The American West Professor Mindi Sitterud-McCluskeyWest.docxlillie234567
The American West
Professor Mindi Sitterud-McCluskey
Westward Expansion
From the inception of the United States, the western frontier had been imbued with freedom and opportunity in the American mind as well as in the minds of many Europeans. The western frontier seemed to offer what the east coast and Western Europe did not by the mid-1800s: Land. Historically speaking, land signified empowerment. Land represented independence and opportunity, namely the possibility of becoming a truly “free man” through self-management, self-sufficiency, and claiming and benefitting fully from the product of one’s own labor.
Land figured prominently into the high ideals with which the American Revolution and Early Republic were imbued. For, to be a republic- for, by, and of the people, the United States would need to be a nation of truly free people. The United States seemed to have land enough to make this possible.
Empire of Liberty:
Inspired by republican notions of freedom, Thomas Jefferson had looked west and envisioned an “Empire of Liberty,” comprised of independent, self-sufficient, and self-managing small farmers.
Jefferson perceived agriculture as not just conducive to freedom but also uniquely virtuous. By contrast, he viewed the owning, investing, and banking class as corrupt and waged laborers as degraded, dependent and unfree.
Jefferson believed that by securing the western lands, the United States could better secure itself as a free republic and avoid the fate of industrial Britain: Armies of unfree wage-workers, “dark, satanic mills,” and urban slums.
Introduction
Inspired by republican notions of freedom and pushed by members of the working-class struggle and their abolitionist allies, the radical Republican Party of Lincoln passed the Homestead Act even as the Civil War entered its second year on the East Coast.
Homestead Act (1862)
Offered at least 160 acres of free western land to those who filed a claim, lived on the land for at least 5 years, and made improvements.
Open to anyone who had not taken up arms for the Confederacy, including women, blacks, and immigrants who had applied for citizenship
Goal: Rooted in republican notions of freedom, it intended to provide laboring people with land and, by extension, an opportunity to work their way into a condition of real freedom. It would be comparable to Washington DC, today, giving citizens the capital and resources needed to start a small business.
After being stalled by the southern states for years, the Pacific Railway Act also became passed by the Republicans as the war grinded on between the states in the east.
Pacific Railway Act: (1862)
The US government allocated unprecedent funds, grants, bonds and free land for the purpose of contracting with private capitalists to build a Transcontinental Railroad.
Westward Expansion
Transcontinental Railroad
Constructed between 1863-1869
Eastward construction began near San Francisco under the Central P.
The American West Professor Mindi Sitterud-McCluskeyWest.docxlillie234567
The American West
Professor Mindi Sitterud-McCluskey
Westward Expansion
From the inception of the United States, the western frontier had been imbued with freedom and opportunity in the American mind as well as in the minds of many Europeans. The western frontier seemed to offer what the east coast and Western Europe did not by the mid-1800s: Land. Historically speaking, land signified empowerment. Land represented independence and opportunity, namely the possibility of becoming a truly “free man” through self-management, self-sufficiency, and claiming and benefitting fully from the product of one’s own labor.
Land figured prominently into the high ideals with which the American Revolution and Early Republic were imbued. For, to be a republic- for, by, and of the people, the United States would need to be a nation of truly free people. The United States seemed to have land enough to make this possible.
Empire of Liberty:
Inspired by republican notions of freedom, Thomas Jefferson had looked west and envisioned an “Empire of Liberty,” comprised of independent, self-sufficient, and self-managing small farmers.
Jefferson perceived agriculture as not just conducive to freedom but also uniquely virtuous. By contrast, he viewed the owning, investing, and banking class as corrupt and waged laborers as degraded, dependent and unfree.
Jefferson believed that by securing the western lands, the United States could better secure itself as a free republic and avoid the fate of industrial Britain: Armies of unfree wage-workers, “dark, satanic mills,” and urban slums.
Introduction
Inspired by republican notions of freedom and pushed by members of the working-class struggle and their abolitionist allies, the radical Republican Party of Lincoln passed the Homestead Act even as the Civil War entered its second year on the East Coast.
Homestead Act (1862)
Offered at least 160 acres of free western land to those who filed a claim, lived on the land for at least 5 years, and made improvements.
Open to anyone who had not taken up arms for the Confederacy, including women, blacks, and immigrants who had applied for citizenship
Goal: Rooted in republican notions of freedom, it intended to provide laboring people with land and, by extension, an opportunity to work their way into a condition of real freedom. It would be comparable to Washington DC, today, giving citizens the capital and resources needed to start a small business.
After being stalled by the southern states for years, the Pacific Railway Act also became passed by the Republicans as the war grinded on between the states in the east.
Pacific Railway Act: (1862)
The US government allocated unprecedent funds, grants, bonds and free land for the purpose of contracting with private capitalists to build a Transcontinental Railroad.
Westward Expansion
Transcontinental Railroad
Constructed between 1863-1869
Eastward construction began near San Francisco under the Central P.
Foner Ch 13A The 1840sChapter Focus Quest.docxbudbarber38650
Foner Ch 13A The 1840s
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Chapter Focus Questions What was manifest destiny?
What were the major differences between the Oregon, Texas, and California frontiers?
What were the most important consequences of the Mexican-American War?
Click image to launch video
Q: You’ve introduced a comparative dimension to the discussion of the California Gold Rush of the late 1840s and early 1850s. What important parallels do you see between that event and the simultaneous discovery of gold in Australia?
A: Of course it was a coincidence that gold was discovered in both places at the same time; it was not some global phenomenon. But in fact, these two gold rushes in the 1840s and the 1950s did play out in interestingly similar ways. The discovery of gold in California and part of southern Australia, first of all, led to an immense influx of population into both places of people seeking to get rich through gold. From all over the world, from Europe, from Latin America, from Asia, people streamed into these countries and in both places you developed this extraordinarily diverse population. San Francisco was probably the most racially and ethnically diverse city in the world in 1850, because everyone in the world had poured in there, and similarly Melbourne, Australia, had an incredibly diverse population for the same reason. On the other hand, in both places you got immediate racial tensions, and in the 1850s, efforts to push Asians, particularly the Chinese, out of the gold fields. California became very well-known for its anti-Chinese, anti-Asian policies, banning what they called foreign miners and things like that. Similarly in Australia you had efforts to push Chinese miners out of the gold fields. So I think the experience of Australia can reflect something back on our understanding of what happened in the United States to show how similar tensions and developments take place in this very hothouse atmosphere of everybody seeking to enrich themselves through gold.
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Click image to launch video
Q: What were the views of both southerners and northerners on the expansion of slavery into the new territories?
A: Southerners felt that slavery had the same right to expand in the new territory as any other form of property. Nobody was telling people they couldn't bring their livestock, their bank notes, their equipment, whatever it was. Any kind of property could be brought if somebody wanted. They said, Slaves are property, they aren't any different. The government doesn't have any rights to distinguish between forms of property. Moreover, southerners had fought in the American army in Mexico. They had died to gain this new territory; what right did the government have to tell them or their relatives that they could not bring slaves there? Northerners of course said, No, slavery is different; it's not just another form of property. Many of them thought slavery was immoral. Many who didn't care about morality said, Slavery retards economic growth..
"Trans Failsafe Prog" on your BMW X5 indicates potential transmission issues requiring immediate action. This safety feature activates in response to abnormalities like low fluid levels, leaks, faulty sensors, electrical or mechanical failures, and overheating.
Ever been troubled by the blinking sign and didn’t know what to do?
Here’s a handy guide to dashboard symbols so that you’ll never be confused again!
Save them for later and save the trouble!
𝘼𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙦𝙪𝙚 𝙋𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙏𝙧𝙖𝙙𝙚𝙧𝙨 𝙞𝙨 𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙮 𝙛𝙖𝙢𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙛𝙖𝙘𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙞𝙧 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙙𝙪𝙘𝙩𝙨. 𝙒𝙚 𝙝𝙖𝙫𝙚 𝙖𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙜𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙡𝙚𝙨 𝙪𝙨𝙚𝙙 𝙞𝙣 𝙖𝙪𝙩𝙤𝙢𝙤𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙖𝙪𝙩𝙤 𝙥𝙖𝙧𝙩𝙨 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙖𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙛𝙖𝙢𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙘𝙤𝙢𝙥𝙖𝙣𝙞𝙚𝙨 𝙗𝙪𝙮 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙜𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙡𝙚𝙨 𝙛𝙧𝙤𝙢 𝙪𝙨.
Over the 10 years, we have gained a strong foothold in the market due to our range's high quality, competitive prices, and time-lined delivery schedules.
Symptoms like intermittent starting and key recognition errors signal potential problems with your Mercedes’ EIS. Use diagnostic steps like error code checks and spare key tests. Professional diagnosis and solutions like EIS replacement ensure safe driving. Consult a qualified technician for accurate diagnosis and repair.
Things to remember while upgrading the brakes of your carjennifermiller8137
Upgrading the brakes of your car? Keep these things in mind before doing so. Additionally, start using an OBD 2 GPS tracker so that you never miss a vehicle maintenance appointment. On top of this, a car GPS tracker will also let you master good driving habits that will let you increase the operational life of your car’s brakes.
In this presentation, we have discussed a very important feature of BMW X5 cars… the Comfort Access. Things that can significantly limit its functionality. And things that you can try to restore the functionality of such a convenient feature of your vehicle.
Core technology of Hyundai Motor Group's EV platform 'E-GMP'Hyundai Motor Group
What’s the force behind Hyundai Motor Group's EV performance and quality?
Maximized driving performance and quick charging time through high-density battery pack and fast charging technology and applicable to various vehicle types!
Discover more about Hyundai Motor Group’s EV platform ‘E-GMP’!
Comprehensive program for Agricultural Finance, the Automotive Sector, and Empowerment . We will define the full scope and provide a detailed two-week plan for identifying strategic partners in each area within Limpopo, including target areas.:
1. Agricultural : Supporting Primary and Secondary Agriculture
• Scope: Provide support solutions to enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Tzaneen, Thohoyandou, Makhado, and Giyani.
2. Automotive Sector: Partnerships with Mechanics and Panel Beater Shops
• Scope: Develop collaborations with automotive service providers to improve service quality and business operations.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Lephalale, Mokopane, Phalaborwa, and Bela-Bela.
3. Empowerment : Focusing on Women Empowerment
• Scope: Provide business support support and training to women-owned businesses, promoting economic inclusion.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Thohoyandou, Musina, Burgersfort, and Louis Trichardt.
We will also prioritize Industrial Economic Zone areas and their priorities.
Sign up on https://profilesmes.online/welcome/
To be eligible:
1. You must have a registered business and operate in Limpopo
2. Generate revenue
3. Sectors : Agriculture ( primary and secondary) and Automative
Women and Youth are encouraged to apply even if you don't fall in those sectors.
Fleet management these days is next to impossible without connected vehicle solutions. Why? Well, fleet trackers and accompanying connected vehicle management solutions tend to offer quite a few hard-to-ignore benefits to fleet managers and businesses alike. Let’s check them out!
What Does the PARKTRONIC Inoperative, See Owner's Manual Message Mean for You...Autohaus Service and Sales
Learn what "PARKTRONIC Inoperative, See Owner's Manual" means for your Mercedes-Benz. This message indicates a malfunction in the parking assistance system, potentially due to sensor issues or electrical faults. Prompt attention is crucial to ensure safety and functionality. Follow steps outlined for diagnosis and repair in the owner's manual.
What Exactly Is The Common Rail Direct Injection System & How Does It WorkMotor Cars International
Learn about Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDi) - the revolutionary technology that has made diesel engines more efficient. Explore its workings, advantages like enhanced fuel efficiency and increased power output, along with drawbacks such as complexity and higher initial cost. Compare CRDi with traditional diesel engines and discover why it's the preferred choice for modern engines.
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5 Warning Signs Your BMW's Intelligent Battery Sensor Needs Attention
The great transcontinental migration
1. Jonathan Cooper
The Great Transcontinental Migration
Abraham Lincoln was elected president in 1861 in his Inaugural Address he said:
"In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous
issue of civil war. The government will not assail you. You have no oath registered in
Heaven to destroy the government, while I shall have the most solemn one to preserve,
protect and defend it."
The Civil War started April of 1861. During the civil war President Lincoln signs the
Pacific Railroad Act which directs 2 companies, the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific to
build rail and to construct a transcontinental railroad. This act also gave control of existing
northern rail to the president which would be used to transport troops quickly and for the
resupply of soldiers, moving an average of eight hundred tons a day equivalent to eighty railroad
cars. The Union had twenty thousand miles of rail, while the Confederate has only nine thousand
miles and it remained under private control. In the four years the war lasted the north adds four
thousand miles of rail, while the south only adds four hundred.
After the war ended President Lincoln started to abolish slavery but, President Lincoln
was assassinated shortly thereafter for the role he played in the Civil War and for the
abolishment of slavery. However while slavery was being abolished the southern states began
enacting what was called “the black codes” in an effort to stop southern states the republican led
congress went to pass legislative laws supporting the end of slavery. However President Andrew
Johnson, vetoed the legislation but for the first time congress found the votes to negate the veto,
passing the civil rights act of 1866 which established blacks as full American’s and forbade
2. Jonathan Cooper
discrimination against them. A few months later congress passes the 14th amendment which
states “that no state should deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due
process of law."
Tomas Clark Durant was a born manipulator, educated to be a doctor, Doctor Durant
abandoned the pursuit for business in his pursuit of wealth. During the Civil War Doctor Durant
smuggled cotton from the south making himself very rich. While at the same time he owned a
rail line. Durant announced that the Union Pacific would connect to his own M&M line, causing
M&M stock to rise sharply. He sold his shares discreetly and bought stock in the competition. A
new announcement declared the connection would be the Cedar Rapids & Missouri line. Having
Investors flock to that company and taking a loss on M&M, which Durant bought back at low
cost, Durant and his friends made $5,000,000 off the scam. An article from the New York Times
wrote. "It is the smartest operation ever done in stocks and could never be done again."
Durant remained in control and, the chief architect of the Union Pacific railroad till its
completion and then he went on to other projects.
The people who built the railroads made up about one thousand to three thousand free
blacks. The bulk of the work was done by immigrating Irish workers; they numbered in at a little
over thirteen thousand. The Irish and free blacks built the rail east to west. While it is estimated
that than two thirds of rail workers were Chinese this amounts to approximately twenty three
thousand or more that were Chinese workers. The Chinese built the rail lines west to east. The
Chinese were treated like slaves in their own right and discriminated against just as blacks were.
As the railroad was built the government gave the rail companies 10 square miles of land per
mile of rail laid down as well as money grants in order to keep building the rail road. This land
3. Jonathan Cooper
that was to be given was occupied by plains Indians which were removed by soldiers when the
Indians got in the way of the railroad that was ordered by the Government.
"Go West, young man" Is often credited to author Horace Greeley concerning
America's expansion westward, which related to the popular concept of Manifest Destiny. One of
the driving factors for building the railroads from one coast to the other was to move people west
for the gold rush going on in California. Also to support and defend the rich territory that was
won from the Spanish, American war. Before the advent of the transcontinental railroad, a
journey across the continent to the western states meant a dangerous six month trek over rivers,
deserts, and mountains to get to California. Alternatively, a traveler could hazard a six week sea
voyage around Cape Horn, or sail to Central America and cross the Isthmus of Darien by rail,
risking exposure to any number of deadly diseases in the crossing. Interest in building a railroad
uniting the continent began soon after the advent of the locomotive.
Before the railroad it would cost $1000 to travel by wagon caravan, but after the railroad
was built it became possible to go from the east cost to the west for only $150. This would lead
to a great number of people migrating westward. As the railroad traveled along people that
worked for the rail would make permanent homes in the cities that sprang up.
As railroads moved west the Indians were displaced which helped rail towns grow and
expand. These towns would often absorb any smaller settlements that might be near as the
railroads offered daily benefits and a greater sense of safety from bandits and the local Indians.
These towns generally were lawless as they didn’t belong to a state of any kind; they had what
was called railroad law. The people in charge of the railroad paid the salaries of the workers so
they were judge, jury and, executioner. However with lack of progress and set backs on the
4. Jonathan Cooper
building of the railways and the distress caused by Indians, caused the government to step in and
provide military assistance to the settlers moving westward. The railroads that were built created
a new source of commerce. This provided businesses with a new market to sale their goods;
which meant they could now ship and sale their goods nationally rather than locally. Some of
the cities that were built along the way include: Cheyenne, Salt Lake City, Promontory Summit,
Bear River City, all the way to Sacramento just to name a few.
The city of Cheyenne was one of the most major cities that would come to be built; in
1867 fort D. A. Russell was built to stabilizer the area. Which led to a town charter being
accepted by the Dakota Territorial Legislature in 1867 and Cheyenne was thereupon
incorporated. By the end of 1867 Cheyenne had rose to hold a population of 4,000. Lots of land
was selling for $2500, as the town had more than 300 businesses that were in operation, and the
diverse citizenry included engineers, lawyers, artists, Native Americans, trappers, hunters,
laborers, gamblers, and gunslingers. General Grenville M. Dodge named it the gambling center
of the world and some dubbed it "Hell on Wheels." Mayhem and violence were a way of life.
Once the railroad moved on pass the city of Cheyenne a bit of peace returned to the city and by
1869 Cheyenne became the state capital for the new Wyoming territory. By 1875 gold was
discovered in the Black Hills and the city of Cheyenne became I transit hub for people, cattle,
sheep, and gold by the 1890s the population was ten thousand or more. Cheyenne was so
important by the end 1890s it was named for being the wealthiest city per capita in the world.
Into the twentieth century Cheyenne became an industrial and manufacturing center, and the
Francis E. Warren U.S. Air Force Base was established at Fort Russell. Over the past century the
extensive development has kept the state's largest cities (one out of five Wyoming residents lives
5. Jonathan Cooper
in Cheyenne) booming just as it did in its early years and to this day the city remains as a
commercial, industrial, and transportation hub for the state and for the country.
The last great city I wish to talk about would have to be San Francisco. In 1849 gold dust
is discovered which is reported by Brannan and he publicized the new gold discovery. In less
than a year there was over fifty thousand people that migrating to California’s San Francisco
with the hopes and dreams of striking it rich. “It was bedlam, pandemonium and hell rolled
into one” Recorded being said by a wealth merchant. The city of San Francisco was burnt to
the ground twice and rebuilt each time, a city built for economic division. “God took the
beauty of the Bay of Naples, the Valley of the Nile, the Swiss Alps, and the Hudson River
Valley, rolled them into one and made San Francisco Bay (Fiorello La Guardia)”.
Inspiration and pride for your city can be seen not giving up and mustering the drive to start over
to rebuild and to fix what was broken a testament that these early American mustarded to keep
fighting for their city. The Chinese that helped build the transnational railroad would also settle
down to build a big cultural and illogical foundation in San Francisco. Chinese immigrants even
build a nook within San Francisco called Chinatown; Chinatown is .2 square miles and holds
11,000 people within its community. After the great fire of 1906 the politicians looked to remove
the Chinese as they were seen as an eyesore but; Chinese leaders convinced municipal leaders
and the neighborhood's white landlords that the "New" Chinatown should be rebuilt in a
distinctive Oriental style that would attract more tourism and business. The results were the
familiar curved eaves, colorful street lanterns, recessed balconies, and gilded facades that we
associate with Chinatown today.
Many factors started the migration across what is called the United States. There were
many dangers during the travel that took place while traveling across the great unknown
6. Jonathan Cooper
wilderness. Many people didn’t know what the future held for many died before they got to see a
dream realized but for the people who fought and survived they made their own dreams and
desires come true fighting tooth and nail every step of the way. A culture, was a way of life lost
in today’s terms of fighting spirit. The spirit to survive life on your own terms, most people
today would not be able to last or cast a shadow to that their forefathers.
7. Jonathan Cooper
Books.
Book:By earth quake andfire,
Book:Klein,Maury. “UnionPacific:Birthof a Railroad”,1862-1893. Garden City,NY:Doubleday&
Company,1987.
Websites.
Americanhistory,copyrighted1994, 9/20/14,
http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/essays/1801-1900/the-iron-horse/railroad-towns.php
Christine K. Kimbrough,Encyclopedia,copyright2003, accessed9/20/14,
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Railroads.aspx
Workersof the UnionPacificRailroad,Americanexperience, PBS,copyrighted1996,9/20/14
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/tcrr-uprr/
TRANSCONTINENTALRAILROAD,historychannel,copyrighted2014,9/20/14
http://www.history.com/topics/inventions/transcontinental-railroad
BuildingAmerica,unionpacific,9/20/14
http://www.up.com/aboutup/history/chronology/index.htm