, and public health.
Correspondence should be addressed to Matthew James Kushin, Department of Communi-
cation, Utah Valley University, Orem, UT 84058. E-mail: [email protected]
Mass Communication and Society, 13:608–630, 2010
Copyright # Mass Communication & Society Division
of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication
ISSN: 1520-5436 print=1532-7825 online
DOI: 10.1080/15205436.2010.516863
608
During the 2006 and 2008 election seasons, new technologies emerged
that enable individuals to participate in media-rich online communities
organized around the creation and exchange of media content (Kolbitsch
& Maurer, 2006; O’Reilly, 2005; Rainie, 2007b; Tapscott & Williams,
2006).1 Such social media were quite popular in the 2008 election
campaign among young adults. For example, young adults used video
sharing and social network sites to obtain campaign information and=
or share campaign news with others, exchange their political views,
and express support for a candidate (Kohut, 2008; Smith & Rainie,
2008).
As political actors used social media for their campaign, and young
adults were relying less on traditional news media and more on new
online media for political information (Kohut, 2008), some political
and media observers commented that social media played a significant
role in the 2008 campaign in affecting young voters’ political cognition
and behaviors (Hesseldahl, MacMillan, & Kharif, 2008; Marchese,
2008; Owen, 2008). Existing li.
Running head ROLE OF MEDIA IN THE SOCIETYROLE OF MEDIA IN T.docxcharisellington63520
Running head: ROLE OF MEDIA IN THE SOCIETY
ROLE OF MEDIA IN THE SOCIETY 15
Role of Media in the Society
Name:
Institution:
Date:
Media plays a very significant role in the society. In fact, the media is involved in every activity that takes place in the society (Raiz, 2010). Media is a very important aspect of the current society because it is very helpful in strengthening our society. In every activity taking place in the society, media acts as a mirror in that it seeks to reflect on all activities taking place in the society. Mirror can thus be seen as a very important tool that shapes the lives of the members of the society. Generally, the media seeks to inform the members of the public on the currently faced affairs, the new affairs in the society, and even on subjects such as fashion and gossip, as they are important in the entertainment world. Media thus seeks to distribute information to individuals that are located in different places, geographically.
Media is, thus, responsible for several roles, which include promotion of marketing and trading of prejudices and products, since advertisements for most of the products in the market is done through the different media channels. The core governing values of the media are supposed to be equity an rigorousness but this is not reflected in the ways through which media operate since, the current state of the media is characterized by self-aggrandizement and greed, the two values that have played a greater part in the poisoning of equity and righteousness, which were the initial virtues of the media. In the society, the media is responsible for several important activities. These activities include dissipation of the information, provision of entertainment to the public, promotion of correlation of the several parts that constitute our society, education of the public domain, and promotions and advertisements.
Media thus, plays a great part in influencing of the society in multiple ways. For instance, media for masses enables the members of the society to create their opinions on certain matters of public concern ad also in making judgments regarding such matters (Khondker, 2011). Furthermore, it is through the media that members of the society gain information concerning things that are taking place, both at their location and other geographical locations that are beyond the reach of the people in a given geographical area. Media thus, plays a significant role in ensuring that people get the information on matters happening in their surroundings and also the matters being experienced around the world. Despite the good attributes of media in the society, the media has been pointed out to cause some negative impacts on the youth members of the society. This is based on the proven fact that the content of the media has brought disorientation on the personalities and dreams of many youths. Following wh.
The latest version of this report explores various dimensions of social media usage including penetration, growth rate, demographics, social inclusion and citizen engagement
Running Head The us of social media by criminal justice agencies.docxtoltonkendal
Running Head: The us of social media by criminal justice agencies 1
The us of social media by criminal justice agencies
Social Media In Everyday Lives
student
university
Literature Review
The use of social media by criminal justice agencies
Introduction
Social media today is a very major part of life. From Facebook to Twitter to Instagram to snap chat to youtube among many other channels, social media has revolutionized the manner in which most things are done in the society today because of the ease of communication that has been provided by the social media platforms. Social media today is a big part of individual's everyday lives and its use in the society today has also revolutionized from being used only as a platform for entertainment to being used by business and very many agencies of the government including the criminal justice agencies(George, 2014). Social media platforms have developed to form one of the most influential channels of communication that ever existed in the history of human beings.
The impact that the social media has to the society is not all good, but there is no doubt that there is a lot of positive that has been brought by the use of social media in most institutions such as the criminal justice agencies. The issue of public safety today has become more sophisticated thanks to social media as communication has been made easier and also faster. The tools of law enforcement have evolved over time from making use of wanted posters to the broad use of the social media platforms. In this paper, we are going to look at the use of social media in criminal justice and the effects that this has had both the good and the bad. The law enforcement agencies today are finding social media a very valuable tool in their quest to protect individuals and to serve the public as we are going to discuss in this paper.
Use of Social Media in Criminal Justice
The Good
Use of the social media in law enforcement agencies has tremendously grown over the past few years, and this trend is as a result of more and more law enforcement agencies embracing and learning how to use the social media and to take advantage of the eased communication to carry out their operations and enhance safety. Below are the ways in which social media has been useful in criminal justice.
*OTHER THAN THE PURPOSE STATEMENT DONT LET THE PAPER REFER TO ITSELF
*NEEDS A SOURCE IN THIS SECTION
1. Criminal investigations
Social media has become a very major tool of investigation for the law enforcers. The truth about social media is for every time we use it we leave clues all over the internet like our fingerprints (Brunty, Miller & Helenek, 2014). Following the trend of many individuals putting up a lot of details on their activities on social media investigating crimes has been made easier for police. Investigate target often have various information about them and their activities uploaded to their various social media pages which could help t ...
Similar to The Impact of Social Media (Facebook/YouTube) on the Politically Interest of Syrian Students at the Girne American University (GAU) (20)
The effect of functionalized carbon nanotubes on thermalmechanical performanc...journal ijrtem
The new approaches for preparing nanocomposite coating by modificated carbon nanonotubes
(CNTs) and epoxy resin was done in the study. thermal-mechanical performance of nanocomposite coating was
investigated and the results were reported in this paper. The physic-chemical techniques such as Differential
scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to characterize the thermal
performance of Epoxy nanocomposite coating. The test techniques for mechanical properties of paint coating as
adhesion, hardness, impact resistance and bending strength were employed in the work. The results indicated
that CNTs were dispersed in epoxy coating with only ratio of 0.1 wt% enhanced the Glass Transition
Temperature (Tg), decomposition temperature of epoxy coating and improved mechanical properties
significantly. Also functionalized CNTs can be reinforced thermal-mechanical of the epoxy coating better than
neat CNTs.
Development Issues and Problems of Selected Agency in Sorsogon, An investigat...journal ijrtem
: The study venture on the developing issues and problems of selected agency in the province of
Sorsogon with an end-view of identifying solution towards achieving effective delivery of services to the
public. The agencies covered by the study are the employers of the students enrolled in Public Administration
512 subject in the graduate school program of the Sorsogon State College 1st semester SY 2016. Guided by a
structured matrix questionnaire and checklist, the class spearheaded by the assigned focal person per
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relationship between the variables. The results from the survey revealed that ZIGMA CSS uses various cash
management techniques in the cash management. The results further revealed a strong relationship between cash
management and financial performance of ZIGMA CSS. The study concludes that cash management is a key tool
in the financial management of the banks since cash forms the biggest asset of the bank. Cooperatives banks
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In the conclusion, the findings are stated. To determine the cause, a vehicle was on the car service station
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Clustering based Time Slot Assignment Protocol for Improving Performance in U...journal ijrtem
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exchanging schedule information between cluster heads. COD-TS has shortcomings such as collisions, additional
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taken monthly in the period 2016-2017. Parameters such as: temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC),
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The Impact of Social Media (Facebook/YouTube) on the Politically Interest of Syrian Students at the Girne American University (GAU)
1. Invention Journal of Research Technology in Engineering & Management (IJRTEM)
ISSN: 2455-3689
www.ijrtem.com Volume 1 Issue 5 ǁ July. 2016 ǁ PP 32-41
| Volume 1| Issue 5 | www.ijrtem.com | July 2016| 32
The Impact of Social Media (Facebook/YouTube) on the Politically Interest of
Syrian Students at the Girne American University (GAU)
Mohammad Hatem Khalaf Al-Bashabsheh
(Communication and Media Management / Girne American University, Turkish Republic of North Cyprus (TRNC))
Abstract : This work which is entitled “The Impact of Social Media (Facebook/YouTube) on the Political Opinions of Syrians”
aimed to report on survey research conducted, which identify the roles that played by the social electronic communication tools as
Facebook and YouTube among the Syrian students at the Girne American University (GAU) politically. Moreover, this study aims to
answer the following three questions: What impact do Facebook and YouTube have on the Syrian students at the Girne American
University (GAU) politically, and what shape does this impact take. Also, dependence of Syrian students on these networks in
reading the news. Also, this work has interviewed most of the Syrian students through the survey. This study, demonstrates the
appeal that social media can have both positive and negative points in the Syrian students at the University.
Keywords: Syria, Facebook, YouTube, Politics, Electronic Communication
I. Introduction
Social media communication and its electronic communication as Facebook and YouTube have the most impact politically factor in
all the countries, as a special case according to the situation in the Middle East situation as in Syria according to this study work, so
that the situation in Syria is the most difficult one comparing with the some of the Arabic countries as Libya, Egypt, Palestine and
Iraq. In this study, the concentration is around the situation in Syria so that it has the biggest number of refugees, and all European
countries are discussing the situation in Syria. Moreover, the special case of this study is the impact of social media
(Facebook/YouTube) on the politically interest of Syrian students who are available in the University of Girne American. Launch
Now it is broadly identified in both the actual international media as well as academic groups that social media marketing tools did
may play a role in the Syrian human population given that 2011, even though there is an array of viewpoint regarding exactly how
efficient It absolutely was inside aiding political mobilization. This study begins firstly by supporting the definition of the well-
known social media tools as Facebook and YouTube that is supplying all data information on the demographic of Syrian situation in
order to provide context and places their use within an evolutional context in Syria and Arabic countries. Secondly, a consecutive
summary will be outlined.
For quite some time the particular press evolution from print to be able to radio stations, to be able to TV set and today on the web
media continues to effect bulk thoughts and also awareness. Nonetheless, the actual beginning regarding social media marketing web
sites including Myspace, Tweets and also YouTube.com have placed this kind of extremely notion towards the test with some
arguing which social media marketing today regulates the actual views, belief and also activities of the majority whoever views were
previously shaped by info coming from traditional and also mainstream media homes (Storck, 2011).
The modern web and also the brand new media underpin a chance to create instant communications sounds. Through Myspace,
YouTube, Facebook, and a collection of weblogs, the media assertion can easily progress coming from zero to twenty million visitors
right away (Goodman, 2011). The virus-like dynamics of this highly sociable, user-driven atmosphere allows total other people for
connecting more than typical beliefs, needs or interests as well as together generate invariably winners and also losers. The actual
meeting may specifically concentrate on considering just how social networking is facilitating the particular sociable contract among
people as well as the state, and also measure the impact it is having on relationships between the state and citizens. Government
could very well use social media systems in order to get suggestions about it is procedures and politics activities, although citizens
can use exactly the same programs to convey and also vent out their anger, frustrations or perhaps approval regarding whatever
measures authorities is doing (Zeitel-Bank et al., 2014). The main difference is if either party views value in the activities from the
other. It is also important to note that showing stories in order to the general public and also impacting on perceptions is no longer
any sustain of traditional media. The difference continues to be in which social networking due to its not regulated character can
disseminate information with no filter, as well as conventional mass media properties offer a lot more evaluation and history to be
able to virtually any tale (Emruli et al., 2011). On one side the spread of social media marketing platforms provides an opportunity
for improved use of info and a diversity of sources and also opinions.
2. The Impact of Social Media…
| Volume 1| Issue 5 | www.ijrtem.com | July 2016| 33
However, the actual unfiltered distributed of information and opinions by means of social media marketing furthermore comes with a
number of hazards and disadvantages (Maurushat, et al., 2014). Because of the insufficient regulations and also standards, misuse
within forms of dispersing fake details as well as Rumors, defamation as well as hate talk may scarcely be prevented. On the
municipal society top, social media marketing offers relatively become the fresh platform regarding social activism (Bailly, 2012).
From all over the world there are documented occasions where political changes have taken place due to so-called social media
marketing revolutions, including through the events of What's recently been called the Arab Spring. Whilst social networking sites
had been instrumental inside generating as well as facilitating this kind of leaderless cycles they didn't facilitate the particular
ingredients regarding helpful options for the way forwards and for the management of the post-revolution problems (Vonderschmit,
2012).
Nonetheless, social media marketing is a space city society may use to engage in any good dialogue within rallying people into
motion. Social media will help residents to obtain connected, exchange opinions and ideas, form sites and plan for combined motion.
You can argue that by means of quickly Internet as well as social media networks any Electronic civil society has emerged.
Successful social media marketing strategies have in the past many years aided raise otherwise disregarded subjects to the
community plan and to mobilize assistance and also assets. Social networking additionally provides options with regard to political
leaders to bolster their own interaction with the people. State and authority‟s institutions can easily for example use on the internet
systems in order to share details and to obtain citizens input (Biswas et al., 2014). Politics connection has had a brand new path
using the emergence regarding social networking. Political celebrations and also applicants are able to use social networking to be
able to get in touch with the general public also to market themselves and their tips not only in the course of marketing campaign
durations. So far, it could be noticed that numerous stakeholders inside the politics ball are not making complete use of these
possibilities (Safranek, 2012).
II. Problem of the Study
This field bears the accompanying restrictions:
1- Survey problem areas in the Impact of Social Media (Facebook/YouTube) on the Political Opinions of Syrians.
2- This work is confined by the period that leads off from March till June 2016 depending on the questionnaire form which is
available in Appendix A, and the obtained results observed in this field.
3- This work also confirmed by the number of Syrian students available at the GAU.
4- Required software improvement and selecting the obtained results in order to plot the figures with statistical forms pictures
suitable with the range of ages.
III. Methodology
The methodology that will be useful for this research is qualitative methods. The researchers use content analysis to analyze the data
which would be collected by depending on both primary by collecting documents through online sources and conducting survey and
secondary data from academic research, books, journal articles and online resources. Hence, collecting and analyzing data by using a
qualitative methodology and content analysis approach will be the research methodology.
IV. Literature Review
Studying the case of using the social media in activating the social movements is started so late. This because of the new technology
appeared lately in our countries, while the works with the social media and all collecting the actions appeared almost in the
beginning of 1960s in order to prove for all universe its impact as an organizational equipment and the world cannot be without it
(Ahmad et al., 2014; Storck, 2011, and Khamis et al., 2013). Unfortunately, the Arabic countries and especially Syria‟s situation
gave the case for the social media and all news to focus on the Arabic studies especially Syria. Moreover, none showed the social
media‟s impact on the political opinion of Syrians (Zhang and Lin, 2014). This study reviews supposition in the literature point-of-
view at these conditions where Syrian students at the GAU focusing on social media especially Facebook and YouTube as picture of
process. The theoretical part of this study is based on the number of Syrian students at GAU as a first part and on the theories which
supports the subject, as much as a theoretical discussion. While the second part of this study uses a survey study and mathematical
discussion according to the obtained results of the survey about the use of Facebook and YouTube on the political opinions of the
Syrians (Dimitrova et al., 2014). The third part, which is the last one, explains and discusses the current approach and obtained
results according to the social media which is considered as the most rebellious equipment in the figuration of the social movement
(Ekström et al., 2014).
V. Related Work
Storck, (2011) used decided theories of communique that were developed lengthy earlier than the arrival of social media, to position
its use within a much wider case of conversation, and to provide an explanation for how the inherent characteristics of social
networking that made it attractive to the activists in Egypt.
3. The Impact of Social Media…
| Volume 1| Issue 5 | www.ijrtem.com | July 2016| 34
The discussion centered of attention on the revolutions in Egypt, which were extensively distributed and followed by using the
worldwide community, and goaled to demonstrate that whilst possessing huge advantage to facilitate and hasten political
mobilization, the internet is a deep-rooted controversial drive that will have to now not be treated completely as an editor or
exploiter.Şen, (2012) described the internet applications as Facebook, Twitter and YouTube as they made the creation and the
exchange between users is simple and easy. As much as described the role of social media in the democratic situation, its power in
public sphere and the rise of social opposition though it.
Coulson, (2013) described the reproduction of the social media as Facebook, Twitter and YouTube as the new presentation, powerful
communication tools for the political opinions and decision making. Moreover, mentioned that these media are lower in interesting
for the purposes of policy compared with the politics and public affairs. Khamis et al., (2013) explained the situation in Egypt and
Syria and described it as a non-stopping situation for this must continue with care in watching and describing several actors fighting
with each other in order to control the ways for future, as much as how media can be applied in order to achieve different goals.
Ahmad et al., (2014) Looked to the users of social media and described its impact on them and the relationship between the objectors
especially the Syrian people who are using it. Moreover, prepared a survey contains 30 objectors inside Syria and made a
controversial dispute between different views of experts about the case.
Lopes, (2014) hypothesized that That social actions are brought about by way of possibility constructions similar to monetary,
institutional, and social contexts of a nation conditioned by using its entry to social media. As much as, social actions should not
create through a single variable however rather by using a set of variables that create an interplay effect. Zeitel-Bank et al., (2014)
analyzed the serviceable conditions of social media on all, participants and the society as an entire. First, illustrated the current
trouble of social media in terms of details and figures before deepen selected bulge of latest varieties of virtual interaction. Moreover,
concluded that there is a large variety of diverse interpretations concerning the usefulness of social media as a powerful source of
communication and studying. Highlighted the instances for responsible for handling of social media by means of examining a
number of benefits and disadvantages.
VI. Dependent Theory
In this study as a politically study and as a special case, the Syrian students at the GAU, the most important communication theory is
the dependency theory. So that this theory combines several aspects: firstly, the psychological side, and then secondly, the multi
casual parts. Finally, thirdly combination of the uses with the gratifications with the electronic media and its effects traditionally. In
this study, this theory includes two parts: First, the user will become more dependent on the media that meets the user needs and
supports him/her with more information than other medias. Second, the source of social stabilities. When social change and conflicts
are higher than what available in other medias, published institutions, and practices are challenged. This yields to force the user in
order to reevaluate and give his/her decision according to the size of information and its truth.
Social Media Information Technology (ICT) : According to the dependent theory, in this study the ICT technology can be defined
as the set of information incoming at same time from different sides in microelectronics, computing, telecommunication, and
optoelectronics. From what mentioned earlier, social media network (SMN) as a sub of the ICT set, will have a definition as the
online tools which supports information and collaboration.
In this section, the most widely used tools will be defined and calculated statistically. Moreover, the situation in the electronic media
as Facebook/YouTube in the social media available everywhere, and as a special case of the Syrian students available at the GAU.
Also the situation in Syria politically, refugees, countries fight by the discussion in the European countries and the places of the
refugees, where they will reside and the financial support, forces the Syrian students at the GAU to be in contact with each other‟s
and specially with their families by using these medias. In the following sections, the presentations and explanations of the impact
factors of these medias on the Syrian students.
Facebook : According to this research study, this tool called Facebook is considered as the main one in the SMN which is launched
since 2004 and it was just executable in the United States of America for the students. It was just for limited uses as: status updates
of friends, posting comments, personnel messages. Like, search for new contacts, uploading pictures and videos. While the case
nowadays is completely changed, according to the statistics done in 2011, there was 800 million active users, where 75% from
American citizens, 25% from other countries, and this number is increasing daily as shown in Figure 1. According to this research
study, in 2014, the number is 975 million active users, and 55% of this number is in the middle east countries, rest 45% from
American citizens.
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Figure 1: Facebook Users (Percentage)
Overview of Social Media at The GAU : Defining social media, it can be defined as the electronic telecommunication as websites
through which users can create communities in order to share pictures, documents, chat, and other contents as videos. This media is
started since 2004, where it widely spread in some years ago. Moreover, sometimes it is described as household item, where people
are making profiles in Facebook showing that they got more and more connected than before. According to this research study, more
than 82% of adults and especially university students use social networking sites. Moreover, this study explored that most used social
media is the Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, YouTube, and Instagram. While, Facebook users are not considered as only abundant
users as much as considerably active users and engaged more than 72% visit Facebook at least one hour per day, even some users
cannot wait till they go to their homes, they use their 3G internet in order to visit their accounts in Facebook, some of them which is
almost 45% visit their accounts more than one time per day. This study noticed that this usage of social media is increased more and
more from the mobile usage of this social networking sites. The reason of this increase is that the huge spread of the smart phones
and tablets in the popularity, so that most of the users of these social medias rely on their mobiles in order to access their favorite
sites. Taking into consideration that in the last year which is 2015, more than 300 million Facebook users were just mobile users
ignoring the personnel computers (PCs) and laptops. According to this research study, more than 86% found in the age range of 17 –
35 years old just Facebook users as shown in
Figure 2. Figure 2 shows that Facebook users is becoming extent increasing in the life of young and adults, also it is so important to
understand its disadvantages of this increase. While, the adults even in their works are using Facebook at least one hour per day
according to this study.
Figure 2: Facebook Users (Percentage)
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Motivation for the Use of Social Media in GAU : General speaking, it is so doubtless that social media is substantially famous and
mostly popular. Lately, researchers in neuropsychological explained the reason that people are more connected with this social media
and the number is increasing rapidly by: self-revelation one could entice in with the social media‟s activities by essential reward
system of the brain, exactly as the method of powerful primary rewards. As a result, people are motivated in order to use Facebook by
two important and main reasons: firstly, self-presentation, and secondly belonging reason, these reasons are helpful by satisfying
people‟s individual as the need for worth and integrity. In this research study, it is found that most students as MSc and PHD are
using social media in order to stay in touch with their families and friends as a special case, the foreign students available in the
Turkish Republic of North Cyprus (TRNC) at the Girne American University (GAU), also for making new friends from other
countries, to read posted comments and to search for romantic partner. The study explored the use of Facebook between GAU
students as shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3: Facebook Users (PHD and MSc Students)
Also, this research spilled the concentration on the use of Facebook according to the different in age groups as shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4: Facebook Users (BSc) Students with Age Group 18-24
Figure 4 and 5 explain the students with middle age and the adults use Facebook in order to connect with others according to their
common interests, hobbies, posted comments, and communicate with their families and friends outside the countries. While students
younger than 30 years old, this group maintained their connections with families, friends who stayed in their countries, and
searching for romantic partner.
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Also, this research study discovered that, Facebook minimum daily use is found that it varies according to the age groups as: the ages
between 17 – 24 years old, are using Facebook minimum 4 hours per day, while 25 – 30 are using it minimum 5 hours per day, 31-
39 minimum 3 hours per day, and 40-45 minimum 1 hour per day as shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5: Facebook Minimum Daily Use
According to this research study, more than 82% of adults and especially university students use social networking sites. Moreover,
this study explored that most used social media is the Facebook, YouTube, and Instagram. While, Facebook users are not considered
as only abundant users as much as considerably active users and engaged more than 72% visit Facebook at least one hour per day,
even some users cannot wait till they go to their homes, they use their 3G internet in order to visit their accounts in Facebook, some
of them which is almost 45% visit their accounts more than one time per day as shown in Figures 6 and 7.
Figure 6: Facebook Users in 2004-2011
While these statistics are increasing almost daily. In Figure 7, the statistical calculation of Facebook users is:
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Figure 7: Statistical Determination in 2013
This study noticed that this usage of social media before and after the Syrian tragedy is increased more and more from the mobile
usage of this social networking sites as shown in Figure 8, 9, 10, and 11. The reason of this increase is that the huge spread of the
smart phones and tablets in the popularity, so that most of the users of these social medias rely on their mobiles in order to access
their favorite sites. Taking into consideration that in the last year which is 2015, more than 300 million Facebook users were just
mobile users ignoring the personnel computers (PCs) and laptops. According to this research study, more than 86% found in the age
range of 17 – 35 years old just Facebook users as shown in Figure 8.
Figure 8: Middle East Facebook Users Before Syrian Trategy
Figure 9: Middle East Facebook Users Before Syrian Trategy
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Figure 10: Middle East Facebook Users after Syrian Tragedy in MSc and PHD Students
Figure 11: Middle East Facebook Users After Syrian Tragedy in BSc Students
YouTube : YouTube has been the very first internet site devoted solely to be able to uploading and revealing private movie. Over
several Billion videos tend to be seen every day online, attaining 700 Thousand playbacks this season. Along with uploading as well
as looking at mass media, users also can depart remarks upon videos. YouTube may be the third-most used website. According to
this case study about the students at the GAU, in some situation, some live videos are not available in the Facebook, for this reason,
students refer to live news watching to YouTube, so that YouTube includes live news about all topics. Moreover, the questionnaires
are prepared and given to the students, some students gave answer about YouTube that this media is preferable for them more than
Facebook in watching the real news from all channels are uploaded in YouTube.
Social Media in Arabic World : Social networking within the Arab Planet will be value of social networking equipment cannot be
appreciated without being put inside framework regarding media lifestyle within the Arab globe. Throughout the last 10 years, the
actual Arab-speaking region provides knowledgeable the greatest rates regarding engineering usage among just about all building
nations. In accordance with this study, perhaps the most powerful development will be the adoption of recent communications. The
publishing press as well as the paper, the actual communicate, the radio, as well as the television supply changed the Center Eastern.
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Even though World wide web transmission has increased dramatically over the last several years, with 40-45 million Internet surfers
identified in sixteen Arabic Countries interviewed, the technical abilities of recent existence which are taken for granted in highly
produced Societies, have got developed in the fairly brief time and also have not been embraced by the authoritarian government
authorities that rule the guts East. Art print and also graphic media produced inside decades of each other within the Arab planet,
instead of building via centuries within Western Europe, therefore it is of tiny big surprise which ruling elites concern the net being
a conduit with regard to political as well as moral subversion, and also this concern offers dominated the actual discourse on the
usage of the particular technology. For political activism in Egyptian communities. A final conclusion of this study that is relevant
to the Syria example is that weak ties are more likely to link members of different small groups than are strong ones, which tend to
be concentrated within particular groups. Weak ties established online allowed different oppositional factions to connect over a
common goal of ousting Bashar Asad, and to translate this into political mobilizations.
VII. Discussion
By examining the data from this descriptive, qualitative study in order to analyze the relationship between social media and political
change in the Middle East especially in Syria, the researcher was able to conclude the following regarding the research questions
available in Appendices as: All students had different answers. Some said social media had changed the experience, making students
more aware. Some said social media hadn‟t helped them personally become more aware but understood how it had helped others.
The rest respondents didn‟t believe social media had changed their experience since they relied on other information channels
instead. Some of the students observed that Facebook and YouTube had helped lead to political change. The other students did not
agree, stating that people in the streets lead to political change, rather than social media. All students thought that the governments
in the Middle East and specially in Syria should be threatened or are already threatened by Facebook and YouTube. Reasons for this
included the fact that these social media sites are used to leverage opinions, are instant tools able to organize all sorts of people and
are facilitating the dissemination of information.
VIII. Conclusion
It is found that Facebook attempts to challenge, while YouTube attempts to moving in full speed. Moreover, Facebook is trying to
have formidable competitor in the social media networking. In this study, the use of Facebook is found higher than YouTube in
accordance to the Syrian students at the GAU. This study noticed that this usage of social media before and after the Syrian tragedy
is increased more and more from the mobile usage of this social networking sites. The reason of this increase is that the huge spread
of the smart phones and tablets in the popularity, so that most of the users of these social medias rely on their mobiles in order to
access their favorite sites. Taking into consideration that in the last year which is 2015, more than 300 million Facebook users were
just mobile users ignoring the personnel computers (PCs) and laptops. According to this research study, more than 86% found in the
age range of 17 – 35 years old just Facebook users. According to this research study, more than 82% of adults and especially
university students use social networking sites. Moreover, this study explored that most used social media is the Facebook, YouTube,
and Instagram. While, Facebook users are not considered as only abundant users as much as considerably active users and engaged
more than 72% visit Facebook at least one hour per day, even some users cannot wait till they go to their homes, they use their 3G
internet in order to visit their accounts in Facebook, some of them which is almost 45% visit their accounts more than one time per
day.
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