Iran, historically known as Persia, is located in Western Asia. In 1935, Reza Shah Pahlavi officially changed the country's name to Iran. Iran has over 2,500 years of history and was home to several ancient empires and dynasties. In 1979, the Islamic Revolution transformed Iran from a monarchy to an Islamic republic led by Ayatollah Khomeini. Today, Iran has a population of nearly 70 million people, most of whom are Shi'a Muslims, and has a mixed economy dominated by oil and gas exports.
This document provides an overview of the four Rashidun caliphs who succeeded the prophet Muhammad from 632 to 661 CE: Abu Bakr, Umar ibn Al-Khattab, Uthman ibn Affan, and Ali ibn Abi Talib. It discusses their contributions to expanding Islamic rule, establishing political and economic systems, and compiling the Quran. While the Rashidun caliphates helped spread Islam and govern successfully, after Ali differences emerged that divided Muslims into Sunni and Shia branches.
EMERGENCE OF ISLAM IN SUB-CONTINENT 715 1557Sheikh Hasnain
The document summarizes the emergence of Islam in the Indian subcontinent from 715 to 1557 CE by discussing six Muslim dynasties that ruled parts of the region during this period. It provides details on rulers, territories controlled, and key events for each dynasty: the Umayyad (661-749 CE), Abbasids (750-1258 CE), Saffarid Dynasty of Seistan (861-1003 CE), Qaramitah Dynasty of Multan (980-1175 CE), Yamini or Ghaznivid Dynasty (977-1186 CE), and Ghurid Dynasty (1149-1206 CE).
This document provides an overview of key terms and events related to the Middle East from ancient Mesopotamian civilizations through modern times. It covers the rise and fall of empires like Assyria, Persia, and the Ottomans. It also discusses the major world religions of Judaism, Christianity, Islam, and their influence. Key figures and events mentioned include Muhammad, the expansion of Islam, Zionism, the creation of Israel, and modern conflicts like the Persian Gulf War and Intifadas.
Caliphate basically means, a state of entire Muslim nation, which is recognized by the Islam. It doesn’t mean only for Muslim, but also non-Muslims can also have citizenship of the Caliphate. It is the symbol of spiritual, political, economical and military unity.
There was many other empire claimed to be the Caliphate, but this three empire was well recognized by the entire Muslim nation, though they didn’t control over entire Muslim nation all along.
The Umayyad Caliphate began in 661 AD after Mu'awiyah defeated the fourth caliph Ali and established the Umayyad dynasty. The Umayyads expanded the Islamic empire significantly through military conquests. They also standardized the administration of the empire by establishing boards to oversee finances, correspondence, and other functions. The Umayyads made Damascus their capital and ruled over a vast territory, spreading Islam widely during their rule. However, internal conflicts and the rise of the Abbasid revolutionary movement eventually led to the downfall of the Umayyad dynasty in 750 AD.
1) Persia arose as a power in 550 BC under Cyrus the Great and came to rule an empire stretching from the Indus River to Anatolia.
2) Cyrus was a remarkable ruler who treated conquered peoples kindly and allowed freedoms of religion and self-governance within his empire.
3) Subsequent rulers like Cambyses expanded the empire but were less benevolent, while Darius organized the administration and established infrastructure like the Royal Road.
The Umayyad Caliphate was the second Islamic caliphate established after Muhammad. It divided the empire into provinces governed by appointed leaders. To manage the large empire, it adapted the administrative system of previous empires, establishing government branches to oversee political, economic, and religious affairs. The Umayyad Caliphate also standardized currency and established a postal system to facilitate communication across the empire.
Iran, historically known as Persia, is located in Western Asia. In 1935, Reza Shah Pahlavi officially changed the country's name to Iran. Iran has over 2,500 years of history and was home to several ancient empires and dynasties. In 1979, the Islamic Revolution transformed Iran from a monarchy to an Islamic republic led by Ayatollah Khomeini. Today, Iran has a population of nearly 70 million people, most of whom are Shi'a Muslims, and has a mixed economy dominated by oil and gas exports.
This document provides an overview of the four Rashidun caliphs who succeeded the prophet Muhammad from 632 to 661 CE: Abu Bakr, Umar ibn Al-Khattab, Uthman ibn Affan, and Ali ibn Abi Talib. It discusses their contributions to expanding Islamic rule, establishing political and economic systems, and compiling the Quran. While the Rashidun caliphates helped spread Islam and govern successfully, after Ali differences emerged that divided Muslims into Sunni and Shia branches.
EMERGENCE OF ISLAM IN SUB-CONTINENT 715 1557Sheikh Hasnain
The document summarizes the emergence of Islam in the Indian subcontinent from 715 to 1557 CE by discussing six Muslim dynasties that ruled parts of the region during this period. It provides details on rulers, territories controlled, and key events for each dynasty: the Umayyad (661-749 CE), Abbasids (750-1258 CE), Saffarid Dynasty of Seistan (861-1003 CE), Qaramitah Dynasty of Multan (980-1175 CE), Yamini or Ghaznivid Dynasty (977-1186 CE), and Ghurid Dynasty (1149-1206 CE).
This document provides an overview of key terms and events related to the Middle East from ancient Mesopotamian civilizations through modern times. It covers the rise and fall of empires like Assyria, Persia, and the Ottomans. It also discusses the major world religions of Judaism, Christianity, Islam, and their influence. Key figures and events mentioned include Muhammad, the expansion of Islam, Zionism, the creation of Israel, and modern conflicts like the Persian Gulf War and Intifadas.
Caliphate basically means, a state of entire Muslim nation, which is recognized by the Islam. It doesn’t mean only for Muslim, but also non-Muslims can also have citizenship of the Caliphate. It is the symbol of spiritual, political, economical and military unity.
There was many other empire claimed to be the Caliphate, but this three empire was well recognized by the entire Muslim nation, though they didn’t control over entire Muslim nation all along.
The Umayyad Caliphate began in 661 AD after Mu'awiyah defeated the fourth caliph Ali and established the Umayyad dynasty. The Umayyads expanded the Islamic empire significantly through military conquests. They also standardized the administration of the empire by establishing boards to oversee finances, correspondence, and other functions. The Umayyads made Damascus their capital and ruled over a vast territory, spreading Islam widely during their rule. However, internal conflicts and the rise of the Abbasid revolutionary movement eventually led to the downfall of the Umayyad dynasty in 750 AD.
1) Persia arose as a power in 550 BC under Cyrus the Great and came to rule an empire stretching from the Indus River to Anatolia.
2) Cyrus was a remarkable ruler who treated conquered peoples kindly and allowed freedoms of religion and self-governance within his empire.
3) Subsequent rulers like Cambyses expanded the empire but were less benevolent, while Darius organized the administration and established infrastructure like the Royal Road.
The Umayyad Caliphate was the second Islamic caliphate established after Muhammad. It divided the empire into provinces governed by appointed leaders. To manage the large empire, it adapted the administrative system of previous empires, establishing government branches to oversee political, economic, and religious affairs. The Umayyad Caliphate also standardized currency and established a postal system to facilitate communication across the empire.
The document provides details about Muslim rule in India from 712-1857 CE. It begins with the conquest of Sindh in 711 CE led by Muhammad bin Qasim which established the first Islamic rule on the subcontinent. It then discusses several rulers who expanded Islamic territories in India, including the Delhi Sultanate established by Qutb-ud-din Aibak in 1206, the Mughal Empire from 1526-1857, and British colonial rule beginning in the 1600s. The rise and fall of major Islamic dynasties that ruled in India over this period are summarized.
The flag of Iran was officially adopted on July 29, 1980. It features symbols representing Islam, peace, courage, and the five principles of Islam. The centered sword represents the country's strength. The flag dates back to the 18th century but was officially adopted in 1980 after the Iranian Revolution established an Islamic republic.
The Umayyad caliphs expanded the Islamic empire greatly after the death of Muhammad. Under the Umayyads, the empire grew to include lands in Africa, Asia, and Europe. The Umayyads established effective governance over this vast territory through a bureaucracy and appointment of local governors. However, over time unrest grew as the Umayyads neglected Islamic law and established a hereditary ruling family, leading to their overthrow by the Abbasids in 750 CE.
The document provides historical context about Iran, including:
1. Iran has a land area of 1.636 million km2 and borders several countries like Iraq, Turkey, and Afghanistan.
2. Iran has a population that is predominantly Muslim but has ethnic and linguistic diversity, with Persians being the largest ethnic group and Farsi being the primary language.
3. Ancient Iranian civilization and Zoroastrianism influenced later religions, with Zoroaster in the 1200s BC teaching concepts of judgment, heaven, hell, and resurrection that were adopted by Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
The document provides a history of Islam in India from the 8th century to 1857 CE. It discusses several key points:
- The first mosque in India was built in 629 CE in Kerala by Malik Bin Dinar.
- The first major conquest of areas in modern day Pakistan was led by Muhammad bin Qasim in 711 CE, establishing the dominion of the Umayyad Caliphate in Sindh and southern Punjab.
- Several powerful Islamic dynasties and empires ruled parts of India over subsequent centuries, including the Delhi Sultanate from 1206-1526 CE and the Mughal Empire from 1526-1858 CE, introducing Islamic traditions and contributing to cultural
I talk about the government system of Iraq from executive to legislative and how elections work in the country. I also highlight the difficulties caused by armed rival factions and terrorist groups due to ongoing insurgency and destablization along the border with Syria due to the Syrian Civil War.
The Mughal administration was centralized, with the emperor holding absolute power. Key elements included councils of ministers, provincial administration divided into districts and villages, and a military system based on mansabdars who received ranks determining the number of troops they commanded. Revenue was a major focus, with land surveys and classification systems implemented. The justice system incorporated Islamic law but treated Hindus unequally. Overall, the Mughals established an extensive and sophisticated bureaucracy to govern their large empire.
The Abbasid Caliphate was a large Islamic empire centered in Baghdad from 750 CE to 1258 CE. It stretched from Central Asia to North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula. The dominant religion was Islam, though other faiths were tolerated. During its peak from 786-861 CE, the empire experienced great cultural and economic heights. It eventually declined due to internal conflicts and was finally destroyed by the Mongol invasion of Baghdad in 1258 CE.
1. The document outlines various topics related to the history and culture of the Middle East including the rise of early civilizations in Mesopotamia like Sumer, as well as the origins and beliefs of Judaism.
2. It also discusses the expansion of Islam under Muhammad and his successors, and the growth of the Muslim empire and establishment of dynasties like the Umayyads and Abbasids.
3. The document further examines important civilizations and empires that influenced the region such as Assyria and Persia, their military achievements, and technological advances. It also covers cultural developments under Muslim rule including in the fields of art, science, and philosophy.
The document summarizes the rise and fall of the Umayyad Caliphate between 661-750 CE and the transition to the Abbasid Caliphate. It describes how the Umayyads established the first Islamic dynasty in Damascus after the Muslim Civil War, but internal divisions and indulgence in luxury weakened their rule over time. The Abbasids then overthrew the Umayyads in 750 CE with the support of non-Arab Muslims, establishing a new capital in Baghdad and administrative structure influenced by Persian traditions that led to two centuries of stability and prosperity known as the Golden Age of Islam.
After the death of Abu Bakr, disputes over succession led to the establishment of the Umayyad dynasty in 661. The Umayyads expanded the Islamic empire significantly but faced revolts due to discrimination, splitting Islam into the Sunni and Shia sects. In 750, the Abbasid dynasty overthrew the Umayyads and moved the capital to Baghdad, ushering in a period of prosperity. However, regional rulers gained independence and the Fatimid dynasty was later overthrown by the Seljuk Turks, leading the Byzantine emperor to request Christian assistance and launching the Crusades between Christians and Muslims.
A compendium of Adv. Oded Vosok (Kami) articles. Adv. Oded VOSOUK is an expert on the Persian language and culture, with vast experience in litigation, white collar, class actions and handling Iranian-Jews legal and commercial issues.
Adv. Kambiz (Oded) Vosouk was born in Iran and immigrated to Israel at the age of 14 and in the same year was awarded the matriculation certificate. He enlisted in the 8200 unit in the IDF and headed an intelligence research department and later participated in international projects of the Ministry of Defense and the Prime Minister's Office. He speaks Persian language and is author of a book for the study of the Persian language as well as published a number of various articles including on the restitution of the assets of the Iranians after the 79th revolution in Iran.
Kambiz holds a bachelor's and master's degree in law with honors and has worked in a number of very large law firms and also worked for a number of years as a lawyer in the legal department of the Ministry of the Environment. Kambiz is very active among the Iranian community and advises them in various areas of law.
אגודת מאמרים, מחשבות, חוות דעת ופרסומים מאת עו"ד עודד ווסוק, עורך דין מומחה לתרבות ולשפה הפרסית, עם נסיון רב בליטיגציה, צוארון לבן, תביעות ייצוגיות, איכות הסביבה וטיפול בעולי אירן.
edited by Gabriel Hayon
The muslim dynasties and sufi's in subcontinentFahad Saleem
The document summarizes the emergence and spread of Islam in the Indian subcontinent from 715 to 1206 CE through several Muslim dynasties and Sufi saints. It discusses the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates that ruled parts of the subcontinent. It then outlines several regional dynasties that controlled territories, including the Saffarids, Qaramitah, Ghaznavids, and Ghurids. It notes how these dynasties promoted Islam and destroyed Hindu temples. The document also introduces several influential Sufi saints who helped spread Sufism in the region, including Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti, Nizamuddin Auliya, and Baha
The Persian Empire originated in southwestern Iran, where the Persians began as nomadic herders. Under Cyrus the Great from 559 to 530 BC, the Persians united into a powerful kingdom. By 539 BC, the Persians had conquered Mesopotamia, Babylon, Asia Minor, Syria, Canaan, and Phoenician cities. Cyrus established a merciful rule and allowed captive Jews to return home. The Persians built an extensive road system, including the 1600-mile Royal Road from Asia Minor to their capital of Susa. Darius came to power in 521 BC and divided the empire into 20 provinces administered by satraps who collected taxes, enforced laws, and recruited soldiers for
The Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) was born in Mecca in the year 571 AD to parents from the prominent Hashim clan of the Quraish tribe. His father Abdullah had died before he was born. He was nursed initially by his mother Amina and then by wet nurses in keeping with Arab custom of sending infants to live with Bedouin families.
The document summarizes the origins and key beliefs of Islam. It describes how Muhammad founded the religion in Mecca in the 6th century after experiencing visions from the angel Gabriel. His teachings, based on strict monotheism and the Five Pillars of Islam, spread rapidly across Arabia and beyond due to military conquests. After Muhammad's death, leadership passed to a succession of caliphs, first under the Umayyad and later the Abbasid dynasties, though a minority Shi'ite faction believed leadership should remain within Muhammad's bloodline.
Harun al-Rashid was the fifth Abbasid Caliph who presided over a golden age of Islamic civilization. However, after his death civil war broke out and the Abbasid dynasty declined due to slave mercenaries seizing power, increasing taxation, and environmental disasters. The arrival of the Seljuk Turks and Crusaders further weakened the Abbasids. Meanwhile, Islam spread through trade to South and Southeast Asia, establishing the Delhi Sultanate in India and gradually converting parts of Indonesia and Malaysia.
The document provides an overview of Jordan, including its history, government, and tourism industry. It discusses Jordan's location and borders. It then summarizes Jordan's history from prehistoric times through the Ottoman era to modern Jordan. It profiles the Hashemite royal family and their historical role. It also describes Jordan's tourism industry, highlighting popular destinations like Petra, Wadi Rum, and Aqaba. It provides background on the ancient Nabatean civilization that built Petra and their significance in the region.
I talk about Iran's fairly unique system of theocratic government including on the supreme leader, president, executive powers, institutions, legislature, and how elections work.
Syria is an Arab country located in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon, Turkey, Iraq, Jordan, and Israel. It has a long history dating back to ancient civilizations like Eblan in the 3rd millennium BC. Syria gained independence from France in 1946 but has experienced periods of emergency law and one-party rule by the Ba'ath party. The population is mainly Muslim but with significant Christian minorities.
The document provides details about Muslim rule in India from 712-1857 CE. It begins with the conquest of Sindh in 711 CE led by Muhammad bin Qasim which established the first Islamic rule on the subcontinent. It then discusses several rulers who expanded Islamic territories in India, including the Delhi Sultanate established by Qutb-ud-din Aibak in 1206, the Mughal Empire from 1526-1857, and British colonial rule beginning in the 1600s. The rise and fall of major Islamic dynasties that ruled in India over this period are summarized.
The flag of Iran was officially adopted on July 29, 1980. It features symbols representing Islam, peace, courage, and the five principles of Islam. The centered sword represents the country's strength. The flag dates back to the 18th century but was officially adopted in 1980 after the Iranian Revolution established an Islamic republic.
The Umayyad caliphs expanded the Islamic empire greatly after the death of Muhammad. Under the Umayyads, the empire grew to include lands in Africa, Asia, and Europe. The Umayyads established effective governance over this vast territory through a bureaucracy and appointment of local governors. However, over time unrest grew as the Umayyads neglected Islamic law and established a hereditary ruling family, leading to their overthrow by the Abbasids in 750 CE.
The document provides historical context about Iran, including:
1. Iran has a land area of 1.636 million km2 and borders several countries like Iraq, Turkey, and Afghanistan.
2. Iran has a population that is predominantly Muslim but has ethnic and linguistic diversity, with Persians being the largest ethnic group and Farsi being the primary language.
3. Ancient Iranian civilization and Zoroastrianism influenced later religions, with Zoroaster in the 1200s BC teaching concepts of judgment, heaven, hell, and resurrection that were adopted by Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
The document provides a history of Islam in India from the 8th century to 1857 CE. It discusses several key points:
- The first mosque in India was built in 629 CE in Kerala by Malik Bin Dinar.
- The first major conquest of areas in modern day Pakistan was led by Muhammad bin Qasim in 711 CE, establishing the dominion of the Umayyad Caliphate in Sindh and southern Punjab.
- Several powerful Islamic dynasties and empires ruled parts of India over subsequent centuries, including the Delhi Sultanate from 1206-1526 CE and the Mughal Empire from 1526-1858 CE, introducing Islamic traditions and contributing to cultural
I talk about the government system of Iraq from executive to legislative and how elections work in the country. I also highlight the difficulties caused by armed rival factions and terrorist groups due to ongoing insurgency and destablization along the border with Syria due to the Syrian Civil War.
The Mughal administration was centralized, with the emperor holding absolute power. Key elements included councils of ministers, provincial administration divided into districts and villages, and a military system based on mansabdars who received ranks determining the number of troops they commanded. Revenue was a major focus, with land surveys and classification systems implemented. The justice system incorporated Islamic law but treated Hindus unequally. Overall, the Mughals established an extensive and sophisticated bureaucracy to govern their large empire.
The Abbasid Caliphate was a large Islamic empire centered in Baghdad from 750 CE to 1258 CE. It stretched from Central Asia to North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula. The dominant religion was Islam, though other faiths were tolerated. During its peak from 786-861 CE, the empire experienced great cultural and economic heights. It eventually declined due to internal conflicts and was finally destroyed by the Mongol invasion of Baghdad in 1258 CE.
1. The document outlines various topics related to the history and culture of the Middle East including the rise of early civilizations in Mesopotamia like Sumer, as well as the origins and beliefs of Judaism.
2. It also discusses the expansion of Islam under Muhammad and his successors, and the growth of the Muslim empire and establishment of dynasties like the Umayyads and Abbasids.
3. The document further examines important civilizations and empires that influenced the region such as Assyria and Persia, their military achievements, and technological advances. It also covers cultural developments under Muslim rule including in the fields of art, science, and philosophy.
The document summarizes the rise and fall of the Umayyad Caliphate between 661-750 CE and the transition to the Abbasid Caliphate. It describes how the Umayyads established the first Islamic dynasty in Damascus after the Muslim Civil War, but internal divisions and indulgence in luxury weakened their rule over time. The Abbasids then overthrew the Umayyads in 750 CE with the support of non-Arab Muslims, establishing a new capital in Baghdad and administrative structure influenced by Persian traditions that led to two centuries of stability and prosperity known as the Golden Age of Islam.
After the death of Abu Bakr, disputes over succession led to the establishment of the Umayyad dynasty in 661. The Umayyads expanded the Islamic empire significantly but faced revolts due to discrimination, splitting Islam into the Sunni and Shia sects. In 750, the Abbasid dynasty overthrew the Umayyads and moved the capital to Baghdad, ushering in a period of prosperity. However, regional rulers gained independence and the Fatimid dynasty was later overthrown by the Seljuk Turks, leading the Byzantine emperor to request Christian assistance and launching the Crusades between Christians and Muslims.
A compendium of Adv. Oded Vosok (Kami) articles. Adv. Oded VOSOUK is an expert on the Persian language and culture, with vast experience in litigation, white collar, class actions and handling Iranian-Jews legal and commercial issues.
Adv. Kambiz (Oded) Vosouk was born in Iran and immigrated to Israel at the age of 14 and in the same year was awarded the matriculation certificate. He enlisted in the 8200 unit in the IDF and headed an intelligence research department and later participated in international projects of the Ministry of Defense and the Prime Minister's Office. He speaks Persian language and is author of a book for the study of the Persian language as well as published a number of various articles including on the restitution of the assets of the Iranians after the 79th revolution in Iran.
Kambiz holds a bachelor's and master's degree in law with honors and has worked in a number of very large law firms and also worked for a number of years as a lawyer in the legal department of the Ministry of the Environment. Kambiz is very active among the Iranian community and advises them in various areas of law.
אגודת מאמרים, מחשבות, חוות דעת ופרסומים מאת עו"ד עודד ווסוק, עורך דין מומחה לתרבות ולשפה הפרסית, עם נסיון רב בליטיגציה, צוארון לבן, תביעות ייצוגיות, איכות הסביבה וטיפול בעולי אירן.
edited by Gabriel Hayon
The muslim dynasties and sufi's in subcontinentFahad Saleem
The document summarizes the emergence and spread of Islam in the Indian subcontinent from 715 to 1206 CE through several Muslim dynasties and Sufi saints. It discusses the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates that ruled parts of the subcontinent. It then outlines several regional dynasties that controlled territories, including the Saffarids, Qaramitah, Ghaznavids, and Ghurids. It notes how these dynasties promoted Islam and destroyed Hindu temples. The document also introduces several influential Sufi saints who helped spread Sufism in the region, including Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti, Nizamuddin Auliya, and Baha
The Persian Empire originated in southwestern Iran, where the Persians began as nomadic herders. Under Cyrus the Great from 559 to 530 BC, the Persians united into a powerful kingdom. By 539 BC, the Persians had conquered Mesopotamia, Babylon, Asia Minor, Syria, Canaan, and Phoenician cities. Cyrus established a merciful rule and allowed captive Jews to return home. The Persians built an extensive road system, including the 1600-mile Royal Road from Asia Minor to their capital of Susa. Darius came to power in 521 BC and divided the empire into 20 provinces administered by satraps who collected taxes, enforced laws, and recruited soldiers for
The Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) was born in Mecca in the year 571 AD to parents from the prominent Hashim clan of the Quraish tribe. His father Abdullah had died before he was born. He was nursed initially by his mother Amina and then by wet nurses in keeping with Arab custom of sending infants to live with Bedouin families.
The document summarizes the origins and key beliefs of Islam. It describes how Muhammad founded the religion in Mecca in the 6th century after experiencing visions from the angel Gabriel. His teachings, based on strict monotheism and the Five Pillars of Islam, spread rapidly across Arabia and beyond due to military conquests. After Muhammad's death, leadership passed to a succession of caliphs, first under the Umayyad and later the Abbasid dynasties, though a minority Shi'ite faction believed leadership should remain within Muhammad's bloodline.
Harun al-Rashid was the fifth Abbasid Caliph who presided over a golden age of Islamic civilization. However, after his death civil war broke out and the Abbasid dynasty declined due to slave mercenaries seizing power, increasing taxation, and environmental disasters. The arrival of the Seljuk Turks and Crusaders further weakened the Abbasids. Meanwhile, Islam spread through trade to South and Southeast Asia, establishing the Delhi Sultanate in India and gradually converting parts of Indonesia and Malaysia.
The document provides an overview of Jordan, including its history, government, and tourism industry. It discusses Jordan's location and borders. It then summarizes Jordan's history from prehistoric times through the Ottoman era to modern Jordan. It profiles the Hashemite royal family and their historical role. It also describes Jordan's tourism industry, highlighting popular destinations like Petra, Wadi Rum, and Aqaba. It provides background on the ancient Nabatean civilization that built Petra and their significance in the region.
I talk about Iran's fairly unique system of theocratic government including on the supreme leader, president, executive powers, institutions, legislature, and how elections work.
Syria is an Arab country located in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon, Turkey, Iraq, Jordan, and Israel. It has a long history dating back to ancient civilizations like Eblan in the 3rd millennium BC. Syria gained independence from France in 1946 but has experienced periods of emergency law and one-party rule by the Ba'ath party. The population is mainly Muslim but with significant Christian minorities.
The Ottoman Empire had a significant influence on world history as the largest and most powerful of the Muslim empires. It lasted over 600 years due to its strong military, tolerant religious policies, and organized political system. The empire connected Europe, Asia, and Africa through its vast geographic reach, promoting an exchange of ideas and trade. It fell after joining World War I on the losing side of the Central Powers alliance.
This document provides an overview of modules covering Middle Eastern politics. Module 1 introduces Islam, the predominant religion of the region, and provides a brief history of the Middle East. It discusses the legacy of colonialism, including the Balfour Declaration and the Sykes-Picot Agreement, which divided the region and led to ongoing conflicts. Module 2 examines the Arab-Israeli conflict, oil resources, and Western interests. Module 3 discusses democracy, the Arab Spring, and the role of the military. Module 4 analyzes radical and political Islam, terrorist groups, the migrant crisis, and parallels with Central Europe. The overall aim is to develop understanding of dynamic transformations in the Middle East and their global consequences.
The United Kingdom has a parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy. The Queen is the head of state but has limited powers, while the prime minister is the head of government. Though it does not have a single written constitution, the UK's constitution is comprised of various sources including statutes, case law, treaties and conventions. The monarch retains some personal discretion but most powers have been transferred to elected ministers and Parliament.
The document discusses League of Nations mandates after World War 1 that divided former Ottoman territories among the UK and France. The UK controlled Palestine and Transjordan, France controlled Syria and Lebanon, and the UK initially controlled Mesopotamia (Iraq). These mandates established governments but the regions experienced instability and conflicts over borders and ethnic/religious divisions that continue today.
The Eastern Roman Empire document summarizes the Byzantine Empire, also known as the Eastern Roman Empire. It continued the Roman Empire in the East during late antiquity and the middle ages, with its capital of Constantinople. It survived the fall of the Western Roman Empire and lasted until 1453, making it one of the longest lasting empires in history. Citizens continued to refer to it as the Roman Empire.
Oman is a country located in the Middle East that borders Yemen, UAE, and Saudi Arabia. It has a population of around 3.2 million people and its official language is Arabic. Oman has a monarchy system of government led by Sultan Haitham bin Tariq, who is both the head of state and government. The country has a majority Ibadhi Muslim population and seeks to balance traditional Islamic values with modernization and economic liberalization.
The Problem with School Uniforms and the Possible FixesCharlie
I talk about how school uniforms can be disruptive for autistic people and people with learning disabilities and look into what can be done to improve the situation.
The Possible Implications of Sky AdvertisingCharlie
1. A Candy Crush advertisement displayed in the sky over New York City using drones sparked discussion about the potential implications of sky advertising.
2. Regulations currently focus on drone safety and security, but sky advertising is new and unregulated. Advertisers may be interested in using colorful, moving light shows at night to reach massive audiences.
3. Regulations could be needed to limit when and where sky ads occur to prevent overcommercialization of the night sky and impacts on wildlife, while also addressing citizen concerns about losing clear night skies.
The document summarizes Montenegro's complex governmental system and history. Montenegro is a semi-presidential parliamentary republic with a directly elected president as head of state and a prime minister as head of government. The country has experienced various rulers throughout its history, including being part of the Ottoman Empire, Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Montenegro declared independence in 2006 and now has a multi-party parliamentary system within a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic.
1. The document discusses 7 simple things the author learned about JavaScript, including that JavaScript engines like V8 and SpiderMonkey power different browsers, languages can transpile to JavaScript, the ECMA-262 specification defines JavaScript, Firefox and Chrome have the best developer tools, the <script> tag inserts JavaScript into HTML, semicolons end statements but can be omitted, and strict mode was introduced to handle changes to the language.
Looking into COBOL and Being Serious About itCharlie
I talk about the OG COBOL programming language and explain how its still more prevalent than you probably realise. I go over its history, things it was used for, and how it continues in the modern world.
I go over some useful and fun browser website tools that can be used to do things like get videos, video conversion to other formats, search, and a website full of OSINT tools.
I talk about how getting lower grades in school does not mean you have to settle for less. School is not for everyone and we can create our own pathways.
Tim Berners-Lee Inventor of the World Wide WebCharlie
A blog post adapted from my presentation about Tim Berners-Lee who invented the world wide web. Goes over the history and some other information on Tim Berners-Lee.
British Virgin Islands Enquiry Asks for Direct Rule from BritainCharlie
I talk about the prospect of direct rule for the British Virgin Islands following a corruption enquiry and arrest of their Premier. I also look into what happened with the Turks and Caicos Islands when they were under direct rule.
I give an overview of the 2022 local elections that are happening later this week. This includes all of the council/local authority elections, mayoral elections, and the assembly election in Northern Ireland.
Britains 5 Original National Free-to-Air Television ChannelsCharlie
I look into the five national british television channels, BBC One and Two, ITV, Channel 4 and Channel 5. Includes their founding, history, setup, structure and how each managed to be successful.
Unemployment Among People with Autism is a Systemic Problem not an Individual...Charlie
I talk about how the unemployment issue among people with Autism is clearly a systemic issue and not an individual's issue alone. I highlight many of the common issues and barriers people with Autism face with employment and as a result many give up or try a more unconventional path.
How I Once Ran a Successful Facebook Page The Rise and FallCharlie
I talk about how I once ran a successful community-focused social media page that includes what I think I did right and wrong. I also talk about how and why it eventually came to an end.
The Weekly Update 1 TV Channel Blog Post Short Blogs and MoreCharlie
The first in the regular Weekly Update series for The Weekly Rambler blog. Goes over misc topics and gives information on what is happening with the blog and its content on a weekly basis.
A Look at Dark Items 4 The Binding of Isaac A Lump of Coal and KrampusCharlie
I look into the darkness and origins behind the Alpine folkloric being that is Krampus and I also look into the origins of why coal for Christmas is now a negative thing.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...
The Government System of Jordan
1. 1/13
Post author By Charlie April 22, 2021
The Government System of Jordan
theweeklyrambler.com/the-government-system-of-jordan/
Jordan is a small country located in the Middle East, namely in a historical area known as
the Levant in Western Asia and is bordered with Iraq, Syria, Israel and the West Bank
(one of the Palestine Territories), and Saudi Arabia, Jordan also has access to the ocean
via a small coast on the Gulf of Aqaba. The capital city Amman is located in the north-
west of the country closest to the border with Israel and the West Bank. Jordan also has a
coast along the landlocked Dead Sea. You may have most recently heard of Jordan
through the news due to the foiling of an apparent coup plot which included the country’s
former Crown Prince Hassan bin Talal. But despite the country being located in a
generally unstable region, including being bordered with Syria, Jordan itself is generally
stable.
The area Jordan exists in is ancient and humans have been living there since the
Paleolithic Era, at the end of the Bronze Age three Kingdoms emerged in the area called
Ammon, Moab, and Edom, they benefited from trade with their neighbors as the Assyrian
Empire gained increasing control over the Levant. The Babylonians took over from 627
BC, and after some initial support the Kingdoms rebelled against them, the Kingdoms
would become vassals under the Persian and Hellenic Empires.
Following the death of Alexander the Great his empire was partitioned and the area of
Jordon, then known as Transjordan became disputed between the Ptolemaic Kingdom
and Seleucid Empire. The Nabataeans exploited both of these powers to establish their
own independent Kingdom in the area in 169 BC, the Kingdom grew very wealthy through
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controlling of the areas trade, and established much infrastructure and architecture. By 63
BC much of the Levant was conquered by the Romans who would from then rule over the
area for four centuries, Nabataea was annexed without resistance in 106 AD.
The Empire split in 324 AD and the area came under the Eastern Roman Empire, later
known as the Byzantine Empire, which would eventually convert to Christianity, during
this time Transjorden went through a period of prosperity. From time to time the
Sassanian Empire, rivals to the Byzantines, would control parts of Transjordan. By 636
AD the area would be conquered by Muslims, first the Rashidun Caliphate, followed by
the Ummayads, and then the Abbasids and finally the Fatimid Caliphate before the area
was taken by the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem.
The Crusaders would eventually lose to Saladin who would establish the Ayyubid Dynasty
and Transjordan would become an important pilgrim route for Muslims travelling to
Mecca. The Mamluk Sultanate would then take over from 1260 AD and managed to hold
off the Mongols from taking the area. From 1516 the Mamluks would be conquered by the
Ottoman Caliphate, bringing the area under the Ottoman Empire. There was relative
prosperity for a time but the Ottoman’s did not see Transjordan with much importance, the
area went into a state of anarchy lasting until the 19 Century, Wahahbi forces took over
the area from 1803 to 1812, but were rooted out by Ibrahim Pasha, son of Egypt Eyalet’s
Governor in 1818.
Pasha would later turn on the Ottomans in 1833 and took rule of the Levant, he
established oppressive polices that led to the Peasants’ Revolt in Palestine in 1834 but
which was defeated, the Ottomans would later take back control of the area in 1841. The
Ottomans conscription and heavy taxation policies led to a number of revolts but these
were brutally suppressed. But during World War 1 the 1916 Arab Revolt would begin due
to long-term resentment of Ottoman authorities and growth of Arab nationalism, the revolt
was led by members of the Hashemite family, gained support of tribes in the area and
also support from Britain and France.
The collapse of the Ottoman Empire led to the short-lived Arab Kingdom of Syria which
included Transjordan. The Arab Kingdom of Syria clashed with League of Nations
mandates over the partition of the Ottoman Empire, the Mandate for Syria and Lebanon
and the Mandate for Palestine, the Franco-Syrian War would see this new Kingdom
defeated and occupied by the French, although the north was not occupied which left
Transjordan with no leadership or government for a time. Aspirations of the Arabs
continued to be ignored by Western powers, namely due to the secret Sykes-Picot
Agreement which divided the region into British and French spheres of influence, and the
Balfour Declaration promising Palestine to the Jews.
The Hashemites and Arabs felt betrayed by this as the British had originally seemed
willing to allow a unified Arab state ruled by the Hashemites. The British would eventually
accept a Hashemite Kingdom over Transjordan leading to the creation of the Emirate of
Transjordan in 1921, which came under British Protectorate, who helped the Kingdom
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fight off revolts and rebellions. The state would later gain full independence via the Treaty
of London on 25 May 1946 and became the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan, later
renamed to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in 1949.
Tensions remained between Arab States including Jordan against Israel, and in the Arab-
Israeli War Jordan captured and annexed the West Bank but then lost it to Israel in the
1967 Six-Day-War and would fully renounce its claim to that territory in 1988 and became
the second Arab state to sign a peace treaty with Israel in 1994. Jordan is a founding
member of the Arab League and Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.
Jordan’s official language is Arabic and the largest religion is Sunni Islam, with Islam
being the country’s official religion. The country’s currency is the Jordanian dinar and its
population is over 10,284,150.
Government Type
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Jordan’s Coat of Arms.
Jordan is a Parliamentary Constitutional Monarchy where a ruling Monarch (a King) is
Head of State and a Prime Minister is Head of Government. The Monarchy maintains a
degree of power but is somewhat ceremonial, with many powers checked by the Prime
Minister and relevant Ministers, although as of a 2016 amendment to the constitution,
many of the King’s powers no longer require a countersignature making the position less
ceremonial.
6. 6/13
parents. They cannot also have been excluded from succession by a Royal Decree due
to unsuitability. Such a Decree cannot exclude descendants of said person and must be
countersigned by the Prime Minister and at least four other Ministers, including the
Ministers for the Interior and Justice.
To rule as King, one must be at least 18-years-old, otherwise until then the powers of the
King are exercised by a Regent or Council of Regency who shall have been appointed by
a Royal Decree by the reigning King. If the King died without making such appointments,
then they shall be appointed by the Council of Ministers instead.
If the King is too ill to exercise their powers, then the powers are exercised by a
Viceregent or Council of Viceregency appointed by a Royal Decree. If the King is too
unwell to make such appointments, then the appointments are made by the Council of
Ministers. The King must also appoint a Viceregent or Council of Viceregency if he is
leaving the country, if such an absence extends beyond four months, then the Parliament
shall be summoned if not already in session to consider the matter.
Regents and Viceregents, and members of the Council of Regency or Viceregency must
be at least 30-years-old or if a relative of the King at least 18-years-old, if the Regent,
Viceregent, or any members die or become incapable of performing functions then the
Council of Ministers will appoint replacements.
If it becomes impossible for the King to rule due to mental illness, then the Council of
Ministers on confirmation of such, shall immediately convene the country’s Parliament. If
mental illness is definitive, the Parliament decides on terminating his rule, where then the
Throne is passed on to the next heir.
Duties of the King
The King ratifies laws passed by the country’s Parliament, promulgates them and orders
the enactment of regulations necessary for their implementation.
The King is the Supreme Commander of the country’s armed forces. The King declares
war, makes peace, and concludes treaties and agreements. Treaties and agreements that
entail any expenditures to the treasury of the State or affect public or private rights of
Jordanians will not be valid unless approved by the Parliament. The King creates,
confers, and withdraws civil and military ranks, medals, and other honourific titles, this
authority can be delegated by the King to another person by a special law.
The King orders holding of elections for the House of Representatives (lower chamber of
Parliament) in accordance with provisions of law.
The King convenes/summons the Parliament, inaugurates, adjourns, and prorogues it in
accordance with provisions of the Constitution. If the King fails to summon the Parliament
as guided by the Constitution, then the Parliament shall meet of its own motion as if it
were summoned. Adjournments made by Royal Decree are limited to three times and
cannot exceed two months.
7. 7/13
The King may summon the Parliament for an extraordinary session for purpose of
deciding on specific matters specified in the Royal Decree, the King shall also summon
an extraordinary session whenb requested by an absolute majority of the members of the
House of Representatives.
The King may dissolve the House of Representatives for early elections. If elections do
not take place within four months, then the House will immediately reconvene as if the
dissolution did not take place. If a House is dissolved for any reason, then the new House
may not be dissolved for the same reason. The Government must also resign following
dissolution and the Head of Government may not be designated to form the Government
that follows.
The King may dissolve the Senate (upper chamber of Parliament) or relieve one of its
members of the membership.
The King appoints the Prime Minister based on the largest party or grouping in the House
of Representatives following elections. The King also appoints, dismisses and accepts
the resignations of Ministers on the recommendation of the Prime Minister.
The King appoints members of the Senate and appoints the Speaker of the Senate from
amongst them and accepts their resignation.
The King has the right to make special pardons or remit sentences, but general pardons
are determined by a special law. The King ratifies sentences of death which are placed
before him by the Council of Ministers along with their opinion.
The Kings powers are exercised via a Royal Decree which must be countersigned by the
Prime Minister and the Minister or Ministers concerned, along with the King’s concurring
signature, to have effect. NOTE: As of 2016 an amendment made it so a number of the
King’s powers no longer require a countersignature to have effect, this includes…
Appointment of Crown Prince, Regent, Senate Speaker/President and members of
Senate, Chairman and members of Constitutional Court, Chief Justice, commander of the
Army, and heads of Intelligence and the Gendarmerie.
The King appoints the members of the Constitutional Court who serve 6-year non-
renewable terms. Members chosen must be Jordanian and not hold another nationality;
at least 50-years-old; be someone who has served as judges in the Court of Cassation
and the High Court of Justice, or of the professors of law in universities who hold the rank
of professor; or of the lawyers who spent at least 15-years in the practice of law; and of
the specialists to whom the conditions of membership in the Senate apply.
The King also appoints and dismisses Judges of the Civil and Sharia Courts in
accordance with provisions of the law, appointment of civil judges also involves a Judicial
Council which is established by a law.
Prime Minister and Council of Ministers
8. 8/13
The Prime Minister is the Head of Government. The Prime Minister heads the Council of
Ministers which is the highest executive decision-making body of the Government, it
includes a number of Ministers pursuant to the need and public interest. Ministers must
be a Jordanian.
The Council of Ministers undertakes the responsibility of administering all affairs of the
State, internal and external, with exception of affairs that were or may be entrusted in
accordance with the Constitution or any law to any other person or body.
Authorities of the Prime Minister, Ministers, and Council of Ministers, are defined by
regulations established by the Council of Ministers and ratified by the King.
Ministers may be entrusted with the functions of one or more ministries with competence
over its actions, affairs, regulations and polices. The Prime Minister overlooks these
ministries and any matters not falling within the competence of the Minister/s concerned.
Decisions of the Council of Ministers are signed by the Prime Minister and Ministers, and
are submitted to the King for ratification in cases required under the Constitution or any
law or regulation. Such decisions are implemented by the Prime Minister and Ministers,
each within their competence.
If the Prime Minister is dismissed or resigns, then all Ministers are considered to have
collectively resigned. If the Prime Minister dies then a Deputy Prime Minister or most
senior Minister will take over until a new Government is formed.
The Prime Minister and Ministers have the right to be heard in either the House of
Representatives or the Senate even if they are not members of said chambers.
The Prime Minister and Ministers are jointly responsible before the House of
Representatives for public policy of the State; each Minister is also responsible before the
House of Representatives for the functions of their Ministry. They must maintain
confidence of the House of Representatives to remain in power.
A vote of confidence can either be started at the request of the Prime Minister or by a
request signed by at least 10-members of the House of Representatives, a vote of
confidence can be held on a single Minister or the entire Council of Ministers. Such a vote
of confidence can be postponed one time for up to 10-days if requested for by the
Minister concerned or Council of Ministers and during this time the House of
Representatives cannot be dissolved.
Also, when a Council of Ministers is first formed it must introduce a ministerial statement
to the House of Representatives for a confidence vote, which requires an absolute
majority of the House to vote confidence within the Council of Ministers.
Loss of confidence of a Minister means they should resign and loss of confidence in the
Council of Ministers means they should all resign.
Emergency Provisions
9. 9/13
If Martial Law is declared it is possible for the media, such as newspapers, publications,
books and information and communication media to be subject to limited censorship for
reasons of public safety and national defense.
During times that the House of Representatives is dissolved and along with approval from
the King, the Council of Ministers will have the right to issue provisional laws covering
general disasters, state of war and emergencies, and needs for necessary and urgent
expenditures which cannot be postponed.
Such provisional laws must eventually be placed before the Parliament in its first sitting
who may approve, amend, or reject such laws. The laws will also become void if no
action is taken on them by the House when it is sitting within the allotted period.
The Legislative Government
Meeting place of Parliament is located in the capital city Amman. Photo by Tareq Ibrahim
Hadi, CC BY-SA 3.0. Source.
The Parliament of Jordan is a bicameral one made up of the House of Representatives
which is the lower and primary chamber and which is elected by the people, and the
upper house which is the Senate and is appointed by the King. The main purpose of the
parliament is to scrutinize introduced legislation, debate it, possibly amend it, and either
pass or reject such legislation. The House of Representatives also provides oversight of
the Prime Minister, Ministers, and Council of Ministers and can withdraw confidence from
them. The annual Budget also goes through Parliament.
Both chambers make and decide on their own bylaws and they are ratified by the King.
10. 10/13
Joint-sittings of both Houses can be requested by the Prime Minister or happen as guided
by the constitution. The Speaker/President of the Senate will be the Speaker/President of
the Joint-sitting.
The Prime Minister submits the draft of every law first to the House of Representatives
and then go on to the Senate if passed by the House of Representatives. Laws must pass
both chambers and then be promulgated by the King to become law. If a law is rejected
twice by either House but accepted by the other then there shall be a joint-sitting presided
over by the Speaker/President of the Senate to try and come to a compromise or
agreement, in this case a two-thirds majority is required for the law to pass, if the law is
rejected again in the same way, then it cannot be placed before the House again in the
same session.
10 or more members of either the House or Senate may propose laws, such proposals
are referred to the committees concerned for an opinion, if the proposals are accepted
then the proposals are referred to the Government to put it into the form of a draft law, to
be submitted to the House.
If legislation is passed by both Houses it goes to the King for ratification but he may,
within six-months, choose to return it to the House for reconsideration along with a
statement for the reasons why, if both Houses pass the law again along with at least a
two-thirds majority then the law must be ratified by the King, if the King fails to
promulgate/ratify a law within allotted time period it shall automatically be considered
ratified/promulgated.
Members of the Senate and House may address questions and interpellations to the
Ministers concerning any of the public matters, in accordance with bylaws.
House of Representatives
The lower and primary house consists currently of 130-members and which is not fixed by
the constitution and can be changed via an electoral law. The members are elected by
the people which is explained under the Electoral System section below.
The Speaker of the House is elected by the members from among themselves for a 2-
year term and who may be re-elected. The Speaker maintains orderly conduct and
debate, ensures House rules are abided, and represents the House in an impartial
manner. Speaker gives a vote of preponderance in any ties.
The Senate
The upper house consists of a number of members that cannot exceed one-half of the
number of the House of Representatives, as it stands the Senate currently has 65
members, to see how they are appointed and the conditions they must meet, refer to the
Electoral System section below.
The Senate has a Speaker (or President, although the constitution does call them
Speaker) who serves for 2-years and may be reappointed. The Speaker keeps orderly
conduct and debate and ensures Senate rules are abided by. Also represents the Senate
11. 11/13
in an impartial manner. Speaker gives a vote of preponderance in any ties.
The Electoral System
Image by NordNordWest from Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 3.0. DE. Source.
To be a member of either the Senate or House of Representatives a number of conditions
must be met, such must be Jordanians; cannot be adjudged bankrupt without being
legally discharged; if a person has been interdicted, they cannot be a member unless
such interdiction has been removed; cannot have been sentenced to imprisonment for
period exceeding one-year for a non-political crime unless pardoned; cannot be insane or
an imbecile; and cannot be a relative of the King in the degree of consanguinity,
prescribed by a special law.
Furthermore, for the Senate there are also further conditions required to be a member,
they must be at least 40-years-old, and be one of the following classes: present or former
Prime Minister or minister; formerly held offices of either ambassador, ministers
12. 12/13
plenipotentiary, speakers of the House of Representatives, president or judges of the
Court of Cassation and of the Civil and Sharia Courts of Appeal; retired military officers of
the rank Lt. General and above; former representatives who were elected at least twice;
and other similar personalities who enjoy the confidence of the people in the view of their
work and services to the Nation and the country.
For the House of Representatives members must be at least 30-years-old.
For the Senate it is reappointed every 4-years and its members may be reappointed. The
appointments are made by the King.
Parliamentary elections for the House of Representatives take place every 4-years unless
the election has been delayed via a Royal Decree (extension of the Houses term cannot
go beyond 2-years and such an extension is subject to the constitution and law). 115 of
the 130 Members are elected from multiseat constituencies using an open-list
proportional representation system where seats are guaranteed via reaching a certain
quota of the vote, of these seats 9-seats are reserved for Christians, and 3-seats
reserved for Chechens and Circassians. 15 further seats are also reserved and allocated
to leading women candidates who failed to win a constituency seat.
An independent commission exists, created by a law, to supervise the parliamentary
electoral process and administer it at all stages, and supervise any other elections
decided by the Council of Ministers. The judiciary has competence over determining
legitimacy on any challenges against an electoral result in the House of
Representatives.
Sources
The sources for this post come from Jordan’s 1952 constitution with amendments through
to 2016 (constituteproject.org) and so should be as up to date as possible but as always
there is the chance, I missed things or misinterpreted other things and the constitution
can be amended and so this post may eventually become outdated and so cross-
research is encouraged if using this seriously.
Amendments to the constitution require at least a two-thirds majority in both Houses of
Parliament and ratification by the King to be fully adopted.
Next up will be the government system of Kazakhstan.
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