The global smartphone business: A large-scale, open business ecosystem

The global smartphone business:
A large-scale, open business
ecosystem
James F. Moore,
GeoPartners Foundation, USA
6/29/2017 1
James F. Moore
https://www.linkedin.com/in/drjamesfmoore/

The global smartphone business:
A large-scale, open business ecosystem
Purpose
Customers &
environment
Life cycle
Nurturance Specialization
Specialty
performance
Specialty
communities
Specialist-to-
specialist
networks
Cross-network
routing
Oversight Global mission Global culture
6/29/2017 2
James F. Moore

Purpose: Connect everyone
Purpose
Customers &
environment
Life cycle
Specialty
performance
Specialty
communities
Specialist-to-
specialist
networks
Cross-network
routing
6/29/2017 3
James F. Moore

Purpose
& visions
Business
ecosystems
Personal
ecosystems
& social
networks
Society
Connect everyone on earth
6/29/2017 4
James F. Moore

Purpose: Connect everyone on earth
Currently across the globe seven billion wireless mobile phone subscriptions are active. This is an
astonishing number in a world with a total human population of the same number, seven billion.
Of course some people have multiple subscriptions, and not everyone on earth has access to
mobile services. However, as a practical matter, on most continents, most people are connected.
Smartphones are a portion of the total today. However, the global smartphone ecosystem sold 1.3
billion smartphones in 2014, and a similar number the year before. Thus it has capacity to close the
gap very shortly.
In addition, the diversity of offerings bloomed to 18,000 models by the close of 2014, up from a total
under 1000 just three years prior. Hundreds of companies participate in the hardware ecosystem.
Core contributions including phones, system-on-chips and semiconductor design and fabrication
are all highly competitive.
We examine this case through the "open ecosystem" ideas held by the business leaders and other
participants in the ecosystem. In practice "open" means that extensive resources are devoted to
lowering barriers to entry to core contributions including phone and semiconductor production--
businesses that traditionally have been protected by high barriers to entry. As a result more than a
thousand companies are involved, worldwide. We see the diversity generated by the ecosystem as
the result of (1) the use of modular and openly interchangeable sub-products and services, (2) the
combinatorial product possibilities of having many contributors, and (3) the development of
information systems, especially to make and manage alternative aggregated products and services
for customers.
6/29/2017 5
James F. Moore

Rapid translation of science to social
good, in conversion from voice to data
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James F. Moore

World-population scale
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James F. Moore

Extensive worldwide coverage
6/29/2017 8
James F. Moore

Proliferating around the globe
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James F. Moore

Access is equalizing between more and
less industrialized regions
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James F. Moore

Globally distributed production is
increasing and moving east
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James F. Moore

Large worldwide financial flows
6/29/2017 12
James F. Moore

Customers &
environment
Purpose
Customers &
environment
Life cycle
Specialty
performance
Specialty
communities
Specialist-to-
specialist
networks
Cross-network
routing
Oversight Global mission
Global
motivational
fields
6/29/2017 13
James F. Moore

Diverse services include 1 million
distinct apps and billions in use—a
very diverse, welcoming landscape
6/29/2017 14
James F. Moore

Hardware comes in thousands of
variations made by hundreds of firms
6/29/2017 15
James F. Moore

18,796 recorded Android hardware
variations in August, 2014; the most
diversity is in low GDP/Capita regions
6/29/2017 16
James F. Moore

Specialization
Purpose
Customers &
environment
Life cycle
Specialty
performance
Specialty
communities
Specialist-to-
specialist
networks
Cross-network
routing
Global
motivational
fields
6/29/2017 17
James F. Moore

Perform useful tasks, enhance
personal ecosystems and enable
social networks
Connect device to a
network
Assemble a device
that includes chips
Make chips
Invent
chips
Rough parsing of functions for the
smartphone ecosystem
6/29/2017 18
James F. Moore

Systems engineering & modularity
encourage industry-like specialties
Rough parsing of functions
More detailed
parsing=emergence of specialties
Users and communities
Entertainment, media,
advertising
Apps: games, social
networks, productivity, etc.
Communications
services
Product
specifications
System
equipment
SoC chip
Fab
EDA/S
IP
Sci &
eqp
Perform useful tasks, enhance
personal ecosystems and enable
social networks
Connect device to a network
Assemble a device
that includes chips
Make chips
Invent
chips
6/29/2017 19
James F. Moore

Entertainment, media, advertising
Apps: games, social networks, productivity, etc.
Communications services
Product specifications
System equipment
SoC chip
Fab
EDA/SIP
Science &
equipment
Industry-like specialty communities
of the smartphone ecosystem
6/29/2017 20
James F. Moore

System equipment
SoC chip
Fab
EDA/SIP
Science &
equipment
Clouds
Servers
Communications
Infrastructure
Desktop
Work group
and living
room
Mobile smart
devices
Entertainment Education
Health
RoboticsTransportation
Food & AgricultureLogistics & manufacturing
Scientific discovery
Internet
of
things
6/29/2017 21
James F. Moore

System equipment
SoC chip
Fab
EDA/SIP
Science &
equipment
Billions of users and uses
6/29/2017 22
James F. Moore

Specialty communities
Purpose
Customers &
environment
Life cycle
Specialty
performance
Specialty
communities
Specialist-to-
specialist
networks
Cross-network
routing
Global
motivational
fields
6/29/2017 23
James F. Moore

James F. Moore
Samsung
TSMC
Freescale
IBM
Intel
Other
Samsung
Apple
Qualcomm
Freescale
nVidia
Samsung
Apple
Huawei
Comm
Encryption
Voice
processing
Sensors and
actuators
Graphics
GPS
Lenovo
Global
Foundries
SoC chip Fab
System
Energy saving
Low-cost
Speed
Graphics
App support
Radio
Reliable
production
yield
Fabrication
process node
<50$ retail 3G
smartphone
”Democratizing
turnkey chip”
High-end 4G
smartphone
”Some people
pay for luxury”
Product
Deep, focused learning is achieved by
companies organized into specialized, highly-
competitive industries or communities
Xilinx
MediaTek
Atmel
Arduino
LG
Other
smartphone
40%
Other systems
6/29/2017 24

Samsung
TSMC
Freescale
IBM
Intel
Other
Samsung
Apple
Qualcomm
Freescale
nVidia
Samsung
Apple
Huawei
Comm
Encryption
Voice
processing
Sensors and
actuators
Graphics
GPS
Lenovo
Global
Foundries
SoC chip Fab
System
Energy saving
Low-cost
Speed
Graphics
App support
Radio
Reliable
production
yield
Fabrication
process node
<50$ retail 3G
smartphone
”Democratizing
turnkey chip”
High-end 4G
smartphone
”Some people
pay for luxury”
Product
Xilinx
MediaTek
Atmel
Arduino
LG
Other
smartphone
40%
Other systems
Product
solution
market
place
System-
on-a-chip
market
place
Specialized
computation
market
Chip
fabrication
market
place
Smart
System
market
place
Science &
equipment
market
place
Inter-specialty market places link communities
and also determine barriers to entry to each
community
6/29/2017 25
James F. Moore

• Market facilitators and catalysts
lower barriers to entry for new
ecosystem participants, using kits of
EDA tools, recruiting, introductions,
end-to-end processes, intellectual
property libraries, conferences,
training, publishing, On-boarding
consulting, trouble-shooting and
special financing
• Quality, performance and
interchangeability of contributions is
certified through transparent testing
• There is extensive sharing and reuse
of knowledge, including software,
both commercial and free open
source
• Third-party services by the hundreds
spring up around the marketplaces
Samsung
Apple
Qualcomm
Freescale
nVidia
Samsung
Apple
Huawei
Comm
Encryption
Voice
processing
Sensors and
actuators
Graphics
GPS
Lenovo
SoC chip
System
Xilinx
MediaTek
Atmel
Arduino
LG
Other
smartphone
40%
Other systems
System-
on-a-chip
market
place
Specialized
computation
market
place
Barriers to entry to each community are intentionally
lowered in order to encourage new entrants
6/29/2017 26
James F. Moore

Specialist-to-specialist
networks
Purpose
Customers &
environment
Life cycle
Specialty
performance
Specialty
communities
Specialist-to-
specialist
networks
Cross-network
routing
6/29/2017 27
James F. Moore

Any particular hardware model results
from a route through specialists
Specialist-to-specialist markets
are analogous to rotary
intersections in roadways
networks
Open, expanding
specialist communities
are like popular
neighborhoods
6/29/2017 28
James F. Moore

James F. Moore
Samsung
TSMC
Freescale
IBM
Intel
Other
Samsung
Apple
Qualcomm
Freescale
nVidia
Samsung
Apple
Huawei
Comm
Encryption
Voice
processing
Sensors and
actuators
Graphics
GPS
Lenovo
Global
Foundries
SoC chip Fab
System
Energy saving
Low-cost
Speed
Graphics
App support
Radio
Reliable
production
yield
Fabrication
process node
<50$ retail 3G
smartphone
”Democratizing
turnkey chip”
High-end 4G
smartphone
”Some people
pay for luxury”
Product $600 iPhone
Xilinx
MediaTek
Atmel
Arduino
LG
Other
smartphone
40%
Other systems
Product
solution
market
place
System-
on-a-chip
market
place
Specialized
computation
market
Chip
fabrication
market
place
Smart
System
market
place
Science &
equipment
market
place
6/29/2017 29

James F. Moore
Samsung
TSMC
Freescale
IBM
Intel
Other
Samsung
Apple
Qualcomm
Freescale
nVidia
Samsung
Apple
Huawei
Comm
Encryption
Voice
processing
Sensors and
actuators
Graphics
GPS
Lenovo
Global
Foundries
SoC chip Fab
System
Energy saving
Low-cost
Speed
Graphics
App support
Radio
Reliable
production
yield
Fabrication
process node
<50$ retail 3G
smartphone
”Democratizing
turnkey chip”
High-end 4G
smartphone
”Some people
pay for luxury”
Product $50 Smartphone
Xilinx
MediaTek
Atmel
Arduino
LG
Other
smartphone
40%
Other systems
Product
solution
market
place
System-
on-a-chip
market
place
Specialized
computation
market
Chip
fabrication
market
place
Smart
System
market
place
Science &
equipment
market
place
6/29/2017 30

James F. Moore
Samsung
TSMC
Freescale
IBM
Intel
Other
Samsung
Apple
Qualcomm
Freescale
nVidia
Samsung
Apple
Huawei
Comm
Encryption
Voice
processing
Sensors and
actuators
Graphics
GPS
Lenovo
Global
Foundries
SoC chip Fab
System
Energy saving
Low-cost
Speed
Graphics
App support
Radio
Reliable
production
yield
Fabrication
process node
<50$ retail 3G
smartphone
”Democratizing
turnkey chip”
High-end 4G
smartphone
”Some people
pay for luxury”
Product Personal Drone
Xilinx
MediaTek
Atmel
Arduino
LG
Other
smartphone
40%
Other systems
Product
solution
market
place
System-
on-a-chip
market
place
Specialized
computation
market
Chip
fabrication
market
place
Smart
System
market
place
Science &
equipment
market
place
6/29/2017 31

James F. Moore
Samsung
TSMC
Freescale
IBM
Intel
Other
Samsung
Apple
Qualcomm
Freescale
nVidia
Samsung
Apple
Huawei
Comm
Encryption
Voice
processing
Sensors and
actuators
Graphics
GPS
Lenovo
Global
Foundries
SoC chip Fab
System
Energy saving
Low-cost
Speed
Graphics
App support
Radio
Reliable
production
yield
Fabrication
process node
<50$ retail 3G
smartphone
”Democratizing
turnkey chip”
High-end 4G
smartphone
”Some people
pay for luxury”
Product
Widely varying outcomes can be produced by
combining particular capabilities
Xilinx
MediaTek
Atmel
Arduino
LG
Other
smartphone
40%
Other systems
Product
solution
market
place
System-
on-a-chip
market
place
Specialized
computation
market
Chip
fabrication
market
place
Smart
System
market
place
Science &
equipment
market
place
6/29/2017 32

Cross-network routing
Purpose
Customers &
environment
Life cycle
Specialty
performance
Specialty
communities
Specialist-to-
specialist
networks
Cross-network
routing
6/29/2017 33
James F. Moore

Our world is being transformed by the
automation of end-to-end navigation
• Consider the GPS navigation system and its
evolution into autonomous vehicles.
• Consider the end-to-end package routing,
tracking and delivery that makes possible e-
commerce.
• Consider the Internet itself, where end-to-end
travel of communication across a heterogeneous
network happens more or less autonomously.
• The smartphone ecosystem is organized in a
similar manner…and this is central to its success.
James F. Moore
6/29/2017 34

In an ecosystem with diverse and
continually-changing customer
desires, diverse products, constantly
co-evolving technologies and new
entrants, how are cross-network
combinations managed?
James F. Moore
6/29/2017 35

James F. Moore
Specialist-to-
specialist markets
are analogous to
rotary intersections
in roadways
networks
Open,
expanding
specialist
communities
are like popular
neighborhoods
6/29/2017 36

James F. Moore
Synopsys
CadenceMentor
ARM
Design automation companies work at a meta-
ecosystem level and enable individualized
linking
6/29/2017 37

Ecosystem-wide knowledge of specialties +
decentralized design automation =
individualized, diverse products and services
James F. Moore
End-to-
end
process
Ecosystem-
wide identity
Design
software
Design
libraries
Interoperable
components
Individualized
products and
services
6/29/2017 38

The functions of the global positioning system
are analogous
James F. Moore
End-to-
end
process
Global
Positioning
System
GIS map
making
Maps and
data
Devices &
services
Route
automation
6/29/2017 39

Cities as collections of specialized
resources

Global positioning system +
Route automation software
= personal route
2
4
1
3
5
James F. Moore
6/29/2017 41

Autonomous cars and self-combining/self-
routing is a general design goal
James F. Moore
Intelligent routing
and machine
control
6/29/2017 42

Oversight
Purpose
Customers &
environment
Life cycle
Specialty
performance
Specialty
communities
Specialist-to-
specialist
networks
Cross-network
routing
6/29/2017 43
James F. Moore

This dimension involves the
agreements and enforcement that
make specialty-to-specialty
collaboration practical—and, at a
higher level, the agreements and
enforcement that ensures that
actors maintain an open ecosystem
and that there are not “bargaining
power failures” in the ecosystem
6/29/2017 44
James F. Moore

Representatives meet, compare
purposes, needs and goals, and design
common approaches to the future. A
shared vision becomes a public good
Design
commons
6/29/2017 45
James F. Moore

James F. Moore
Samsung
TSMC
Freescale
IBM
Intel
Other
Samsung
Apple
Qualcomm
Freescale
nVidia
Samsung
Apple
Huawei
Comm
Encryption
Voice
processing
Sensors and
actuators
Graphics
GPS
Lenovo
Global
Foundries
Energy saving
Low-cost
Speed
Graphics
App support
Radio
Reliable
production
yield
Fabrication
process node
<50$ retail 3G
smartphone
”Democratizing
turnkey chip”
High-end 4G
smartphone
”Some people
pay for luxury”
Xilinx
MediaTek
Atmel
Arduino
LG
Other
smartphone
40%
Other systems
Product
solution
market
place
System-
on-a-chip
market
place
Specialized
computation
market
Chip
fabrication
market
place
Smart
System
market
place
Science &
equipment
market
place
Fabrication
design
commons
Product
design
commons
Science and
tools
design
commons
System design
commons
Chip design
commons
Scdc
SoC chip FabSystemProduct
Each inter-specialty market place is
also a design commons
6/29/2017 46

Any particular design commons enables members of
the community who are most impacted by a
prospective future vision and program to work
together on “360 degree business cases” that
attempt to maximize the use of the shared
resource—in this case a plan all will be affected by.
In the smartphone ecosystem processes of this
general nature are used in dozens and perhaps
hundreds of settings, developing “practical shared
visions” and reducing uncertainty for members—
enabling members to focus on what each does best.
6/29/2017 47
James F. Moore

System equipment
SoC chip
Fab
EDA/SIP
Science &
equipment
6/29/2017 48
James F. Moore

product specifications
System equipment
SoC chip
Fab
EDA/SIP
Science &
equipment
Apple App
Store
ecosystem
Apple-
iOS
iPhone,
iPad
eco-
system
Android
smartphone,
phablet,
tablet etc.
ecosystem
Android/Goog
le App Store
ecosystem
6/29/2017 49
James F. Moore

System equipment
SoC chip
Fab
EDA/SIP
Science &
equipment
Equipment
ecosystem
6/29/2017 50
James F. Moore

System equipment
SoC chip
Fab
EDA/SIP
Science &
equipment
ARM-centered
Intellectual
property
ecosystem
Components
ecosystem
6/29/2017 51
James F. Moore

System equipment
SoC chip
Fab
EDA/SIP
Science &
equipment
Apple App
Store
ecosystem
Apple-
iOS
iPhone,
iPad
eco-
system
ARM-centered
intellectual
property
ecosystem
Android
smartphone,
phablet,
tablet etc.
ecosystem
Android/Goog
le App Store
ecosystem
6/29/2017 52
James F. Moore

Global mission
Purpose
Customers &
environment
Life cycle
Specialty
performance
Specialty
communities
Specialist-to-
specialist
networks
Cross-network
leadership
systems
6/29/2017 53
James F. Moore

A global mission is expressed as the sum of myriad
investments and actions influenced by agreements
made in the design commons. Not only is the
ecosystem not governed top-down, particular
design commons tend to have influence in specific
ways.
6/29/2017 54
James F. Moore

Network operations
Product marketing
System equipment
SoC chip
Fab
EDA/SIP
Science &
equipment
Apple-
iOS
iPhone,
iPad
systems
ARM
architecture;
related chip
models, EDA,
SIP, fab, R&D
Android
smartphone,
phablet,
tablet, stick
systems
Android/Goog
le Apps
Apple Apps
Centers of coordination can provide visionary
leadership for product and market development
6/29/2017 55
James F. Moore

Network operations
Product marketing
System equipment
SoC chip
Fab
EDA/SIP
Science &
equipment
Inter-foundry
standards,
agreements,
cooperation
Foundries enable fabless semiconductor companies & lower
barriers to entry to applying semiconductor advances to
business, social and environmental challenges
6/29/2017 56
James F. Moore

Network operations
Product marketing
System equipment
SoC chip
Fab
EDA/SIP
Science &
equipment
Accessible, pro-diffusion ntellectual property rights management combines with design
automation to lower barriers to entry to the application of computation to diverse problems.
ARM-centered
liberal
licensing
organizationARM
architecture;
related chip
models, EDA,
SIP, fab, R&D
Inter-foundry
standards,
agreements,
cooperation
Electronic
Design
Automation
plus Silicon
Intellectual
Property
community
6/29/2017 57
James F. Moore

Network operations
Product marketing
System equipment
SoC chip
Fab
EDA/SIP
Science &
equipment
Google
EcommerceiTunes
Social networks provide operational platforms
that shape social networks and social reality
Facebook TwitterUber
6/29/2017 58
James F. Moore

Network operations
Product marketing
System equipment
SoC chip
Fab
EDA/SIP
Science &
equipment
Some centers provide notably public-serving
leadership of Internet and Web infrastructure
Internet
protocols
Domain
names,
ICANN
Browser,
HTML, Web
Email routing
6/29/2017 59
James F. Moore

Network operations
Product marketing
System equipment
SoC chip
Fab
EDA/SIP
Science &
equipment
Operation of network & cloud infrastructure
remains largely with specific interests
Mobile
network
agreements
CloudsOpen
Stack,
Open
Flow,
Open
Compute
equipment
Information
security and
privacy
6/29/2017 60
James F. Moore

Network operations
Product marketing
System equipment
SoC chip
Fab
EDA/SIP
Science &
equipment
Science and engineering are generally accessible
and transparent, conditioned on patent policies
Nanoscience,
materials
science;
academic,
industry,
supplier, gov
(DARPA)
Extreme
manufacturin
g processes,
such as EUV;
academic,
industry,
supplier,
government
Computer
science,
information
science
6/29/2017 61
James F. Moore

Network operations
Product marketing
System equipment
SoC chip
Fab
EDA/SIP
Science &
equipment
Apple Apps
managed
marketplace
Apple-
directed
supply
chain
Android open-
source project
and hardware
partners
Android/Goog
le Apps open
marketplace
MIPI Alliance
open interface
design
commons
ARM-centered
liberal
licensing
organization
Electronic
Design
Automation
plus Silicon
Intellectual
Property
community
Highly visible centers of coordination may have
varying perspectives on the public interest
6/29/2017 62
James F. Moore

Network operations
Product marketing
System equipment
SoC chip
Fab
EDA/SIP
Science &
equipment
Linaro open-
source Linux
mobile
middleware
project
MIPI Alliance
open interface
design
commons
Digital commons provide for exchange of ideas, co-
design, co-development of shared resources
6/29/2017 63
James F. Moore

Network operation
Product marketing
System equipment
SoC chip
Fab
EDA/SIP
Science &
equipment
Apple-
iOS
iPhone,
iPad
systems
ARM
architecture;
related chip
models, EDA,
SIP, fab, R&D
Android
smartphone,
phablet,
tablet, stick
systems
Android/Goog
le Apps
Apple Apps
Mobile
network
agreements
Internet
protocols
Domain
registry
ICANN
Browser,
HTML, Web
iTunes
CloudsOpen stack,
open flow,
open comm
Nanoscience,
materials
science;
academic,
industry,
supplier, gov
(DARPA)
Extreme
manufacturin
g processes,
such as EUV;
academic,
industry,
supplier,
government
Computer
science,
information
science
Google
Ecommerce
Facebook Twitter
A new world for strategists
6/29/2017 64
James F. Moore

And this presents a new opportunity for policy makers and
others concerned about the future: joining with poly-centric,
overlapping, interconnected and often informal business
governance ecosystems
6/29/2017
James F. Moore
65

Global culture
Purpose
Customers &
environment
Life cycle
Specialty
performance
Specialty
communities
Specialist-to-
specialist
networks
Cross-network
leadership
systems
6/29/2017 66
James F. Moore

Cultural phenomena
Global culture
is made up of the mental, emotional and linguistic
worlds of people who share purposes, visions,
design commons and initiatives.
6/29/2017 67
James F. Moore

6/29/2017 68
James F. Moore
https://www.linkedin.com/in/drjamesfmoo
US & Europe
Cultural phenomena shape what people desire from
businesses. The smartphone world is pulled by the
aspirations of millions of people, interacting through
multiple, nested global motivational fields.

Of course, the arrow of influence goes from
companies to consumers as well as the reverse, and
companies can influence culture and inspire
customer desires and demand. Apple has become
the most powerful consumer company on earth by
being a global social leader, servant of, and
benefactor of global culture.
6/29/2017 69
James F. Moore
Apple as global social
leader

From a global social and economic policy
standpoint, it is clear that wisely influencing global
cultural phenomena is a vital form of leadership of
business.
6/29/2017 70
James F. Moore

Thank you very much!
James F. Moore
GeoPartners Foundation
https://www.linkedin.com/in/drjamesf
moore/
6/29/2017
James F. Moore
71

Introduction
This paper is based on two complementary, multi-year case studies of business
ecosystems in the global smartphone arena. Researchers were given extensive
direct access to executives in companies across the ecosystem, as well as to data
sets, events, industry analysts and published studies.
The paper demonstrates a comprehensive model of the business ecosystem unit of
analysis.
Consistent with the general systems tradition, the business ecosystem is examined as a
complex, dynamic system characterized by nine design dimensions.
The particular nature of the mobile ecosystem as, in the words of its leaders, an “open
ecosystem” is considered. In this ecosystem inter-contributor coordination is
handled cooperatively by members, through a multitude of voluntary collaborative
“design commons.”
In addition, while the ecosystem is rife with intellectual-property-based monopolies,
this power is generally used to reduce barriers to entry to producers and make the
ecosystem more vibrant. Lowering barriers to entry contrasts with the standard
approach in technology based businesses where producers seek to use intellectual
property rights to exclude others and extract economic rents.
6/29/2017 72
James F. Moore

Business Ecosystem concept
Business ecosystems are defined by their leaders
and members. That is, “business ecosystem” is a
managerial construct that has developed in
business practice. It is applied to networks of
symbiotic contributors. Cross-network, co-
evolving processes abound and the performance
of the ecosystem as a whole depends upon their
mutually-reinforcing activities. Leaders of
business ecosystems influence and shape change
across and within the ecosystem in order to
continually improve ecosystem-wide
performance.
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James F. Moore

As humans we are now learning how
to design and create business
ecosystems on a worldwide scale; this
presents new opportunities that
require new strategy-making methods
and new leadership actions
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James F. Moore

The value of an ecosystem is in the
sum of the total benefits it brings to
those it touches and who engage with
it, minus the costs; the contribution of
an ecosystem is in the mutualisms it
promotes, such that the total
combined net symbiotic productivity
of the world is increased
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James F. Moore

The reach of an ecosystem into new
territories is due to its ability to bring on,
to “onramp” new participants, including
both customers and producers. In part this
is enhanced by the diversity of offerings
the ecosystem presents. Metaphorically
we can think of this as the fractal density
of its edges—or more concretely, the
jaggedness and hospitableness to
settlement of its coastlines…
6/29/2017 76
James F. Moore

The global smartphone business: A large-scale, open business ecosystem

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