The document summarizes the development of colonial societies in the Chesapeake Bay region and Carolina from the 17th to early 18th centuries. It describes how the colonies relied heavily on indentured servants and later African slaves for labor. It also discusses the relationships and conflicts between colonists and native tribes over land and trade. The economies transitioned from tobacco to rice cultivation, and slavery became entrenched.
- The English established their first permanent colony at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607 under the Virginia Company of London. The colony struggled initially with disease and lack of supplies.
- Under the leadership of John Smith, the colony became organized and began growing tobacco for profit. However, after Smith left, the colony suffered through the "Starving Time" winter where few survived.
- The colony stabilized with the arrival of more settlers and supplies. It established the first representative government in America, the House of Burgesses, and became the first English colony to have slaves and indentured servants arrive. Conflict with native Powhatan people continued sporadically.
The document summarizes the early colonial settlements in Virginia and New England between 1606-1640. It describes the founding of Jamestown in 1607 by the Virginia Company and the difficult early years of disease and starvation. It then discusses the introduction of tobacco, which led to economic prosperity. The arrival of the first Africans in 1619 is also noted. The document also summarizes the founding of Maryland and the Carolinas, as well as the settlements of Puritans in Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay colonies. Key figures such as Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson who challenged Puritan orthodoxy are also briefly described.
The document summarizes the arrival and impact of the 1820 British settlers in South Africa, who came to the Eastern Cape in response to unemployment in Britain after the Napoleonic Wars. It describes how around 4,000 settlers from England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales established farms but many struggled without experience and moved to towns like Bathurst, Grahamstown and Port Elizabeth where they worked in trades. The settlers contributed to the development of these towns and South African society through industries, institutions and insisting on rights like a free press.
The Restoration Colonies document discusses the history of several colonies established between New York and Georgia during the 17th and early 18th centuries. It describes how New Netherlands was founded by the Dutch West India Company and later became the British colony of New York. It also summarizes the founding and development of the Quaker colony of Pennsylvania under William Penn, and the establishment of other colonies in the region, including New Jersey, Delaware, the Carolinas, and Georgia.
The document provides an overview of the 13 original British colonies in North America, including details on their founding and development. It discusses the earliest colonies of Jamestown, Plymouth, and the Massachusetts Bay Colony. It then summarizes the founding of each of the other 10 colonies - Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and the Carolinas. The summary highlights some of the key people and events in the founding of each colony, as well as their systems of government.
Canada was originally inhabited by indigenous peoples like the Inuit. French influence began in 1627 with the establishment of New France. British influence grew through the Hudson's Bay Company in 1670. Canada was divided into Upper and Lower Canada in 1791, and the colonies united as the Dominion of Canada in 1867. Immigration, especially from Europe, helped grow Canada's population and economy over subsequent decades. Canada has a long history welcoming immigrants and maintains its cultural diversity.
The document provides an overview of the history and characteristics of the Middle Colonies of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware from the 1600s-1700s. It describes how New York began as the Dutch colony of New Netherlands, focused on fur trading. It then came under English control in 1664 and was renamed New York. Pennsylvania was founded by William Penn in 1681 as a haven for Quakers and offered religious freedom and prosperity. The colonies of New Jersey, Delaware, and the Carolinas also experienced growth during this period, with the Carolinas relying heavily on the slave trade and cultivation of cash crops like rice and indigo.
The document summarizes the development of colonial societies in the Chesapeake Bay region and Carolina from the 17th to early 18th centuries. It describes how the colonies relied heavily on indentured servants and later African slaves for labor. It also discusses the relationships and conflicts between colonists and native tribes over land and trade. The economies transitioned from tobacco to rice cultivation, and slavery became entrenched.
- The English established their first permanent colony at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607 under the Virginia Company of London. The colony struggled initially with disease and lack of supplies.
- Under the leadership of John Smith, the colony became organized and began growing tobacco for profit. However, after Smith left, the colony suffered through the "Starving Time" winter where few survived.
- The colony stabilized with the arrival of more settlers and supplies. It established the first representative government in America, the House of Burgesses, and became the first English colony to have slaves and indentured servants arrive. Conflict with native Powhatan people continued sporadically.
The document summarizes the early colonial settlements in Virginia and New England between 1606-1640. It describes the founding of Jamestown in 1607 by the Virginia Company and the difficult early years of disease and starvation. It then discusses the introduction of tobacco, which led to economic prosperity. The arrival of the first Africans in 1619 is also noted. The document also summarizes the founding of Maryland and the Carolinas, as well as the settlements of Puritans in Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay colonies. Key figures such as Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson who challenged Puritan orthodoxy are also briefly described.
The document summarizes the arrival and impact of the 1820 British settlers in South Africa, who came to the Eastern Cape in response to unemployment in Britain after the Napoleonic Wars. It describes how around 4,000 settlers from England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales established farms but many struggled without experience and moved to towns like Bathurst, Grahamstown and Port Elizabeth where they worked in trades. The settlers contributed to the development of these towns and South African society through industries, institutions and insisting on rights like a free press.
The Restoration Colonies document discusses the history of several colonies established between New York and Georgia during the 17th and early 18th centuries. It describes how New Netherlands was founded by the Dutch West India Company and later became the British colony of New York. It also summarizes the founding and development of the Quaker colony of Pennsylvania under William Penn, and the establishment of other colonies in the region, including New Jersey, Delaware, the Carolinas, and Georgia.
The document provides an overview of the 13 original British colonies in North America, including details on their founding and development. It discusses the earliest colonies of Jamestown, Plymouth, and the Massachusetts Bay Colony. It then summarizes the founding of each of the other 10 colonies - Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and the Carolinas. The summary highlights some of the key people and events in the founding of each colony, as well as their systems of government.
Canada was originally inhabited by indigenous peoples like the Inuit. French influence began in 1627 with the establishment of New France. British influence grew through the Hudson's Bay Company in 1670. Canada was divided into Upper and Lower Canada in 1791, and the colonies united as the Dominion of Canada in 1867. Immigration, especially from Europe, helped grow Canada's population and economy over subsequent decades. Canada has a long history welcoming immigrants and maintains its cultural diversity.
The document provides an overview of the history and characteristics of the Middle Colonies of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware from the 1600s-1700s. It describes how New York began as the Dutch colony of New Netherlands, focused on fur trading. It then came under English control in 1664 and was renamed New York. Pennsylvania was founded by William Penn in 1681 as a haven for Quakers and offered religious freedom and prosperity. The colonies of New Jersey, Delaware, and the Carolinas also experienced growth during this period, with the Carolinas relying heavily on the slave trade and cultivation of cash crops like rice and indigo.
The document summarizes the English colonization of North America, focusing on Virginia, New England, and Carolina. It describes the founding and early struggles of Jamestown in Virginia in 1607. It then discusses the Puritan pilgrims who founded Plymouth in 1620 and larger Puritan migration to Massachusetts Bay in the 1630s. The document also outlines the establishment of Carolina in the 1670s, the division into North and South Carolina, and the development of the plantation system focused on rice and indigo production by the 1760s.
The document discusses Canada's history and culture. It notes that Canada was originally inhabited by Indigenous peoples like the Iroquois and Inuit before European settlers arrived from England and France. A quote by historian Joyce Beaton is presented, where she states that "Canada's history is in shoeboxes under people's beds," implying that Canada has taken its history for granted and not properly acknowledged its past. The document examines issues around Canada embracing multiculturalism while risking the fading of its own historical traditions and culture.
- The Dutch colony of New Netherlands was established in the Hudson River valley in the 1600s and was run autocratically by the Dutch West India Company for profit, with little religious freedom or democracy. It was renamed New York after being captured by the English in 1664.
- William Penn received a land grant from the King of England in 1681 to establish the colony of Pennsylvania as a place for Quakers to settle, with policies of religious tolerance, representative government, and free or cheap land. It became a haven for many immigrant groups.
- The Carolinas were initially settled by English colonists from the West Indies in the late 1600s. The economy relied heavily on the slave labor of Africans to grow
The document summarizes the four major Plantations that took place in Ireland between the 16th and 17th centuries as English attempts to extend control over Ireland by confiscating land from Irish owners. Each Plantation was in response to an Irish revolt and involved dividing and granting the confiscated land to English and Scottish settlers to live and farm on the land. However, the Plantations often failed to achieve their goals as the settlers struggled without enough laborers and faced ongoing attacks from displaced Irish residents, with mixed success in establishing English control and society in Ireland over time.
The document summarizes key points from chapters 6, 13, and 14 of a book about American colonies. Chapter 6 discusses how the early settlers at Jamestown, Virginia were seeking wealth through gold and were pushed out of crowded lands in England. Chapter 13 talks about how the Dutch prince of Orange intervened against the unfair Catholic rule of King James in England. Chapter 14 describes how travel became more popular in the 18th century, making the ocean a bridge for information between countries and better informing colonists.
The document provides background on the English Civil War and its impact on the southern colonies of Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. It discusses how King Charles II gave land in the Americas to supporters of restoring the monarchy after the beheading of his father King Charles I during the English Civil War. The colonies developed in different ways, with Virginia focusing on tobacco cultivation, Maryland passing laws on religious tolerance, and the Carolinas eventually splitting into two colonies.
The document describes the history and development of the English colonies in North America between 1630-1750. It discusses the founding and growth of the New England colonies by the Puritans in Massachusetts and Connecticut, as well as the colonies of Rhode Island and New York. It also describes the middle colonies of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware, founded for reasons of religion and trade. The different colonial regions developed distinct economies and societies shaped by their environments and the ethnic groups that settled there.
- The document provides a timeline of key events in US history from 1587 to 1800, including early English colonies like Roanoke and Jamestown, conflicts with Native Americans led by Metacom, the development of slavery and laws controlling African Americans, and religious revivals like the Great Awakening. It also discusses the growth of the middle colonies' economy and the rise of the transatlantic slave trade known as the Triangle Trade.
Hist 140 album of the american coloniesJordan Handel
The document summarizes information about the early colonization of North America by various European powers between the 15th-18th centuries. It discusses how Africans were enslaved and brought to the Americas, the Spanish conquest of native lands and attempts to convert indigenous religions to Catholicism, the establishment of French colonies in Canada and Louisiana, conflicts between the Dutch and English for control of the Hudson River Valley, and the expansion of the vast English colonial empire across the eastern seaboard through population growth and private enterprise. Native Americans are described as the earliest colonizers who crossed into North America from Asia over 15,000 years ago during the last ice age.
This document provides an overview of Native American life before European contact, as well as a summary of the colonial settlements established by various European powers between the 16th and 18th centuries. It notes that between 1-5 million Native Americans lived in North America, organized into independent tribes. It then discusses the colonial periods of Spain, England, France, and other nations. Key events included Spanish conquests in the 1500s, the establishment of Jamestown in 1607, and the founding of Massachusetts and other New England colonies by religious dissenters such as the Pilgrims and Puritans. The document outlines differences between the New England, middle, and Southern colonies as they developed through this period.
The document provides information about the three main colonial regions in British North America: New England Colonies, Middle Colonies, and Southern Colonies. It describes that the New England Colonies were settled primarily by religious dissenting Puritans fleeing persecution in England. The Middle Colonies had a diverse population and economies based around agriculture and industry. The Southern Colonies were focused on plantation agriculture using indentured servants and later slaves, with a society divided between large plantation owners and small farmers.
The document provides information about life for early settlers in colonial Georgia. It describes the founding of the Ebenezer settlement by Salzburger Lutherans in 1734. The Salzburgers experienced hardship and disease as they established their community under the leadership of Minister John Martin Boltzius. They followed strict church regulations. Though conditions were difficult, the Salzburgers became successful farmers and the Ebenezer community grew. The document also discusses the introduction and growth of slavery in Georgia from the 1730s onward and the slave codes passed to control the behavior of enslaved people.
Ch 6 day 9 - the loyalist migration impactskscheidy
By 1790, 10% of Quebec's population was made up of British Loyalists who fled the United States after the American Revolution. This caused tensions as the Loyalists wanted British laws and customs while the existing Canadiens were concerned about protections granted by the Quebec Act. Britain addressed these issues by dividing Quebec into Upper and Lower Canada, establishing British laws in Upper Canada and allowing French customs and laws in Lower Canada. This helped appease both the Loyalists and Canadiens.
In the late 15th and early 16th centuries, England and Spain began colonizing the New World. England's colonization began with John Cabot claiming Newfoundland for England in 1497. The first English colonies were established in North America in the 1580s but failed to survive permanently. The long term English settlement of North America began with the founding of Jamestown, Virginia in 1607.
Barbados gained independence from Britain on November 30, 1966 after over 300 years of British colonial rule. The national anthem was written by African American songwriter Irving Burgie. Barbados has a rich history, first inhabited by Amerindians and later colonized by the British in 1627. Slavery began with the arrival of 10 enslaved Africans on a British ship, and the population of enslaved Africans grew significantly with the introduction of sugarcane cultivation. Enslaved Africans resisted through uprisings and more, with Bussa's 1816 rebellion being the largest. Barbados transitioned to an independent republic in the 1990s and continues to celebrate its independence and national identity
The document summarizes aspects of early English colonies in North America, including Virginia, Puritan settlements, and relations with native peoples. It describes Sir Walter Raleigh's failed attempts to establish colonies at Roanoke in the 1580s. The successful Jamestown colony was established in 1607 on the James River in Virginia. Tobacco soon became a lucrative cash crop. The Powhatan Indians lived in the coastal region and had a chief named Powhatan. Relations deteriorated as English colonists expanded onto native lands. The Puritans viewed the natives as pagans and sought their conversion. This led to conflicts like the Pequot War and King Philip's War, which devastated native populations.
The document summarizes the Great Famine that occurred in Ireland from 1845 to 1849. It describes how the famine began when a potato blight destroyed most of Ireland's potato crop, which millions depended on for food. As people began to starve, soup kitchens and workhouses were set up, but many still died of starvation or famine-related diseases. Over a million people emigrated, often on overcrowded "coffin ships" where up to 20% died during the voyage. By 1847, the worst year, over 3 million Irish were being fed in soup kitchens.
European migrations to the Americas in the 17th century were driven by promises of land and rights as English subjects. The Jamestown colony struggled at first due to disease, lack of food, and gold seeking instead of farming. Tobacco eventually made the colony prosperous. Indentured servitude and headrights were used to attract laborers, while slavery gradually replaced indentured servants and the slave trade grew dramatically. Bacon's Rebellion in 1676 exposed class tensions between elites and landless colonists.
The document summarizes the early history of the Jamestown colony in Virginia from 1607-1676. It discusses how the colony was established by the Virginia Company in 1607, their early struggles and near failure due to harsh conditions, the leadership of John Smith that helped the colony survive, the introduction of tobacco farming that led to prosperity, the establishment of representative government with the House of Burgesses in 1619, the marriage of Pocahontas to help broker peace with native tribes, the arrival of the first slaves in 1619, and subsequent tensions and attacks that threatened the colony.
During the Laurier era from 1896-1914, Canada experienced significant political, social, and economic changes. Wilfred Laurier was elected prime minister in 1896 and relied on Britain for military protection. However, tensions grew as Britain pressured Canada to financially support its navy and send troops to fight in the Boer War. Domestically, Laurier struggled with tensions between English and French Canadians over language issues in schools. Meanwhile, Canada grappled with its identity and relationship with Britain as it began building its own navy and faced disputes with the U.S. over borders. Socially, women, Indigenous peoples, and Chinese immigrants faced discrimination and unequal treatment under the law.
The Gold Rush of 1858 passed through the region and Port Pemberton was established as a stopping house along the Douglas Trail. Over 30,000 gold rushers passed through the region making their way to the goldfields of Lillooet and beyond. Beyond the Gold Rush of 1858 there were other major events happening in Canada and in the world.
This document summarizes the transformation of the United States from a rural, agricultural nation after the Civil War into a industrialized, urbanized country by the early 20th century. The industrial revolution, powered by new technologies like railroads, steamboats, and factories, dramatically changed the US economy and society. Massive industrial and population growth centered in cities, which became the hubs of manufacturing. By 1900, the US had become the world's leading industrial power and first modern society, though it still retained aspects of its original character.
The document summarizes the English colonization of North America, focusing on Virginia, New England, and Carolina. It describes the founding and early struggles of Jamestown in Virginia in 1607. It then discusses the Puritan pilgrims who founded Plymouth in 1620 and larger Puritan migration to Massachusetts Bay in the 1630s. The document also outlines the establishment of Carolina in the 1670s, the division into North and South Carolina, and the development of the plantation system focused on rice and indigo production by the 1760s.
The document discusses Canada's history and culture. It notes that Canada was originally inhabited by Indigenous peoples like the Iroquois and Inuit before European settlers arrived from England and France. A quote by historian Joyce Beaton is presented, where she states that "Canada's history is in shoeboxes under people's beds," implying that Canada has taken its history for granted and not properly acknowledged its past. The document examines issues around Canada embracing multiculturalism while risking the fading of its own historical traditions and culture.
- The Dutch colony of New Netherlands was established in the Hudson River valley in the 1600s and was run autocratically by the Dutch West India Company for profit, with little religious freedom or democracy. It was renamed New York after being captured by the English in 1664.
- William Penn received a land grant from the King of England in 1681 to establish the colony of Pennsylvania as a place for Quakers to settle, with policies of religious tolerance, representative government, and free or cheap land. It became a haven for many immigrant groups.
- The Carolinas were initially settled by English colonists from the West Indies in the late 1600s. The economy relied heavily on the slave labor of Africans to grow
The document summarizes the four major Plantations that took place in Ireland between the 16th and 17th centuries as English attempts to extend control over Ireland by confiscating land from Irish owners. Each Plantation was in response to an Irish revolt and involved dividing and granting the confiscated land to English and Scottish settlers to live and farm on the land. However, the Plantations often failed to achieve their goals as the settlers struggled without enough laborers and faced ongoing attacks from displaced Irish residents, with mixed success in establishing English control and society in Ireland over time.
The document summarizes key points from chapters 6, 13, and 14 of a book about American colonies. Chapter 6 discusses how the early settlers at Jamestown, Virginia were seeking wealth through gold and were pushed out of crowded lands in England. Chapter 13 talks about how the Dutch prince of Orange intervened against the unfair Catholic rule of King James in England. Chapter 14 describes how travel became more popular in the 18th century, making the ocean a bridge for information between countries and better informing colonists.
The document provides background on the English Civil War and its impact on the southern colonies of Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. It discusses how King Charles II gave land in the Americas to supporters of restoring the monarchy after the beheading of his father King Charles I during the English Civil War. The colonies developed in different ways, with Virginia focusing on tobacco cultivation, Maryland passing laws on religious tolerance, and the Carolinas eventually splitting into two colonies.
The document describes the history and development of the English colonies in North America between 1630-1750. It discusses the founding and growth of the New England colonies by the Puritans in Massachusetts and Connecticut, as well as the colonies of Rhode Island and New York. It also describes the middle colonies of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware, founded for reasons of religion and trade. The different colonial regions developed distinct economies and societies shaped by their environments and the ethnic groups that settled there.
- The document provides a timeline of key events in US history from 1587 to 1800, including early English colonies like Roanoke and Jamestown, conflicts with Native Americans led by Metacom, the development of slavery and laws controlling African Americans, and religious revivals like the Great Awakening. It also discusses the growth of the middle colonies' economy and the rise of the transatlantic slave trade known as the Triangle Trade.
Hist 140 album of the american coloniesJordan Handel
The document summarizes information about the early colonization of North America by various European powers between the 15th-18th centuries. It discusses how Africans were enslaved and brought to the Americas, the Spanish conquest of native lands and attempts to convert indigenous religions to Catholicism, the establishment of French colonies in Canada and Louisiana, conflicts between the Dutch and English for control of the Hudson River Valley, and the expansion of the vast English colonial empire across the eastern seaboard through population growth and private enterprise. Native Americans are described as the earliest colonizers who crossed into North America from Asia over 15,000 years ago during the last ice age.
This document provides an overview of Native American life before European contact, as well as a summary of the colonial settlements established by various European powers between the 16th and 18th centuries. It notes that between 1-5 million Native Americans lived in North America, organized into independent tribes. It then discusses the colonial periods of Spain, England, France, and other nations. Key events included Spanish conquests in the 1500s, the establishment of Jamestown in 1607, and the founding of Massachusetts and other New England colonies by religious dissenters such as the Pilgrims and Puritans. The document outlines differences between the New England, middle, and Southern colonies as they developed through this period.
The document provides information about the three main colonial regions in British North America: New England Colonies, Middle Colonies, and Southern Colonies. It describes that the New England Colonies were settled primarily by religious dissenting Puritans fleeing persecution in England. The Middle Colonies had a diverse population and economies based around agriculture and industry. The Southern Colonies were focused on plantation agriculture using indentured servants and later slaves, with a society divided between large plantation owners and small farmers.
The document provides information about life for early settlers in colonial Georgia. It describes the founding of the Ebenezer settlement by Salzburger Lutherans in 1734. The Salzburgers experienced hardship and disease as they established their community under the leadership of Minister John Martin Boltzius. They followed strict church regulations. Though conditions were difficult, the Salzburgers became successful farmers and the Ebenezer community grew. The document also discusses the introduction and growth of slavery in Georgia from the 1730s onward and the slave codes passed to control the behavior of enslaved people.
Ch 6 day 9 - the loyalist migration impactskscheidy
By 1790, 10% of Quebec's population was made up of British Loyalists who fled the United States after the American Revolution. This caused tensions as the Loyalists wanted British laws and customs while the existing Canadiens were concerned about protections granted by the Quebec Act. Britain addressed these issues by dividing Quebec into Upper and Lower Canada, establishing British laws in Upper Canada and allowing French customs and laws in Lower Canada. This helped appease both the Loyalists and Canadiens.
In the late 15th and early 16th centuries, England and Spain began colonizing the New World. England's colonization began with John Cabot claiming Newfoundland for England in 1497. The first English colonies were established in North America in the 1580s but failed to survive permanently. The long term English settlement of North America began with the founding of Jamestown, Virginia in 1607.
Barbados gained independence from Britain on November 30, 1966 after over 300 years of British colonial rule. The national anthem was written by African American songwriter Irving Burgie. Barbados has a rich history, first inhabited by Amerindians and later colonized by the British in 1627. Slavery began with the arrival of 10 enslaved Africans on a British ship, and the population of enslaved Africans grew significantly with the introduction of sugarcane cultivation. Enslaved Africans resisted through uprisings and more, with Bussa's 1816 rebellion being the largest. Barbados transitioned to an independent republic in the 1990s and continues to celebrate its independence and national identity
The document summarizes aspects of early English colonies in North America, including Virginia, Puritan settlements, and relations with native peoples. It describes Sir Walter Raleigh's failed attempts to establish colonies at Roanoke in the 1580s. The successful Jamestown colony was established in 1607 on the James River in Virginia. Tobacco soon became a lucrative cash crop. The Powhatan Indians lived in the coastal region and had a chief named Powhatan. Relations deteriorated as English colonists expanded onto native lands. The Puritans viewed the natives as pagans and sought their conversion. This led to conflicts like the Pequot War and King Philip's War, which devastated native populations.
The document summarizes the Great Famine that occurred in Ireland from 1845 to 1849. It describes how the famine began when a potato blight destroyed most of Ireland's potato crop, which millions depended on for food. As people began to starve, soup kitchens and workhouses were set up, but many still died of starvation or famine-related diseases. Over a million people emigrated, often on overcrowded "coffin ships" where up to 20% died during the voyage. By 1847, the worst year, over 3 million Irish were being fed in soup kitchens.
European migrations to the Americas in the 17th century were driven by promises of land and rights as English subjects. The Jamestown colony struggled at first due to disease, lack of food, and gold seeking instead of farming. Tobacco eventually made the colony prosperous. Indentured servitude and headrights were used to attract laborers, while slavery gradually replaced indentured servants and the slave trade grew dramatically. Bacon's Rebellion in 1676 exposed class tensions between elites and landless colonists.
The document summarizes the early history of the Jamestown colony in Virginia from 1607-1676. It discusses how the colony was established by the Virginia Company in 1607, their early struggles and near failure due to harsh conditions, the leadership of John Smith that helped the colony survive, the introduction of tobacco farming that led to prosperity, the establishment of representative government with the House of Burgesses in 1619, the marriage of Pocahontas to help broker peace with native tribes, the arrival of the first slaves in 1619, and subsequent tensions and attacks that threatened the colony.
During the Laurier era from 1896-1914, Canada experienced significant political, social, and economic changes. Wilfred Laurier was elected prime minister in 1896 and relied on Britain for military protection. However, tensions grew as Britain pressured Canada to financially support its navy and send troops to fight in the Boer War. Domestically, Laurier struggled with tensions between English and French Canadians over language issues in schools. Meanwhile, Canada grappled with its identity and relationship with Britain as it began building its own navy and faced disputes with the U.S. over borders. Socially, women, Indigenous peoples, and Chinese immigrants faced discrimination and unequal treatment under the law.
The Gold Rush of 1858 passed through the region and Port Pemberton was established as a stopping house along the Douglas Trail. Over 30,000 gold rushers passed through the region making their way to the goldfields of Lillooet and beyond. Beyond the Gold Rush of 1858 there were other major events happening in Canada and in the world.
This document summarizes the transformation of the United States from a rural, agricultural nation after the Civil War into a industrialized, urbanized country by the early 20th century. The industrial revolution, powered by new technologies like railroads, steamboats, and factories, dramatically changed the US economy and society. Massive industrial and population growth centered in cities, which became the hubs of manufacturing. By 1900, the US had become the world's leading industrial power and first modern society, though it still retained aspects of its original character.
The document provides an overview of the early colonization of North America by European powers between the 16th and 18th centuries. It describes:
- France's establishment of New France in Quebec and claims along the Mississippi River under Samuel de Champlain and Sieur de La Salle.
- England's founding of Jamestown in 1607 after receiving a charter from King James I, and the early hardships and eventual success of the colony through the cultivation of tobacco.
- The Puritans' founding of Plymouth colony in 1620 and Massachusetts Bay colony in 1630 in search of religious freedom, which inspired the "Great Migration" of over 20,000 English settlers to New England.
Governor Seymour, the leader of the united British Columbia colonies, died in 1866. His replacement, Governor Musgrave, was instructed to get BC to join Canada as quickly as possible. There was debate around joining Canada or the US. Ultimately, BC joined Canada in 1871 due to promises from Canada to help pay debts and build infrastructure like the transcontinental railway. Chinese workers helped build the railway but faced discrimination after its completion.
Abraham Lincoln was elected president in 1861 and signed the Pacific Railroad Act in 1862, which directed the construction of the first transcontinental railroad across the United States. The railroad was built between 1863 to 1869 by thousands of Irish, Chinese, and black workers and connected the Union Pacific Railroad in Omaha, Nebraska to the Central Pacific Railroad in Sacramento, California. The completion of the railroad in 1869 transformed the United States by enabling mass migration westward and the growth of towns and cities along the rail line, including Cheyenne, Wyoming and San Francisco, California.
The document summarizes England's growing imperial ambitions in North America in the late 1500s and early 1600s. It discusses early failed English colonization attempts and the founding of Jamestown in 1607. It then outlines the development of the early English colonies in North America, including the establishment of joint-stock companies, the growth of tobacco cultivation, the introduction of slavery from the West Indies, and the founding of other colonies like Maryland, the Carolinas, and Georgia through the 1700s.
chapter two Immigration and Livelihood, 1840s to 1930s .docxmccormicknadine86
chapter two
Immigration and Livelihood, 1840s to 1930s
A sian immigrants came to the United States primarily to earn a living. Work was available because the entrepreneurs who operated within America's capitalist economy wanted the cheapest labor they could find,
so that they could maximize their profits. However, Euro-American workers
who felt threatened by the Asian competition and nativists from all classes who
felt hostile toward them for racist reasons agitated to stop their coming. With the
exception of Koreans, members of each immigrant group managed to enter
without restriction for only two or three decades before they were excluded.
Though there were many similarities in the occupational history of the five
major Asian immigrant groups, differences also existed. Hawaii and California
were frontiers in the early 1850s, when the Chinese came; they were undergo-
ing rapid economic transformation in the 1880s, when the Japanese entered;
and were becoming mature capitalist economies by the early twentieth century,
when Asian Indians, Koreans, and Filipinos arrived. Given the shortage of
Euro-American workers in California during the 1850s and 1860s, the Chinese
there found work in a wide range of occupations. But as more and more Euro-
Americans settled along the Pacific Coast after the first transcontinental railroad
was completed in 1869, they wanted the better jobs for themselves. Through a
variety of means-including discriminatory legislation and taxes, boycotts, and
barring nonwhites from unions and consequently unionized jobs-they in-
creasingly confined the Chinese and the other Asians who came after them to
low-status menial work.
The first Asians to set foot in the New World came with the Manila galleon
trade. Filipino and Chinese sailors and stewards were employed in the specially
constructed ships that carried cargoes of Chinese luxury goods between Manila
and Acapulco from 15 6 5 to 1815. A number of Filipinos apparently had settled
in Acapulco by the late sixteenth century, while some Chinese merchants had
set up shop in Mexico City by the seventeenth. Marina E. Espina and Fred
Cordova have surmised that the Filipinos known as Manilamen found in the
marshlands of Louisiana's Barataria Bay (about thirty miles south of New
Orleans) in the 1760s were descendants of sailors who had worked on the
Manila galleons. 1
The historical record is dearer with regard to the earliest Chinese arrival in
Hawaii. Several Chinese artisans being taken by a British sea captain to build
ships in Nootka Sound in British Columbia touched shore at the mid-Pacific
25
26 Immigration and Livelihood, 1840s to 19 30s
islands in l 789-only 11 years after Captain James Cook first landed there and
named them the Sandwich Islands. Ships engaged in the China trade soon
began calling at Hawaiian ports and took sandalwood, which grew abundantly
in the islands, to sell in China. For that reason, Chinese have called t ...
The document summarizes the history of the Kitselas people from their occupation of their homelands for at least 5,000 years to their ongoing treaty negotiations. It outlines key events such as interactions with European traders and missionaries in the 1700s, the impacts of colonial policies like the Indian Act and residential schools, and their negotiations for recognition of Aboriginal title and rights that have been ongoing since the 1880s and continue today.
The document provides an overview of the history and geography of California. It describes the four main regions of California - the valley, mountain, coast, and desert regions - and their key industries. It then profiles several important explorers, settlers, and events in California's early history, including Juan Cabrillo, Christopher Columbus, Sir Francis Drake, the establishment of missions and ranchos, the Gold Rush of 1849, and the Mexican-American War.
The document provides an overview of the history and geography of California. It describes the four main regions of California - the valley, mountain, coast, and desert regions - and their industries. It then summarizes the contributions of several important explorers, settlers, and events in California's early history, including Juan Cabrillo, Christopher Columbus, Sir Francis Drake, the establishment of missions and ranchos, the Gold Rush of 1849, and the Mexican-American War.
England and Spain had disagreements over trade and religion in the late 1500s. In 1588, King Philip II of Spain sent the Spanish Armada to invade England but it was defeated, weakening Spain. England then began establishing colonies in North America but they struggled at first. The earliest colony at Roanoke Island failed after supplies from England did not arrive. The Jamestown colony, founded in 1607, also faced great hardships and loss of life in its early years until tobacco was successfully grown, providing an important cash crop. The colony survived and grew as the relationship with local Native Americans improved and more settlers, including women, arrived.
- Bacon's Rebellion was a protest by frontiersmen against Indian raids and Governor Berkeley's favoritism. It united poor whites and blacks for the first time. While unsuccessful in driving out Indians, it led to Berkeley being recalled to England and showed how far colonists would go to obtain Indian land.
- The Calverts established Maryland to provide refuge for Catholics to practice their religion freely. The colony attracted settlers through land ownership and representative government. It grew prosperous through the tobacco trade.
- Carolina was granted to eight English nobles and developed detailed plans by John Locke. It attracted diverse religious settlers and grew prosperous crops like tobacco, rice and ginger for export. The colony later divided into North and South Carolina
The first people arrived in Canada over the Bering Strait from Asia thousands of years ago and lived by hunting and gathering. Europeans first arrived in Canada in the late 15th century with expeditions by John Cabot and Jacques Cartier. No permanent European settlements were established until the early 17th century when Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec City in 1608. Canada was then divided between French control in the south and British control of Hudson Bay Company territories in the north. After the Seven Years War in 1763, France ceded control of Canada to Britain. Canada began to establish self-governance in the 19th century and became a confederation of provinces called the Dominion of Canada in 1867.
The document discusses the origins of California's name from a 16th century Spanish novel about the mythical island of California ruled by Queen Calafia. In 1533, Spanish explorers led by Hernan Cortes landed in what is now California, believing it to be this island. By 1539, it was officially named California after the fictional island. It wasn't until 1540 that the Spanish realized California was actually a peninsula, not an island. The discovery of gold in 1848 at Sutter's Mill sparked the California Gold Rush, greatly increasing the non-native population and leading to California becoming a state in 1850.
Between 1782-1785, around 3,500 Black Loyalists fled to Nova Scotia after fighting for the British in the American Revolution in exchange for freedom. However, once in Nova Scotia they were denied land, forced into public work, and denied equal rights. Between 1796-1800, around 600 Jamaican Maroons were also deported to Nova Scotia after rebelling against colonial rule in Jamaica, but they faced harsh conditions and most eventually left for Sierra Leone in 1800. Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, thousands of Black settlers and refugees from the United States and Caribbean continued to immigrate to Nova Scotia, helping to establish Black communities across the region.
1) In mid-19th century California, much of the land was claimed privately, leaving little for growth, and land titles switched from Mexican to American ownership as claims were validated.
2) California's capital moved between several cities before being established in Sacramento, and higher education institutions and religious buildings were established as the population grew.
3) The Transcontinental Railroad was constructed in the 1860s to link California with the rest of the country, employing many Chinese immigrant laborers.
1) In mid-19th century California, much of the land was claimed privately, leaving little for growth, and land titles switched from Mexican to American ownership as claims were validated.
2) California's capital moved between several cities before being established in Sacramento, and higher education institutions and religious buildings were established as the population grew.
3) The Transcontinental Railroad was constructed in the 1860s to link California with the rest of the country, employing many Chinese immigrant laborers.
1) In mid-19th century California, much of the land was claimed privately, leaving little for growth, and land titles switched from Mexican to American ownership as claims were validated.
2) California's capital moved between several cities before being established in Sacramento, and higher education institutions and religious buildings were founded as the population grew.
3) The Transcontinental Railroad was constructed in the 1860s to link California with the rest of the country, employing many Chinese immigrant laborers.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
3. Oregon Territory
• In the 1800s, there were no boundaries and the Oregon Territory belonged to the First
Nations. It became a great spot for the fur trade and brought a lot of settlers to the area.
In 1824 George Simpson guided the HBC's Oregon Territory posts. He decided to put a
new fort on the north of the Columbia River, named Fort Vancouver. It became the main
trading post for the HBC. John McLoughlin was in charge of Fort Vancouver, and when
Americans were trespassing and invading near the Columbia River, he told the settlers to
settle south of the Columbia River to avoid any conflict. He gave them supplies and
money to begin getting settled. As the population of the American settlers to the south
of the Columbia River increased dramatically conflict began. The America's Manifest
Destiny made them want to take over all of North America. So, the HBC decided to make
a deal with the Americans, where they would to go back to their borders to the 49th
parallel. This would make Fort Vancouver fall into the American territory, but avoid
conflict. When James Polk won the election in 1844, his slogan was "54 40 or fight!". In
1845 and 1856, the borders were negotiated to the 49th parallel, with the exception that
Vancouver Island remained in BC's territory. Fort Victoria closed down officially in the
year of 1849. This resulted in the formation of the American and Canadian borders we
know today and the creation of Fort Victoria.
5. Colony of Vancouver Island
• In 1848, the British government made the decision create the Crown Colony of
Vancouver Island along with James Douglas. James Douglas played his part by
convincing people to settle in the area surrounding For Victoria. However the
best land was already taken by the HBC employees, which was rather unfortunate
for the settlers. James Douglas knew that the immigration of Europeans wouldn't
happen with ease if he didn't practically take the land from the Aboriginals and
claim it as his own, so he negotiated 14 different treaties between the years of
1850 and 1854 with the First Nations people. James Douglas was pretty fair with
the First Nations people as he allowed them to choose the size and location of
their new land as well as he allowed them to keep their traditional hunting &
fishing rights. He also gave them some range land for their horses/cattle. In the
1850s, coal was discovered and mines opened up all across the island and this
caused Vancouver Islands economy to grow enough to allow a navel base to be
built near Fort Vancouver. This helped BC develop a strong naval presence and to
bring in more European men with the royal navy (which caused a class system to
be created as well).
7. Colony of BC
• In 1858, the colony of BC was created on the mainland, and the reasoning for that
was because there was so many Americans bombarding the area and people
were frightened that the Americans could possibly take over. So by creating the
colony of BC, BC government could charge taxes on people bringing gold out of
Canada. In 1859, The Royal Engineers were sent to BC by the Colonial Office to
provide military presence, survey the region, and help lay down new towns and
roads which came to be known as New Westminster the capital of BC. Since New
Westminster was the new capital of BC many settlers and miners settled there.
Because of the Gold Rush people would usually travel from different towns to see
if they could find any gold, and they really needed some sort of road to make
traveling a lot quicker and easier. So James Douglas hired miners to widen and old
HBC trail that bypassed the Fraser River, which became known as the Cariboo
Wagon Road. It connected to different towns such as Yale and Barkerville, and it
took up to 3 years to build and cost the colonial government $75,000. After the
road was finished the Gold Rush was already declined and left BC in great debt.
9. Confederation
• There were a lot of arguments and opinions on the Confederation in BC,
some people wanted it and some people didn’t want it. The elected
representatives on the mainland were in favour of the Confederation, while
members from Vancouver Island disapproved. The third group were the
Victoria merchants who favoured annexation by the US, but he First
Nations were not aloud to share their opinion whatsoever. In late 1868, a
new election created balance of anti and pro confederationists in the
assembly. Then soon after, Governor Seymour passed away. So The British
Colonial Office appointed Anthony Musgrave as his replacement. The
British government were tired of supporting the colony, so they were in
favour of Confederation. Musgraves instructions were very simple “get BC
to join Confederation as quickly as possible”. The people in BC agreed to
write out a “wish list” of terms. Canada agreed with most of the terms, and
allowed BC to have responsible government.
11. Vancouver
• Vancouver is the youngest major community in BC. However Burrard Inlet is not fed by a
main river, and the peninsula was originally covered by thick forests. During the fur trade
and the Cariboo Gold Rush, these factors discouraged people from settling there. When
Colonel Moody arrived New Westminster, he was impressed by the potential of Burrard
Inlet. In 1865 the area had completely changed. Captain Edward Stamp built Hastings
Mill on the south side of the inlet, and on the north side of the inlet, American
entrepreneur Sewell Moody also built a sawmill. Both mills specialized in logging timber
from large trees. Both Hastings Mill and Moodyville were dry until Gassy Jack appeared
in Burrard in 1867 with his family. Gassy Jacks saloon became a popular meeting place in
Gastown. The end of the CPR changed Port Moody to Vancouver because the harbour
was shallow and there wasn’t enough flat land. By the spring 1886, the CPR was
completed in Vancouver, it had a population of over 5000, and in 10 years it was more
than 20,000. With Confederation and the railway, BC was no longer isolated from the rest
of Canada. BC drew attention to producers and business owners. The population grew
increasingly due to the railway making it easier through the mountains. Goods could flow
easily through the province, both to and from the rest of Canada.
14. Kanakas
• Kanakas were the first non- European immigrants in BC who traveled to the
west coast of North America from the Hawaiian Islands in the 19
th
century
who came here to work in the fur trade as contract labourers. Over time
they became 30-60% of the work force at each individual HBC fortified
trading post. A lot of these young men married First Nations women, put
down roots and settled here in Salt springs. Many of the Kanaka families
grew fruit and vegetables, fished and hunted, and made coke from the
local coal. This coal is what they sold to Hastings Mill (located near
Gastown). The kids trekked along a shore path to school at the Mill daily.
The Kanakas and the Kanaka children played a not always so easy part in
aiding the growth of this city (kanaka creek meets the Fraser river, where
they first settled.)
16. Blacks
• African American settlers came from San Francisco to Victoria in 1858 to
escape oppression and discrimination on the personal invitation of
Governor James Douglas in April 14, 1858. They had no civil rights in
California and were constant victims of increasingly violent discrimination.
The SS Commodore was a ship that carried 35 African Americans
northward from California to Victoria, their jobs were to decide whether or
not Victoria was a suitable place for a black community to flourish, which it
was because of the cheap land and they would have the same rights as
white citizens. Mining, farming and logging were all industries many of the
settlers went into. Many people started their own businesses on their land.
The African Americans who came to Canada to seek refuge found that the
very Americans that they were running from had overrun this area as well,
and so they faced racism. The gold rush caused property values in Victoria
to rise, and as a result many black immigrants moved north of the farm on
Salt Spring Island
18. Chinese
• The reason why the Chinese came to Canada was because of the Railway. Railway
owners hired Asian railway workers because they could do cheaper things on the
railway. Employment on the railway decreased dramatically after 1886, and
Chinese workers filled a variety of jobs in both rural and urban BC. The Head tax
in 1885, the year where the CPR was finished and it was only directed for
immigrants coming from China. By 1901, the head tax is $100 and in 1903 it was
raised to $500. In 1904 and 1905 business moved eastward on Dupont St from
Carrall St to Westminster Av. In 1907 the Asiatic Exclusion League was formed in
BC by members of a male working association concerned about the impact of the
continued presence of poorly paid Chinese workers. Although the Chinese did not
fight back the Japanese did. This caused a riot and many people were injured,
and the riot increased racism between all non-white groups and in 1923 they
banned all Chinese immigration. The Chinese weren’t accepted in Canada, but
despite all the attacks Chinatown continued to grow more an more.
20. Jewish
• Jewish settlers first came from California to BC around the late 1850s; many of
them were drawn in by the gold rush. Jewish merchants from San Francisco
settled in Victoria during the 1858 gold rush and opened stores all throughout the
mainland. The settling of Jewish people in BC lead to the first Synagogues and
Jewish cemeteries being built. In the 1900's and 1910's large numbers of poor
Jews seeking refuge in Canada from pogroms in Eastern Europe, settled in
Strathcona district.
22. Sikhs
• Sikh’s were the first Indian that immigrated to Canada. The Komagata Maru arrived in
Vancouver on May 1914. Its passengers, mostly Sikhs from Punjab, India and all British
subjects, challenged Canada's Continuous Journey, which was put in place in part to limit
immigration from non-European countries. After two months under difficult conditions,
the ship and most of its passengers were forced to return to India where, in a
subsequent clash with British soldiers, 19 passengers died. They were attracted to the
warm climate and rich vegetation of Vancouver because it resembled their Punjabi
homeland (Jagpal, 1994; Singh, 1999; Unna 1985). The census of 1901 captured 1,000
Canadian residents who had been born in India, and then resided in British Columbia and
Ontario. In that Census, they were classified as being of British origin and were labelled
as Anglo-Indians (Bali & Bal, 1993). The first Sikh pioneers in Canada had a strong desire
to have a place to hold religious gatherings and to be surrounded by the Satsangat. Many
later became successful mill and farm owners. In addition to farming and logging, many
Sikhs worked on railways and in sawmills in British Columbia. Much of the Sikh
community continued to raise donations to build formal Gurdwaras around the areas
where they found work, which included Port Moody, New Westminster, Victoria, and
Vancouver.
25. Cariboo Gold Rush
• The Cariboo Gold Rush was the second gold rush to strike British Columbia
from 1860-1863 after the Fraser River Gold Rush died off. It ran out of a
very little town called Barkerville which we still have here today in BC.
When the Cariboo Wagon Road was created, it made for much easier
access up to Barkerville and in result, the town boomed and became
economically successful. There was Saloons, dancehalls, general stores and
boarding houses that all served the needs of the miners and made the
town lots of money as it was in such high demand for everyone up
participating in the rush. Unfortunately just as the road was completed, the
Gold Rush had died down and many people began leaving the area. This
put many people in to debt since they had put money in to roads and for
bettering their business’s. The gold rushes of British Columbia advanced
the colony when it was being created, it was the beginning of the growth of
cities and flourished the ideas of creating profit.
27. Logging
• Forestry helped make lot of money when the CPR was being built, but after it was
completed, the forest industry started to decrease however, it did bring more
business into BC. But the industry started picking up again, this created many job
opening in the 1800’s and brought more people into the area increasing the
population. It also affected Port Alberni, Prince George, Burrard Inlet, and later in
the future, Victoria. The over cutting of trees and destruction of forests are some
of the concerns and even though some trees were replanted after they were cut,
they didn’t grow back to full potential or as strong as they had been before. The
government decided to make the Forest Act which means logging companies
were limited to only cut as many trees as it can grow back. Another issue were
the pine beetles, as it has been taking out entire forests and decreased the total
number of trees. There was also Silviculture, which is the growing and cultivation
of trees until their maturity. Forestry really helped the development and
economy of British Columbia, bringing it more business and a larger population.
29. Mining
•
Mining was discovered by the HBC on Vancouver Island and caused many Scottish people
to immigrate there. Other locations were also soon discovered, these locations consists
of Nanaimo, Wellington, Cumberland and Ladysmith. The mining industry would hire
many people over the course of several years, as they exported a lot of coal to other
countries and needed more help. However, despite the success that they had, there are
no longer coal mines, but there is an open pit mine in both South East and North East BC.
Coal is no longer used to fuel the heat in homes, but are still burned to make steel and
burning power plants. They found gold near the Cariboo and Fraser River, this caught
many people’s attention and many came to BC for the Gold Rush hoping to be successful,
but many returned home empty handed. Towns such as Barkerville, Atlin, Kaslo,
Greenwood were created for all the people that came for the Gold Rush. Once they ran
out of money, most of the people left and the towns became ghost towns. Open pit
mining was becoming a concern as these craters were harmful to the ground, and
created a large decrease in the amount of trees. Another concern was that the material
of the mining industry was not a renewable source, and many were afraid of the decline,
so BC decided to solve this issue by covering the craters that was made for open pit
mining and to only mine in suitable areas in the future.
31. Fishing
• The fishing industry took place anywhere that contained plenty of fish to catch,
but this industry specifically affected Annieville, as they were the first ones to
have a canning factory. The First Nations and the Europeans relied on salmon for
food and to make money. Packing the fish into cans was the easiest way to
transport the fish and the best way to keep the fish fresh. The canning plants
provided many people such as immigrants and the aboriginals jobs, however,
after the peak in fishing industry, many came to BC for jobs, this also meant more
people needed food. The total amount of fish started to decrease causing the
industry to decline as well, over fishing was another reason that caused this
decline to happen, and therefore was a limit established on the amount of fish
that you could catch. The number of days that they were allowed to fish was
reduced, and you now needed a fishing license to be permitted to fish, this
reduced the number of those who were being employed by the fishing industry.
However, sport fishing became popular and brought in a lot of tourists and
money to the province.
33. Agriculture
• An area perfect for agriculture was the Fraser River, Delta and the south east part of
Vancouver Island as they were well suited with rich soil to grow a variety of vegetables
and berries. The Okanagan was perfect for orchards and vineyards as it had a hot and dry
climate. The central interior were mainly used for cattle ranching and the Peace River
was used for grain farming. The farming of vegetables dairy cattle, and poultry was done
in the Fraser Valley where it was most fertile. The industry helped with the supplying of
meat, dairy products as well as vegetables. However, agriculture was never a big industry
in BC as only 1% of the land was considered capable to be used for agriculture at that
time, and since it was such a small industry, many people decided to import their food
because the transportation costs were fairly cheap. Another reason for the decline in the
industry was because of the competition from Mexico, US and other countries that had
the ability to produce far larger number of agriculture goods for a cheaper price, and if
America could grow goods that are cheaper than Canada’s good, the Canadian
agriculture industry would have to lower their prices as the Canadians would want this
cheaper item. Later on, people realized that their precious farmland was becoming
smaller and smaller, the provincial government decided to take action and establish the
Agricultural Land Reserve law to protect the land from further development and
settlement.