I talk about the government system of Equatorial Guinea, a small country found in Africa. I go over its system from executive to legislative and how the electoral system operates.
The document summarizes key aspects of governments and economies in several African countries. It provides details on the type of government, year of independence, and rights of citizens for Kenya, South Africa, and Sudan. Kenya and South Africa have multi-party democracies, while Sudan is effectively a one-party military dictatorship. It also outlines some of the economic bases and challenges for Nigeria, South Africa, and Egypt. Poverty, unemployment, corruption, and disease have held African nations back from further economic development despite some natural resources. Regional cooperation organizations have aimed to promote stability and growth.
This document provides an overview of Chile's government system. It describes Chile as a representative democratic republic with an elected president and bicameral legislature. The president acts as both head of state and head of government, appointing ministers. The legislature consists of a lower Chamber of Deputies and upper Senate. Elections for president and deputies use proportional representation systems. The judiciary and constitutional framework are also summarized.
I talk about the government system of Equatorial Guinea, a small country found in Africa. I go over its system from executive to legislative and how the electoral system operates.
The document summarizes key aspects of governments and economies in several African countries. It provides details on the type of government, year of independence, and rights of citizens for Kenya, South Africa, and Sudan. Kenya and South Africa have multi-party democracies, while Sudan is effectively a one-party military dictatorship. It also outlines some of the economic bases and challenges for Nigeria, South Africa, and Egypt. Poverty, unemployment, corruption, and disease have held African nations back from further economic development despite some natural resources. Regional cooperation organizations have aimed to promote stability and growth.
This document provides an overview of Chile's government system. It describes Chile as a representative democratic republic with an elected president and bicameral legislature. The president acts as both head of state and head of government, appointing ministers. The legislature consists of a lower Chamber of Deputies and upper Senate. Elections for president and deputies use proportional representation systems. The judiciary and constitutional framework are also summarized.
South Africa has a multiparty system with the ANC currently the dominant party. The President is both head of state and head of government, elected by parliament. There are also provincial legislatures. Other major parties include the Democratic Alliance and the Inkatha Freedom Party. The constitution provides for strong protections of civil liberties and human rights. South African politics continues to transform in the post-apartheid era.
The document summarizes Guinea's government system. It has a semi-presidential republic system with a president as head of state and prime minister as head of government. The unicameral National Assembly is the legislative body. The president has significant powers but must work with the prime minister and assembly. There are also judicial and local government structures described. The country has faced political instability and transitions of power since independence.
Ecuador has a presidential republic system of government with a president as both head of state and head of government. The unicameral National Assembly is the legislative body. Citizens can participate directly in governance through initiatives to propose legislation or constitutional amendments requiring a percentage of voter signatures. They can also recall elected officials through a referendum.
The document outlines the principles of the Philippine constitution. It establishes that the Philippines is a democratic and republican state where sovereignty resides with the people. It discusses the country's adherence to democratic principles like separation of powers and free elections. It also covers foreign policy principles like renouncing war and adhering to international law. The constitution aims to protect civil liberties and promote social justice.
The document discusses several aspects of politics and governance in the Philippines based on its constitution. It begins by establishing that the Philippines is a democratic and republican state where sovereignty resides with the people. It then outlines several key manifestations of this, including things like elections, separation of powers, and the principle that laws cannot be irrepealable. It also discusses the role of the military, indigenous cultural communities, women's rights, and the separation of church and state.
Raymond Atuguba on why we must eat the Ghana ConstitutionAmos Anyimadu
This document provides an introduction and overview for an upcoming lecture by Raymond Atuguba titled "Ebi Constitution we go Chop: An Examination of Article 1(1) of the 1992 Constitution of Ghana". The introduction discusses the speaker's past experiences receiving both praise and criticism for previous public comments and lectures. It then outlines the goals and scope of a long-term project to thoroughly analyze each provision of Ghana's 1992 constitution through various lenses. The upcoming lecture will focus on analyzing Article 1(1) as part of this larger constitutional analysis project.
ARI Briefing Note, Party rules - Consolidating power through constitutional r...Nick Branson
Tanzania has a history of contested constitutional reform since 1964 that has primarily served to consolidate executive power and preserve one-party dominance. Despite recommendations from legal experts and citizen participation in reform processes, successive presidents and the ruling CCM party have directed debate and ignored proposals for truly overhauling the constitution. The latest reform effort in 2013-2014 again failed to address the core issue of the union structure due to CCM opposition to establishing a federal system with its own governments for the mainland and Zanzibar. This has prolonged tensions between the two parts of the United Republic.
The document discusses different forms of government and their key characteristics. It provides information on the system of government in the Philippines, Canada, and Russia. The Philippines is a unitary state with a presidential system, while Canada has a federal parliamentary system under a constitutional monarchy. Russia has a semi-presidential system where the president and prime minister share power. The branches of government and their roles are also outlined for each country.
Fedearlism and provincial autonomy jami chandiorizsoomro
Part I provides historical context on the issues of federalism in Pakistan since its inception, noting that repeated centralization of power has deprived smaller provinces of the autonomy they demanded when joining Pakistan. Part II details current issues including the domination of Punjab, unequal distribution of resources and opportunities, and inter-provincial tensions. Part III recommends constitutional and political reforms to restore a balanced federation through greater provincial autonomy, fair resource sharing, and limits on the central government's authority.
Proospects for governance and peace in ethnic statesYMCA Mandalay
Two months after a new government took over the reins of power in Burma, it is too early to make any definitive assessment of the prospects for improved governance and peace in ethnic areas. Initial signs give some reason for optimism, but the difficulty of overcoming sixty years of conflict and strongly-felt grievances and deep suspicions should not be underestimated. The economic and geostrategic realities are changing fast, and they will have a fundamental impact – positive and negative – on Burma’s borderlands. But unless ethnic communities are able to have much greater say in the governance of their affairs, and begin to see tangible benefits from the massive development projects in their areas, peace and broadbased development will remain elusive. The new decentralized governance structures have the potential to make a positive contribution in this regard, but it is unclear if they can evolve into sufficiently powerful and genuinely representative bodies quickly enough to satisfy ethnic. There has been renewed fighting in Shan State, and there are warning signs that more ethnic ceasefires could break down. Negotiations with armed groups and an improved future for long-marginalized ethnic populations is the only way that peace can be achieved.
This document summarizes key sections from Article 1 and 2 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution related to national territory, sovereignty, and principles of governance. The main points are:
1) The Philippines is defined as an archipelago based on its geography of many islands. Its territory comprises the entire Philippine Archipelago and waters in between islands.
2) Sovereignty resides with the Filipino people. While exercised indirectly through elected representatives, it can also be directly exercised through suffrage and participation in systems like initiatives and referendums.
3) The constitution establishes the Philippines as a democratic and republican state with separation of powers and adherence to principles of international law, peace, equality and justice with all nations.
1. The document discusses concepts related to states and governments including definitions of a state, key elements of states, and theories of state origin.
2. It also covers the concept of constitutions, the preamble of constitutions, and types of governments and constitutions.
3. The summary specifically defines key Philippine constitutional concepts - the national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago and waters, seabed, insular shelves and other areas over which it has sovereignty. It also defines related maritime zones.
The document provides an overview of the federal government of Canada. It discusses that the federal government oversees Canada as a nation and is comprised of three branches: the executive branch including the Queen, Prime Minister and Cabinet; the legislative branch including the House of Commons and Senate; and the judiciary branch including the Supreme Court. It also outlines some key components and positions within the federal government structure, such as the Cabinet, House of Commons, Senate, Prime Minister, Governor General, and ministers.
The document provides an overview of the federal government of Canada. It discusses that the federal government oversees Canada as a nation and is comprised of three branches: the executive branch including the Queen, Prime Minister and Cabinet; the legislative branch including the House of Commons and Senate; and the judiciary branch including the Supreme Court. It also outlines some key components and positions within the federal government structure, such as the Cabinet, House of Commons, Senate, Prime Minister, Governor General, and ministers.
The document summarizes the government system of Burundi. It is a presidential democratic republic with a bicameral parliament. The president is both head of state and head of government, serving a 7-year term. The legislative branch is made up of the 100-member National Assembly and at least 43-member Senate. Elections are held every 5 years for the National Assembly and indirectly for the Senate. The country has faced ethnic tensions between the Hutu and Tutsi groups.
South Africa has a multiparty system with the ANC currently the dominant party. The President is both head of state and head of government, elected by parliament. There are also provincial legislatures. Other major parties include the Democratic Alliance and the Inkatha Freedom Party. The constitution provides for strong protections of civil liberties and human rights. South African politics continues to transform in the post-apartheid era.
The document summarizes Guinea's government system. It has a semi-presidential republic system with a president as head of state and prime minister as head of government. The unicameral National Assembly is the legislative body. The president has significant powers but must work with the prime minister and assembly. There are also judicial and local government structures described. The country has faced political instability and transitions of power since independence.
Ecuador has a presidential republic system of government with a president as both head of state and head of government. The unicameral National Assembly is the legislative body. Citizens can participate directly in governance through initiatives to propose legislation or constitutional amendments requiring a percentage of voter signatures. They can also recall elected officials through a referendum.
The document outlines the principles of the Philippine constitution. It establishes that the Philippines is a democratic and republican state where sovereignty resides with the people. It discusses the country's adherence to democratic principles like separation of powers and free elections. It also covers foreign policy principles like renouncing war and adhering to international law. The constitution aims to protect civil liberties and promote social justice.
The document discusses several aspects of politics and governance in the Philippines based on its constitution. It begins by establishing that the Philippines is a democratic and republican state where sovereignty resides with the people. It then outlines several key manifestations of this, including things like elections, separation of powers, and the principle that laws cannot be irrepealable. It also discusses the role of the military, indigenous cultural communities, women's rights, and the separation of church and state.
Raymond Atuguba on why we must eat the Ghana ConstitutionAmos Anyimadu
This document provides an introduction and overview for an upcoming lecture by Raymond Atuguba titled "Ebi Constitution we go Chop: An Examination of Article 1(1) of the 1992 Constitution of Ghana". The introduction discusses the speaker's past experiences receiving both praise and criticism for previous public comments and lectures. It then outlines the goals and scope of a long-term project to thoroughly analyze each provision of Ghana's 1992 constitution through various lenses. The upcoming lecture will focus on analyzing Article 1(1) as part of this larger constitutional analysis project.
ARI Briefing Note, Party rules - Consolidating power through constitutional r...Nick Branson
Tanzania has a history of contested constitutional reform since 1964 that has primarily served to consolidate executive power and preserve one-party dominance. Despite recommendations from legal experts and citizen participation in reform processes, successive presidents and the ruling CCM party have directed debate and ignored proposals for truly overhauling the constitution. The latest reform effort in 2013-2014 again failed to address the core issue of the union structure due to CCM opposition to establishing a federal system with its own governments for the mainland and Zanzibar. This has prolonged tensions between the two parts of the United Republic.
The document discusses different forms of government and their key characteristics. It provides information on the system of government in the Philippines, Canada, and Russia. The Philippines is a unitary state with a presidential system, while Canada has a federal parliamentary system under a constitutional monarchy. Russia has a semi-presidential system where the president and prime minister share power. The branches of government and their roles are also outlined for each country.
Fedearlism and provincial autonomy jami chandiorizsoomro
Part I provides historical context on the issues of federalism in Pakistan since its inception, noting that repeated centralization of power has deprived smaller provinces of the autonomy they demanded when joining Pakistan. Part II details current issues including the domination of Punjab, unequal distribution of resources and opportunities, and inter-provincial tensions. Part III recommends constitutional and political reforms to restore a balanced federation through greater provincial autonomy, fair resource sharing, and limits on the central government's authority.
Proospects for governance and peace in ethnic statesYMCA Mandalay
Two months after a new government took over the reins of power in Burma, it is too early to make any definitive assessment of the prospects for improved governance and peace in ethnic areas. Initial signs give some reason for optimism, but the difficulty of overcoming sixty years of conflict and strongly-felt grievances and deep suspicions should not be underestimated. The economic and geostrategic realities are changing fast, and they will have a fundamental impact – positive and negative – on Burma’s borderlands. But unless ethnic communities are able to have much greater say in the governance of their affairs, and begin to see tangible benefits from the massive development projects in their areas, peace and broadbased development will remain elusive. The new decentralized governance structures have the potential to make a positive contribution in this regard, but it is unclear if they can evolve into sufficiently powerful and genuinely representative bodies quickly enough to satisfy ethnic. There has been renewed fighting in Shan State, and there are warning signs that more ethnic ceasefires could break down. Negotiations with armed groups and an improved future for long-marginalized ethnic populations is the only way that peace can be achieved.
This document summarizes key sections from Article 1 and 2 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution related to national territory, sovereignty, and principles of governance. The main points are:
1) The Philippines is defined as an archipelago based on its geography of many islands. Its territory comprises the entire Philippine Archipelago and waters in between islands.
2) Sovereignty resides with the Filipino people. While exercised indirectly through elected representatives, it can also be directly exercised through suffrage and participation in systems like initiatives and referendums.
3) The constitution establishes the Philippines as a democratic and republican state with separation of powers and adherence to principles of international law, peace, equality and justice with all nations.
1. The document discusses concepts related to states and governments including definitions of a state, key elements of states, and theories of state origin.
2. It also covers the concept of constitutions, the preamble of constitutions, and types of governments and constitutions.
3. The summary specifically defines key Philippine constitutional concepts - the national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago and waters, seabed, insular shelves and other areas over which it has sovereignty. It also defines related maritime zones.
The document provides an overview of the federal government of Canada. It discusses that the federal government oversees Canada as a nation and is comprised of three branches: the executive branch including the Queen, Prime Minister and Cabinet; the legislative branch including the House of Commons and Senate; and the judiciary branch including the Supreme Court. It also outlines some key components and positions within the federal government structure, such as the Cabinet, House of Commons, Senate, Prime Minister, Governor General, and ministers.
The document provides an overview of the federal government of Canada. It discusses that the federal government oversees Canada as a nation and is comprised of three branches: the executive branch including the Queen, Prime Minister and Cabinet; the legislative branch including the House of Commons and Senate; and the judiciary branch including the Supreme Court. It also outlines some key components and positions within the federal government structure, such as the Cabinet, House of Commons, Senate, Prime Minister, Governor General, and ministers.
The document summarizes the government system of Burundi. It is a presidential democratic republic with a bicameral parliament. The president is both head of state and head of government, serving a 7-year term. The legislative branch is made up of the 100-member National Assembly and at least 43-member Senate. Elections are held every 5 years for the National Assembly and indirectly for the Senate. The country has faced ethnic tensions between the Hutu and Tutsi groups.
I talk about the government system of Ethiopia from executive to legislative and how elections work in a country that was once run by a great African monarchy.
The document summarizes the government system of El Salvador. It describes El Salvador as a presidential representative republic with an executive branch led by a president and legislative branch consisting of a unicameral Legislative Assembly. Key points include that the president acts as both head of state and head of government, appoints ministers, commands the armed forces, and can declare states of emergency. The Legislative Assembly passes laws, approves the budget and international treaties, and elects certain officials. Elections take place every 3-5 years via proportional representation.
Canada has a parliamentary system of government with three levels: federal, provincial/territorial, and municipal/local. At the federal level, the legislative branch consists of the Queen, Senate, and House of Commons. The executive branch includes the Prime Minister and Cabinet. The Prime Minister is head of government and chooses the Cabinet. Each level of government has separate spheres of responsibility, such as national defense for federal and education for provincial/territorial governments.
The Canadian government has three branches: the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. The legislative branch makes laws and is divided into the House of Commons and Senate. The executive branch carries out laws and is led by the Prime Minister and cabinet. Canada is a constitutional monarchy with the British monarch as head of state, represented in Canada by the Governor General. The Governor General plays a ceremonial role in giving royal assent to pass bills into law.
a complete ppt about the legal system of tanzania including the topics like; sources of law and government structure (executive,legisature and judiciary)
- Canada has a parliamentary democracy with three branches of government: legislative, executive, and judicial. The legislative branch includes the Queen, Senate, and House of Commons. The executive branch implements laws and includes the Queen, Prime Minister, and Cabinet. The judicial branch applies laws independently.
- The federal government has three levels - the Queen as head of state, the Prime Minister as head of government, and Parliament which passes laws. Provincial governments have similar structures without the Senate. The Supreme Court is the highest court.
Canada's government consists of three branches: the legislative branch makes laws, the executive branch implements laws, and the judicial branch applies laws. The legislative branch is Parliament, composed of the Queen, Senate, and House of Commons. The executive branch includes the Prime Minister and Cabinet who oversee government departments. The judicial branch, independent of Parliament, interprets laws through the court system headed by the Supreme Court of Canada.
Eritrea is located in the Horn of Africa and has a long history, transitioning between rule by various kingdoms and empires. It was eventually colonized by Italy in the late 19th century. After World War II, Eritrea was federated with Ethiopia but Ethiopia annexed Eritrea in 1962, leading to a 30-year war for independence. Eritrea gained independence in 1993 after a UN-monitored referendum but is now a one-party totalitarian dictatorship under an authoritarian president and ruling party, with no active democracy or civil liberties.
I talk about Brazil's system of government from executive to legislative and how elections work. I also talk about how it is a federation which means states and even districts within them get autonomy rights.
The Problem with School Uniforms and the Possible FixesCharlie
I talk about how school uniforms can be disruptive for autistic people and people with learning disabilities and look into what can be done to improve the situation.
The Possible Implications of Sky AdvertisingCharlie
1. A Candy Crush advertisement displayed in the sky over New York City using drones sparked discussion about the potential implications of sky advertising.
2. Regulations currently focus on drone safety and security, but sky advertising is new and unregulated. Advertisers may be interested in using colorful, moving light shows at night to reach massive audiences.
3. Regulations could be needed to limit when and where sky ads occur to prevent overcommercialization of the night sky and impacts on wildlife, while also addressing citizen concerns about losing clear night skies.
The document summarizes Montenegro's complex governmental system and history. Montenegro is a semi-presidential parliamentary republic with a directly elected president as head of state and a prime minister as head of government. The country has experienced various rulers throughout its history, including being part of the Ottoman Empire, Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Montenegro declared independence in 2006 and now has a multi-party parliamentary system within a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic.
1. The document discusses 7 simple things the author learned about JavaScript, including that JavaScript engines like V8 and SpiderMonkey power different browsers, languages can transpile to JavaScript, the ECMA-262 specification defines JavaScript, Firefox and Chrome have the best developer tools, the <script> tag inserts JavaScript into HTML, semicolons end statements but can be omitted, and strict mode was introduced to handle changes to the language.
Looking into COBOL and Being Serious About itCharlie
I talk about the OG COBOL programming language and explain how its still more prevalent than you probably realise. I go over its history, things it was used for, and how it continues in the modern world.
I go over some useful and fun browser website tools that can be used to do things like get videos, video conversion to other formats, search, and a website full of OSINT tools.
I talk about how getting lower grades in school does not mean you have to settle for less. School is not for everyone and we can create our own pathways.
Tim Berners-Lee Inventor of the World Wide WebCharlie
A blog post adapted from my presentation about Tim Berners-Lee who invented the world wide web. Goes over the history and some other information on Tim Berners-Lee.
British Virgin Islands Enquiry Asks for Direct Rule from BritainCharlie
I talk about the prospect of direct rule for the British Virgin Islands following a corruption enquiry and arrest of their Premier. I also look into what happened with the Turks and Caicos Islands when they were under direct rule.
I give an overview of the 2022 local elections that are happening later this week. This includes all of the council/local authority elections, mayoral elections, and the assembly election in Northern Ireland.
Britains 5 Original National Free-to-Air Television ChannelsCharlie
I look into the five national british television channels, BBC One and Two, ITV, Channel 4 and Channel 5. Includes their founding, history, setup, structure and how each managed to be successful.
Unemployment Among People with Autism is a Systemic Problem not an Individual...Charlie
I talk about how the unemployment issue among people with Autism is clearly a systemic issue and not an individual's issue alone. I highlight many of the common issues and barriers people with Autism face with employment and as a result many give up or try a more unconventional path.
How I Once Ran a Successful Facebook Page The Rise and FallCharlie
I talk about how I once ran a successful community-focused social media page that includes what I think I did right and wrong. I also talk about how and why it eventually came to an end.
The Weekly Update 1 TV Channel Blog Post Short Blogs and MoreCharlie
The first in the regular Weekly Update series for The Weekly Rambler blog. Goes over misc topics and gives information on what is happening with the blog and its content on a weekly basis.
A Look at Dark Items 4 The Binding of Isaac A Lump of Coal and KrampusCharlie
I look into the darkness and origins behind the Alpine folkloric being that is Krampus and I also look into the origins of why coal for Christmas is now a negative thing.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...
The Government System of Ghana
1. Post author By Charlie October 22, 2020
The Government System of Ghana
theweeklyrambler.com/the-government-system-of-ghana/
Ghana is a country located in West
Africa and is bordered with the
countries of Togo, Burkina Faso and
Cote d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast), Ghana
also has a coast along the Gulf of
Guinea, the country’s capital city
Accra is found on this coast.
The first known permanent territory
in modern-day Ghana dates all the
way back to the 11th Century and was
called the Bono State, which was a
trading state created by the Bono
people, as the centuries rolled
through a number of Kingdoms and
Empires rose in modern day Ghana,
the most powerful were the Kingdom
of Dagbon and the Kingdom of
Ashanti or the Asante Empire.
In the 15th Century the Europeans arrived, first the Portuguese and then other
European powers who contested over the area for trading rights and who created
various colonies in modern-day Ghana, eventually the British Empire proved the final
winner, as they established control of the coast by the late 19th Century, modern-day
Ghana was divided up into four British colonial territories which were the Gold Coast,
Ashanti, Northern Territories of the Gold Coast and British Togoland, the native
peoples often fought against the British control and occupation of their lands, the War
of the Golden Stool ended 100-years of resistance against the British in the early 1900s.
But movements for independence continued and gained ground from 1947 when the
United Gold Coast Convention party was created and aimed for a goal of independence,
but internal divisions hampered it and then later the Convention People’s Party led by
Kwame Nkrumah was created in 1949 as a stronger party for independence and who
focused on more peaceful actions, it went on to win elections in 1951 and Nkrumah
became the first Prime Minister in 1952 with independence achieved in 1957 the four
colonial territories united into Ghana and the state was under the Commonwealth
Realm where they temporarily recognised the British Monarch as Head of State.
1/12
2. A referendum led to Ghana becoming a republic and the position of Prime Minister
being abolished in 1960 with Nkrumah elected as the first President, the country
remains a part of the British Commonwealth but it is a fully independent state. A
military coup in 1966 led to the overthrow of Nkrumah and a period of unstable military
and civilian governments followed which also included a brief revival of the position of
Prime Minister and then in 1981 Jerry John Rawlings led a military junta that
suspended Ghana’s constitution and banned political parties, Rawlings then steered the
economy back on track after a decline and in 1992 a new Constitution restored multi-
party democracy and Rawlings was elected as President twice. Since then the country
has maintained multi-party democracy.
Ghana’s official language is English but at least 23 ethnic languages are also recognised
in the highly multi-ethnic country, the country’s largest ethnic group are the Akans,
with the Mole-Dagbon and Ewe making up over 10% of the population, there are also
seven further major ethnic groups. Christianity is the largest religion with the largest
Christian denomination being Pentecostal and Charismatic Christians, Islam also
makes up the 2nd largest religious group and many also hold traditional faiths. The
country’s currency is the Ghanaian cedi. Ghana’s population is over 31,260,000.
Government Type
Ghana Coat of Arms.
2/12
3. Ghana is a Presidential Representative Parliamentary Democratic Republic where the
President is both Head of State and Head of Government. Legislative government is
made up of a single unicameral chamber called the Parliament of Ghana. Multiple
parties are allowed.
Political Parties must have a national character and cannot have its membership based
on ethnic, religious, regional or other sectional divisions. The Parties
internal organisation must also conform to democratic principles and the party must
abide by the country’s constitution.
The Executive Government
The Golden Jubilee House, Ghana’s Presidential Palace. Photo by Jessica Gardner from
Flickr. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source.
As mentioned, the President is both the country’s Head of State, meaning he/she
represents the country abroad in its foreign and diplomatic affairs, and the President is
also Head of Government which gives him/her a number of further executive privileges
to organize, appoint and direct the Government and its institutions.
The President is also the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Ghana.
The President takes highest precedence, followed by the Vice-President, then the
Speaker of the Parliament of Ghana and then the Chief Justice.
3/12
4. The Vice-President is elected alongside the President as a running mate on the same
ticket. The Vice-President is next in line to take office if the President either dies,
resigns or is removed from office, the Vice-President will then serve out the remainder
of the term. The Vice-President performs functions to aide the President and any other
powers assigned by the President to the Vice-President.
The Vice-President also acts as President during the President’s temporary absence.
The Speaker of the Parliament of Ghana will act as President if the Vice-President
cannot or if the Vice-President is temporarily absent, if the absence of the Vice-
President who is meant to be acting as President is permanent then elections are held
within three months.
Presidential Duties and Powers
It is the duty of the President to report to Parliament at least once per year to go over all
the steps taken to realize the policy objectives of the nation listed within the country’s
constitution such as the rights of the people in basic human rights, education, work and
healthcare, political objectives such as democracy and also objectives towards a healthy
economy, cultural objectives and international relations, these objectives are the
Directive Principles of State Policy.
The President also makes various appointments to bodies and institutions of the
Government and of the State, these include the Commissioner for Human Rights and
Administrative Justice and his Deputies; the Auditor-General; District Assemblies
Common Fund Administrator; and the Chairman and members of the Public Services
Commission; Lands Commission; governing bodies of public corporations; National
Development Planning Commission; and National Council for Higher Education, all of
these are appointed with consultation of the Council of State.
The Chairman, Deputy Chairman and others members of the Electoral Commission are
also appointed by the President on advice from the Council of State.
It is the duty of the President to deliver a State of the Union address at the beginning of
a parliamentary term and before the parliament is dissolved.
The President has the Prerogative of Mercy, meaning he can pardon, permit respite,
substitute less severe form of punishment or remit a sentence either in part or whole.
These decisions are made by the President while in consultation with the Council of
State.
On diplomatic relations, the President appoints, with consultation of the Council of
State, people to represent Ghana abroad. The President also may receive foreign envoys
accredited to Ghana. The President executes or cause to be executes international
treaties, agreements and conventions which then to have effect must be ratified by the
Parliament of Ghana either via an Act or by a resolution that is support by at least one-
half of all members of Parliament.
4/12
5. The President chairs the National Security Council which also includes the Vice-
President; Ministers for the time that hold portfolios for foreign affairs, defence,
interior, and finance as well as such other Ministers determined by the President; the
Chief of Defense Staff and two other members of the Armed Forces; the Inspecter-
General of Police and two other members of the Police Service, one of whom must be
the Commissioner of Police responsible for the Criminal Investigations Department; the
Director-General of the Prisons Service; the Director of External Intelligence; the
Director of Internal Intelligence; the Director of Military Intelligence; the
Commissioner of Customs, Excise and Preventive Service; and three further persons
appointed by the President.
The President’s Government
The President appoints the Cabinet of Government. The Cabinet consists of the
President, Vice-President, and no less than ten but no more than nineteen Ministers of
State. The purpose of the Cabinet is to assist the President in determination of general
policy. There is a Secretary to the Cabinet appointed by the President.
The Cabinet is summoned by the President who presides over it or if the President is
absent the Vice-President will preside over it. The Cabinet regulates its own procedure
of its meetings.
The Ministers of State are appointed by the President with prior approval given by the
Parliament of Ghana. The Ministers of State are chosen from members of the
Parliament or from persons who are eligible to be elected to Parliament, but the
majority of Ministers of State must be chosen from Parliament members.
Deputy Ministers can be appointed by the President after consultation with the Minister
of State they will work for and after prior approval from Parliament. Deputy Ministers
can be chosen from among members of Parliament or from persons outside of
Parliament who are eligible to be elected to the Parliament.
The Attorney-General is the Government’s principle legal advisor and is also a Minister
of State by default.
It is the job of each Minister of State to run a Department of Government or perform
the duties they have been given by the President within a specific area.
The Minister of State or Deputy Minister remain in office until either the President
removes them or they happen to be elected as Speaker of the Parliament where then
they must step aside from their ministerial position.
It is important for Ministers of State and Deputy Ministers to hold the confidence of
Parliament otherwise they may be removed by Parliament via a vote of censure. For this
motion there must be seven days’ notice before introduction and it must be signed by at
least one-third of all members of Parliament. The motion is then debated within
5/12
6. fourteen days and the Minister in questions has a right to be heard in defense. If the
motion is passed by a two-thirds majority then the Minister is question will either resign
or be removed from office by the President.
Council of State
The Council of State exists to counsel the President in the performance of his/her
functions. The President can also send a bill passed by Parliament to the Council of
State for consideration and possible amendment.
Its members are both appointed by the President in consultation with the Parliament of
Ghana, elected as provided by in the constitution or is a member as a privilege of
holding a certain office. Those appointed by the President in consultation with
Parliament include a member who was formerly Chief Justice; a member who was
formerly Chief of Defence Staff of the country’s Armed Forces; and a member who was
previously Inspecter-General of the Police.
The President of the National House of Chiefs is a member. There is also one
representative elected via an electoral college from each region of Ghana, the electoral
college comprises representatives from each of the districts in the region nominated by
the District Assemblies in the region.
Eleven further members are appointed by the President.
The Chairman of the Council of State is elected from among themselves.
The terms of the members lasts 4-years alongside the President. Members can be
removed by the President for reasons such as misbehavior or infirmity of body or mind
with the backing of Parliament.
The Council of States must hold meetings at least 4-times per year but can also be
requested to hold a meeting by the President or Parliament or by at least five members
of the Council itself.
Judicial Appointments
The Chief Justice is appointed by the President in consultation with the Council of State
and with approval of Parliament.
Justices of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President on advice of the Judicial
Council, in consultation with the Council of State and with approval of the Parliament.
Justices of the Court of Appeal, High Court and Chairmen of Regional Tribunals are
appointed by the President on advice of the Judicial Council.
The Judicial Council includes the Chief Justice as its Chairman; the Attorney-General; a
Justice of the Supreme Court who is nominated by the justices of that court; a Justice of
the Court of Appeal who is nominated by the justices of that court; a Justice of the High
Court nominated by the justices of that court; two representatives of the Ghana Bar
6/12
7. Association one of whom has at least 12-years standing as a lawyer; a representative of
the Chairmen of Regional Tribunals nominated by the Chairmen; a representative of the
lower courts or tribunals; the Judge Advocate-General of the Armed Forces; the Head of
the Legal Directorate of the Police Service; the Editor of the Ghana Law Reports; a
representative of the Judicial Service Staff Association nominated by that association; a
Chief nominated by the National House of Chiefs; and four further persons who are not
lawyers and who are appointed by the President.
Emergency Provisions
The President, acting in accordance with the Council of State (body explained later) can
declare a state of emergency via a proclamation. States of Emergencies can be activated
for periods of exceptional or extraordinary situations such as civil violence, imminent
terrorist activities/threats, natural disasters and other severe reasons, it allows certain
rights and guarantees to be temporarily suspended and also allows increased powers to
authorities and the Government to help bring a situation back under control within as
speedy time as possible.
The facts and circumstances for the proclamation are placed before the Parliament of
Ghana by the President, and within 72-hours the Parliament will then decide if the
proclamation for a State of Emergency shall be allowed to continue or whether it should
be revoked, the decision of Parliament must be abided by the President.
The State of Emergency will automatically end after a period of 7-days unless the
Parliament of Ghana votes to extend the period, if extended it can last for up to three
further months and can only be extended from then on by Parliament for up to a further
month at a time. A State of Emergency can be ended by the Parliament at any time.
Presidential Removal
The President can be removed from office for a number of reasons including acting in
willful violation of the presidential oath of office or oath of allegiance or willful violation
of the constitution or if the President has conducted themselves in a manner that is
going to bring or is likely to bring the office of President into disrepute, ridicule or
contempt; or prejudicial or inimical to the economy or security of the state; or if the
President is incapable of performing the functions of their office due to infirmity of
body or mind.
To remove the President for one or more of the above reasons there must be a notice of
writing that is signed by at least one-third of all members of the Parliament of
Ghana and stating the reasons for an investigation to take place.
If the removal is for willful violation or one of the non-medical reasons then the Chief
Justice will summon a tribunal to investigate which consists of the Chief Justice as
Chairman and also include the four most senior justices of the Supreme Court and they
will decide over the case for removal of the President.
7/12
8. If the removal is for medical infirmity of body or mind then the Chief Justice in
consultation with the head of the Ghana Health Services, will summon a medical board
consisting of no less than four eminent medical specialists and the President will then
be informed. Within fourteen days the President is invited for examination of the
medical board. The medical board will eventually decide if there are grounds for
removal.
The President has the right of a defense in either tribunal or medical board either
through himself, a lawyer or other chosen expert.
The findings of the tribunal or medical board will be submitted to the Speaker of the
Parliament of Ghana by the Chief Justice and a copy sent to the President. Within
fourteen days of Parliament receiving the findings, will decide on a moving a resolution
to remove the President. If such a resolution is supported by at least two-thirds of the
members of the Parliament then the President will immediately cease to hold office.
The Legislative Government
Meeting place of the Parliament of Ghana. Photo by GuidoSohne from Flickr. CC BY-SA 3.0.
Source.
The Parliament of Ghana is the unicameral chamber that makes up the legislative
government, it may have no less than 140 members, currently it has 275 members. The
main job of the Parliament is to have legislation introduced to it and for it to be debated,
possibly amended, and then either passed or rejected. The Parliament also has a
number of other jobs, many of which have been mentioned in the above sections.
8/12
9. The Speaker is elected by the members of Parliament either from among themselves or
a person outside of Parliament but who is still qualified to have been elected to
Parliament. It is the duty of the Speaker to represent the Parliament of Ghana in a fair
and unified manner, to enforce parliamentary rules and orderly debate and to conduct
the business of Parliament.
Two Deputy Speakers are elected by the members of Parliament from among
themselves and they cannot be from the same political party.
Members who are elected Speaker vacate their parliamentary seat. It is possible to
remove the Speaker via a resolution that is supported by at least three-quarters of all
members of Parliament.
Bills passed by Parliament go on to the President to be given assent, he must give assent
within 7-days unless he has reffered the Bill to the Council of State. If the President
refuses to give assent and wants the bill to be reconsidered he must give reasons on
what provisions of the Bill to reconsider and any recommendations for amendments.
Such a veto by the President can be overriden by a vote of two-thirds of its members
and then the President must assent to the bill.
There are restrictions on the amendment or introduction of financial bills.
15-percent of members can summon Parliament to a special session. Parliament after
having been dissolved for an election can be recalled by the President under
extraordinary circumstances such as a state of war. During a state of war the Parliament
can extend its parliamentary term by a vote of two-thirds of members.
Functions
Standing committees and other committees are appointed for the effective functioning
of Parliament. All members of Parliament will be a member of at least one Standing
Committee. Other committees can be appointed such as for inquiry into ministries or
departments. The composition of the committees must match the composition of
parliament as much as possible.
Committees for Inquiry and Investigation have special powers to enforce attendence,
compelling production of documents and issuing a request to examine witnesses
abroad.
The Electoral System
9/12
10. Ghana, administrative divisions 2018. Image made by NordNordWest from Wikimedia.CC
BY-SA 3.0. . Source.
Presidential elections happen every 4-years. The President is elect via a two-round
absolute majority system where a candidate needs an absolute majority to win in the
first round, otherwise the two highest candidates move to a 2 round which is one by
simple majority.
nd
10/12
11. To become a candidate one much be a citizen of Ghana from birth, be at least 40-years-
old, and is eligible for election to Parliament and has not been disqualified from it. To
become a candidate the person requires two signatures of registered voters from each
district assembly authority.
Parliamentary elections happen every 4-years to elect all members of the Parliament of
Ghana. Members are elected from single-seat constituencies using a first-past-the-post
system.
To be a candidate for the Parliament of Ghana one must be a citizen of Ghana who is
registered to vote and at least 21-years-old, been resident in Ghana for at least 10-years
and been resident in the constituency they choose to run in for at least 5-years. They
must have paid all taxes or made arrangements for outstanding tax to be paid on time.
A number of things disqualify someone for running as a candidate for Parliament, this
includes owing allegiance to another country; has been adjudged or otherwise declared
bankrupt without being discharged or is of unsound mind or detained as a criminal
lunatic; convicted of high crime or treason or against security of the state, fraud,
dishonesty or moral turpitude, any offense punishable by death or 10 or more years in
prison, breaking any electoral laws; found guilty by a commission or committee of
inquiry for certain offenses. Being a member of most Services or being a Chief also
disqualifies from running for this office.
Any referendums that happen require at least 35% of registered voters to vote in it and
at least 70% voting in favour of the issue at hand, without this the referendum is not
determined and has no effect on the issue at hand. One person can serve a maximum of
two terms as President.
To vote one must be a citizen of Ghana who is at least 18-years-old and who is of sound
mind.
Sources
The sources for this post come from Ghana’s 1992 constitution with amendments
through to 1996 (constituteproject.org) and so it should be as up to date as possible but
of course there is a chance I may have missed out some things or misinterpreted other
things and of course the constitution can be amended and so this may become outdated,
and so it important that if using this in a serious capacity you perform cross-research.
Amendment of the constitution is proposed by the Parliament of Ghana, consideration
requires a referral to the Council of State, amendments to “entrenched” articles of the
constitution require a national referendum with at least 40% participation of registered
voters and 75% who approve, if successful there will then be a vote in Parliament which
requires a two-thirds majority to adopt and then assent from the President. If an article
that is not entrenched is being amended then a national referendum is not required.
Next up will be the government system of Greece.
11/12
12. Thank you for reading this post, if you have any queries please Email me, you can find
my Email in the Contacts & Community section. Please also follow The Weekly Rambler
on Twitter, Reddit, Pinterest and Facebook which you can access through the buttons at
the bottom of this website. You can also use the social media buttons under each
blogpost to share with your family, friends and associates. You can also subscribe to
Email notifications at the right-side of this website to know whenever a new post goes
up (you can easily unsubscribe from this at any time through a button in each Email
notification), or alternatively you can use an RSS Feed Reader. Please also join my FB
Group The Weekly Ramblers Readers Group where readers can more easily talk with
each other and also with me whenever I am on, you can also find it in Community.
12/12