THE GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE OF THE HISTORY OF.pptx
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The document discusses the geologic time scale used to classify Earth's history. It is divided into eons, eras, periods, and epochs based on fossil and rock evidence. The two eons are the Precambrian and Phanerozoic. The Precambrian consisted of the Archean and Proterozoic eras when life first evolved. The Phanerozoic eon began when conditions allowed an explosion of life and is divided into the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras. Scientists developed this time scale to bring order and meaning to Earth's 4.6 billion year history based on studies of rock formations and layers around the world.
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(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
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- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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- 2. Geologic Time Scale A record of the life forms and geological events in Earth’s history. Scientists developed the timescale by studying rock layers and fossil worldwide. Radioactive dating helped
- 4. • GIVING TIME A NAME • The largest sections are called “eons”. • “Eons” are divided into “eras” (the 2nd largest section). •“Eras” are divided into “periods”. • ‘Periods’ are divided into ‘epochs”
- 5. Eons • Largest, most general division of time. • 2 Eons • The eons are: Cryptozoic (Precambrian) eon and Phanerozoic eon. • Precambrian and Phanerozoic eon both consists of three eras as shown in the figure. All life forms were long assumed to have originated, and therefore, all earlier rocks were grouped together. Started when Precambrian time ended by which conditions were set for the explosion of life.
- 6. Eras • Each Eon is broken up into Eras. Major eras in Earth’s history: • Archean (4600 mya - 2500 mya) • Proterozoic (2500 mya - 540 mya) • Paleozoic (540mya - 250mya)
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