Mumps is a contagious viral infection transmitted through saliva or respiratory droplets from infected individuals. It causes swelling of the salivary glands near the ears. While most cases resolve on their own within a few weeks, complications can include arthritis, pancreatitis, myocarditis, deafness and meningitis. Treatment focuses on pain relief and isolation during the contagious period. The CDC recommends vaccination with the MMR vaccine at 12-15 months and again at 4-6 years of age to prevent mumps infection.
MERS has to be tackled more practically ,its nothing to scare unless you find and suspicious case around you.The contributing factors are ,weather ,closed homes ,shisha culture ,and the anatomy of Arabs nostrils play a aggressive role in spread of this new disease.The virus mutated recently in a more more cases in humans appeared in hospitals in Jeddah, which may indicate increased virus transmission from man to man due to mutation in the genome leading to virus adaptation. This event may be associated with loss of some virulence elements in the virus.”to survive, viruses adapt or evolve, changing its surface proteins enough to trick the host cell into allowing it to attach.
MERS has to be tackled more practically ,its nothing to scare unless you find and suspicious case around you.The contributing factors are ,weather ,closed homes ,shisha culture ,and the anatomy of Arabs nostrils play a aggressive role in spread of this new disease.The virus mutated recently in a more more cases in humans appeared in hospitals in Jeddah, which may indicate increased virus transmission from man to man due to mutation in the genome leading to virus adaptation. This event may be associated with loss of some virulence elements in the virus.”to survive, viruses adapt or evolve, changing its surface proteins enough to trick the host cell into allowing it to attach.
Epidemiology and control measures for CHICKENPOX {Varicella} AB Rajar
It is an acute, highly infectious disease caused by varicella-zoster(v-z) virus.
It is worldwide in distribution and occurs in both epidemic and endemic forms.
Ectoparasites on genitalia in this Era - a study at tertiary care center in T...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
What are the epidemiological characteristics of infection with avian.pdfexcellentmobiles
What are the epidemiological characteristics of infection with avian and swine flu COMPARED
to yearly flu? please be SPECIFIC!
please, don\'t just give me the definition of avian and swine flu.
Solution
Avian Flu:
Avian flu caused by influenza virus in birds. The immediate source of infection for domestic
poultry can seldom start with direct or indirect contact of domestic poultry with water birds.
Many of the strains that circulate in wild birds are either non-pathogenic or mildly pathogenic for
poultry. However, a virulent strain may emerge either by genetic mutation or by reassortment of
less virulent strains. Infected birds excrete virus in high concentration in their faeces and also in
nasal and ocular discharges. Once introduced into a flock, the virus is spread from flock to flock
by the usual methods involving the movement of infected birds, contaminated equipment, egg
flats, feed trucks, and service crews, to mention a few. The disease generally spreads rapidly in a
flock by direct contact, but on occasions spread is erratic.
Swine Flu :
The main route of transmission is through direct contact between infected and uninfected
animals. These close contacts are particularly common during animal transport. Intensive
farming may also increase the risk of transmission, as the pigs are raised in very close proximity
to each other. The direct transfer of the virus probably occurs either by pigs touching noses, or
through dried mucus. Airborne transmission through the aerosols produced by pigs coughing or
sneezing are also an important means of infection. The virus usually spreads quickly through a
herd, infecting all the pigs within just a few days. Transmission may also occur through wild
animals, such as wild boar, which can spread the disease between farms. People who work with
poultry and swine, especially those with intense exposures, are at increased risk of zoonotic
infection with influenza virus endemic in these animals, and constitute a population of human
hosts in which zoonosis and reassortment can co-occur.
Yearly Flu :
Influenza virus is transmitted among humans in three main ways: by direct contact with infected
individuals, through contaminated objects (such as hairbrushes or towels – often called fomites)
and by inhaling virus-laden aerosols. The contribution of each mode of transmission to overall
spread of influenza is not known.The production of aerosols that contain virus particles is
necessary for the respiratory transmission. Speaking, singing and even normal breathing can
produce an adequate amount of aerosols, while sneezing and coughing lead to more forceful
expulsion.
comparision : All the three virus outbreaks happens from contact with different organisms like
birds, pigs and humans but the symptoms are all same and the severity of symptoms are
different. the common symptoms are fever,cough, sore throat, runny nose, headache, fatigue, and
muscle aches. The diagnosis will be doe for specific flu and then treated wit.
Tape worms (cestoda) are intestinal parasites that are shaped like a tape measure. They are highly diversified group of ubiquitous endoparasites that generally have a two-phased life cycle
The history of mass media can be traced back to the days when dramas were performed in various ancient cultures. This was the first time when a form of media was "broadcast" to a wider audience.
Epidemiology and control measures for CHICKENPOX {Varicella} AB Rajar
It is an acute, highly infectious disease caused by varicella-zoster(v-z) virus.
It is worldwide in distribution and occurs in both epidemic and endemic forms.
Ectoparasites on genitalia in this Era - a study at tertiary care center in T...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
What are the epidemiological characteristics of infection with avian.pdfexcellentmobiles
What are the epidemiological characteristics of infection with avian and swine flu COMPARED
to yearly flu? please be SPECIFIC!
please, don\'t just give me the definition of avian and swine flu.
Solution
Avian Flu:
Avian flu caused by influenza virus in birds. The immediate source of infection for domestic
poultry can seldom start with direct or indirect contact of domestic poultry with water birds.
Many of the strains that circulate in wild birds are either non-pathogenic or mildly pathogenic for
poultry. However, a virulent strain may emerge either by genetic mutation or by reassortment of
less virulent strains. Infected birds excrete virus in high concentration in their faeces and also in
nasal and ocular discharges. Once introduced into a flock, the virus is spread from flock to flock
by the usual methods involving the movement of infected birds, contaminated equipment, egg
flats, feed trucks, and service crews, to mention a few. The disease generally spreads rapidly in a
flock by direct contact, but on occasions spread is erratic.
Swine Flu :
The main route of transmission is through direct contact between infected and uninfected
animals. These close contacts are particularly common during animal transport. Intensive
farming may also increase the risk of transmission, as the pigs are raised in very close proximity
to each other. The direct transfer of the virus probably occurs either by pigs touching noses, or
through dried mucus. Airborne transmission through the aerosols produced by pigs coughing or
sneezing are also an important means of infection. The virus usually spreads quickly through a
herd, infecting all the pigs within just a few days. Transmission may also occur through wild
animals, such as wild boar, which can spread the disease between farms. People who work with
poultry and swine, especially those with intense exposures, are at increased risk of zoonotic
infection with influenza virus endemic in these animals, and constitute a population of human
hosts in which zoonosis and reassortment can co-occur.
Yearly Flu :
Influenza virus is transmitted among humans in three main ways: by direct contact with infected
individuals, through contaminated objects (such as hairbrushes or towels – often called fomites)
and by inhaling virus-laden aerosols. The contribution of each mode of transmission to overall
spread of influenza is not known.The production of aerosols that contain virus particles is
necessary for the respiratory transmission. Speaking, singing and even normal breathing can
produce an adequate amount of aerosols, while sneezing and coughing lead to more forceful
expulsion.
comparision : All the three virus outbreaks happens from contact with different organisms like
birds, pigs and humans but the symptoms are all same and the severity of symptoms are
different. the common symptoms are fever,cough, sore throat, runny nose, headache, fatigue, and
muscle aches. The diagnosis will be doe for specific flu and then treated wit.
Tape worms (cestoda) are intestinal parasites that are shaped like a tape measure. They are highly diversified group of ubiquitous endoparasites that generally have a two-phased life cycle
The history of mass media can be traced back to the days when dramas were performed in various ancient cultures. This was the first time when a form of media was "broadcast" to a wider audience.
It is a disease caused by a plasmodium parasite, transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes. Affected continents are AFRICA, SOUTH ASIA, CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, HAITI AND OTHER AREAS IN THE CARIBBEAN, EASTERN EUROPE, ISLANDS IN THE CENTRAL AND SOUTH PACIFIC OCEAN (OCEANIA).
Personal hygiene are the behaviors that must be practiced in daily life, starting from morning to sleep time to protect our health. To protect health, body, hair, mouth and teeth must be cleaned regularly and clothes must be washed frequently
MEASLES IS A VIRAL INFECTION THAT STARTS IN THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.IT STILL REMAINS A SIGNIFICANT CAUSE OF DEATH WORLDWIDE, DESPITE THE AVAILABILITY OF A SAFE,EFFECTIVE VACCINE.
ALSO KNOWN AS THE HEPATITIS DELTA VIRUS,IS AN INFECTION THAT CAUSES THE LIVER TO BECOME INFLAMED.THIS SWELLING CAN IMPAIR LIVER FUNCTION AND CAUSE LONG-TERM LIVER PROBLEMS,INCLUDING LIVER SCARRING AND CANCER.THE CONDITION IS CAUSED BY THE HEPATITIS D VIRUS(HDV).
HEPATITIS B IS A LIVER INFECTION CAUSED BY THE HEPATITIS B VIRUS(HBV).HBV IS ONE OF THE FIVE TYPES OF VIRAL HEPATITIS.THE OTHERS ARE HEPATITIS A,C,D, AND E. EACH IS A DIFFERENT TYPE OF VIRUS,AND TYPES B AND C ARE MOST LIKELY TO BECOME CHRONIC.
HEPATITIS REFERS TO INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER CAUSED BY EXPOSURE TO TOXINS,ALCOHOL MISUSE,IMMUNE DISEASES,OR INFECTION.VIRUSES CAUSE THE MAJORITY OF CASES OF HEPATITIS,INCLUDING ALL CASES OF HEPATITIS A.
There are some diseases that are associated with the lungs and they include;
ASTHMA
PNEUMONIA
BRONCHITIS
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE
LUNG CANCER
Erectile dysfunction (impotence) is the inability to get and keep an erection firm enough for sex. It is defined as the persistent inability to achieve penile erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance.
Blue eyes technology aims at creating a computer that has the abilities to understand the perceptual powers of the human being by recognizing their facial expressions and react according to them. A blue eye technology is planned for making computational machines that have tangible capacities like those of humans
The Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) is a standard to describe the protocols for second-generation (2G) digital cellular networks used by mobile devices such as mobile phones and tablets.
Breast cancer is the type of cancer that starts in the breast. It can start in one or both breasts. Cancer starts when cells begin to grow out of control. It is important to understand that most breast lumps are benign and not cancer.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
QA Paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka 2020Azreen Aj
QA study - To improve the 6th monthly recall rate post-comprehensive dental treatment under general anaesthesia in paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
3. NATURE OF MUMPS
MUMPS(also called parotitis) IS A
VACCINE-PREVENTABLE VIRAL INFECTION
TRANSMITTED BY AND AFFECTING ONLY
HUMANS.WHILE THE SALIVARY
GLANDS(ESPECIALLY THE PAROTID GLAND
AT THE SIDES OF THE CHEEKS)ARE WELL
KNOWN TO BE INVOLVED DURING A
MUMPS INFECTION,MANY OTHER ORGAN
SYSTEMS MAY ALSO EXPERIENCE
EFFECTS OF THE VIRUS INFECTION.THERE
IS NO CURE FOR MUMPS,BUT THE ILLNESS
IS OF SHORT DURATION(SEVEN TO 10
DAYS) AND RESOLVES SPONTANEOUSLY.
4. MUMPS IS HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS ON
THE ORDER OF MAGNITUDE OF BOTH
INFLUENZA AND RUBELLA(GERMAN
MEASLES).IT IS,HOWEVER,LESS
CONTAGIOUS THAN MEASLES AND
VARICELLA(CHICKENPOX)
MUMPS IS A SINGLE STRAND OF RNA
HOUSED INSIDE A TWO-LAYERED
ENVELOPE THAT PROVIDES THE
VIRUS ITS CHARACTERISTIC IMMUNE
SIGNATURE.
5. SYMPTOMS
LOW-GRADE FEVER
HEADACHE
MUSCLE ACHES(MYALGIA)
REDUCED APPETITE
MALAISE OCCUR DURING THE FIRST 48
HOURS OF MUMPS INFECTION
PAROTID GLAND SWELLING
CHARACTERISTICALLY IS PRESENT ON DAY
THREE OF ILLNESS.(THE PAROTID GLAND IS A
SALIVARY GLAND LOCATED ANTERIOR TO
THE EAR AND ABOVE THE ANGLE OF THE
JAW-IMAGINE A LARGE SET OF SIDEBURNS)
6. MODE OF TRANSMISSION OF MUMPS
IT IS TRANSMITTED ONLY FROM HUMAN
TO HUMAN.MUMPS HAS A RAPID SPREAD
AMONG MEMBERS LIVING IN CLOSE
QUARTERS.THE VIRUS MOST COMMONLY
IS SPREAD DIRECTLY FROM ONE
PERSON TO ANOTHER VIA RESPIRATORY
DROPLETS EXPELLED DURING SNEEZING
OR COUGHING.LESS FREQUENTLY,THE
RESPIRATORY DROPLETS MAY LAND ON
FORMITES(SHEETS,PILLOWS,CLOTHING)
AND THEN BE TRANSMITTED VIA HAND-
TO-MOUTH CONTACT AFTER TOUCHING
SUCH ITEMS.ANIMALS CANNOT
CONTRACT OR SPREAD MUMPS.
7. THERE IS A 14-18 DAY PERIOD BETWEEN
CONTRACTING THE MUMPS VIRUS AND
ONSET OF SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS.VIRAL
SHEDDING IS SHORT LIVED AND A
PATIENT SHOULD BE ISOLATED FROM
OTHER SUSCEPTIBLE INDIVIDUALS FOR
THE FIRST FIVE DAYS FOLLOWING THE
ONSET OF SWELLING OF THE
SALIVARY(PAROTID)GLANDS.
THE HIGHEST RISK OF CONTRACTING
MUMPS IS TO A CHILD BETWEEN 2-12
YEARS OF AGE.
8. COMPLICATIONS
ARTHRITIS
INFLAMMATION AND INFECTION OF
THE PANCREAS
INFECTION OF THE
MYOCARDIUM(HEART MUSCLE)
DEAFNESS
MENINGITIS(INFECTION OF THE
SPINAL FLUID WHICH SURROUNDS
THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD.
9. TREATMENT
THE MAINSTAY OF
TREATMENT(REGARDLESS OF AGE RANGE)
IS TO PROVIDE COMFORT FOR THIS SELF-
LIMITED DISEASE.TAKING
ANALGESICS(ACETAMINOPHEN,IBUPROFE
N)AND APPLYING WARM OR COLD PACKS
TO THE SWOLLEN AND INFLAMED GLAND
REGION MAY B HELPFUL.
10. PREVENTION
THE CENTERS FOR
DISEASE CONTROL AND
PREVENTION(CDC)RECOM
MENDS A COMBINATION
VACCINE(MMR) TO
CHILDREN AT 12 TO 15
MONTHS OG AGE WITH A
BOOSTER DOSE AT 4 TO 6
YEARS OF AGE
