Cottonseed protein has great potential to replace fishmeal in aquaculture feeds. It provides a sustainable, plant-based protein source that is comparable to fishmeal in amino acid profile and highly palatable to aquatic species. While cottonseed contains the toxin gossypol, some aquatic species like catfish and shrimp are quite tolerant. Glandless cotton varieties that are gossypol-free are being grown experimentally and could be scaled up. Transgenic technology may also soon produce ultra-low gossypol cottonseeds. Cottonseed protein is available now and can partially or fully replace fishmeal in many aquaculture diets depending on the species' gossypol tolerance. This has the potential to significantly improve aquaculture
When farming animals and fish, there is often a danger that we may assume that their dietary requirements match our own. However, those of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio, certainly do not.
The Salmonidae family, collectively known as Salmonids, comprises of salmon, trout, chars, freshwater whitefishes, and graylings, but it is the trout and Atlantic salmon, of the genus Salmo, which gives the family their name. A slender teleost fish, they can range in size between just 13 cm to a whopping 2 m in length. With a single row of sharp teeth, Salmonids are predators, choosing to feed on smaller fish, aquatic insects and small crustaceans. Despite spawning in fresh water Salmonids are mostly anadromous, spending their lives at sea, choosing only to return to rivers to reproduce.
Effect of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Natural Food Composition and P...Sebastian Mosha
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to assess the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on natural food
composition and performance of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fry produced under artificial propagation. In
both experiments chicken manure, di-ammonium phosphate and no fertilizer were used as treatments. The first
experiment was conducted to determine the abundance and diversity of natural food produced in tanks fertilized with
chicken manure and di-ammonium phosphate fertilizer. The second experiment was conducted to assess growth
performance and survival of catfish fry produced in chicken manure and di-ammonium phosphate at 5fry/m2 and
10fry/m 2 stocking densities. Nine concrete tanks and eighteen concrete tanks were used in experiment 1 and 2,
respectively. The results indicated that abundance of natural food (phytoplankton) were significantly higher (P<0.05)
in di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) fertilizer applied tanks compared to other treatments. Zooplankton diversity was
higher in tanks applied with chicken manure, followed by tanks applied with DAP fertilizer and least in tanks with no
fertilizer. Fry growth performance was higher in fertilized tanks compared to unfertilized tanks. At low stocking density
(5fry/m2) fry had better growth performance compared to high stocking density (10fry/m2) across all fertilizer types.
Survival rates were not significantly different (P>0.05) between chicken manure and DAP fertilized treatments across
stocking densities though significantly differed (P<0.05) from the control. Water quality parameters were found to be
within the optimum range for catfish in both experiments. In conclusion, the study indicated that higher phytoplankton
abundance are attained with DAP fertilized tanks and zooplankton diversity were higher in chicken manure applied
tanks. Therefore, it is recommended that for better growth and survival in aquaculture practices, catfish fry should be
raised in DAP or chicken manure fertilized tanks at low stocking density as suggested by this study.
Lupins are a high protein, high energy, nitrogen-fixing grain legume with a protein and oil composition that can effectively compete with imported soya as part of livestock and fish diets. As a result, lupins have considerable potential to provide a comparable UK-grown vegetable protein source for farmed animals and aquaculture, as well as providing other advantages as arable break crops. With the proposed CAP greening reforms and the requirements of the new Basic Payment Scheme in respect of Ecological Focus Areas, there has never been a better time to look at legumes in crop rotations and lupins in particular tick several boxes.
Fish farming traditionally has many drawbacks. But it evolved after the ages to produce huge number of fishes in lesser space with Biofloc technology which has a competitive advantage over the traditional technique.
Current food needs in the world are growing due to population boom and the popularity of fish is drastically improved due to it, whereas the supply of fish becoming stagnant due to pollution, plastic and many factors, etc. To tackle this needs scientists have developed a technique to produce it commercially with less space, in lesser time with a less inorganic food requirement.
When farming animals and fish, there is often a danger that we may assume that their dietary requirements match our own. However, those of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio, certainly do not.
The Salmonidae family, collectively known as Salmonids, comprises of salmon, trout, chars, freshwater whitefishes, and graylings, but it is the trout and Atlantic salmon, of the genus Salmo, which gives the family their name. A slender teleost fish, they can range in size between just 13 cm to a whopping 2 m in length. With a single row of sharp teeth, Salmonids are predators, choosing to feed on smaller fish, aquatic insects and small crustaceans. Despite spawning in fresh water Salmonids are mostly anadromous, spending their lives at sea, choosing only to return to rivers to reproduce.
Effect of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Natural Food Composition and P...Sebastian Mosha
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to assess the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on natural food
composition and performance of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fry produced under artificial propagation. In
both experiments chicken manure, di-ammonium phosphate and no fertilizer were used as treatments. The first
experiment was conducted to determine the abundance and diversity of natural food produced in tanks fertilized with
chicken manure and di-ammonium phosphate fertilizer. The second experiment was conducted to assess growth
performance and survival of catfish fry produced in chicken manure and di-ammonium phosphate at 5fry/m2 and
10fry/m 2 stocking densities. Nine concrete tanks and eighteen concrete tanks were used in experiment 1 and 2,
respectively. The results indicated that abundance of natural food (phytoplankton) were significantly higher (P<0.05)
in di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) fertilizer applied tanks compared to other treatments. Zooplankton diversity was
higher in tanks applied with chicken manure, followed by tanks applied with DAP fertilizer and least in tanks with no
fertilizer. Fry growth performance was higher in fertilized tanks compared to unfertilized tanks. At low stocking density
(5fry/m2) fry had better growth performance compared to high stocking density (10fry/m2) across all fertilizer types.
Survival rates were not significantly different (P>0.05) between chicken manure and DAP fertilized treatments across
stocking densities though significantly differed (P<0.05) from the control. Water quality parameters were found to be
within the optimum range for catfish in both experiments. In conclusion, the study indicated that higher phytoplankton
abundance are attained with DAP fertilized tanks and zooplankton diversity were higher in chicken manure applied
tanks. Therefore, it is recommended that for better growth and survival in aquaculture practices, catfish fry should be
raised in DAP or chicken manure fertilized tanks at low stocking density as suggested by this study.
Lupins are a high protein, high energy, nitrogen-fixing grain legume with a protein and oil composition that can effectively compete with imported soya as part of livestock and fish diets. As a result, lupins have considerable potential to provide a comparable UK-grown vegetable protein source for farmed animals and aquaculture, as well as providing other advantages as arable break crops. With the proposed CAP greening reforms and the requirements of the new Basic Payment Scheme in respect of Ecological Focus Areas, there has never been a better time to look at legumes in crop rotations and lupins in particular tick several boxes.
Fish farming traditionally has many drawbacks. But it evolved after the ages to produce huge number of fishes in lesser space with Biofloc technology which has a competitive advantage over the traditional technique.
Current food needs in the world are growing due to population boom and the popularity of fish is drastically improved due to it, whereas the supply of fish becoming stagnant due to pollution, plastic and many factors, etc. To tackle this needs scientists have developed a technique to produce it commercially with less space, in lesser time with a less inorganic food requirement.
The potential of microalgae meals in compound feeds for aquacultureInternational Aquafeed
Intensive production of mainly carnivorous fish has resulted in fish feeds containing high levels of fishmeal and fish oil, with Europe requiring around 1.9 million tonnes a year. Although this use of fishmeal was initially the recycling of waste from fishing through the use of bycatch and trimmings, due to the rapid development of aquaculture this reliance on fishmeal and fish oil is environmentally unsustainable. This has resulted in other sources of fish feed being investigated. This literature review will focus on microalgae; the composition in terms of nutritional quality, the current methods of production and associated costs along with potential future uses such as feed in aquaculture.
Catfishes are the second major group of freshwater fishes. India, being a mega-diverse country, harbors 197 species of catfish. Catfishes, owing to their unique taste, are considered a delicacy for the fish consumers, but production of different indigenous catfishes through aquaculture is unexplored in India, although aquaculture contribution of some of the catfish varieties like Ictalurus, Silurus and Clarias spp. has been exemplary in the World scenario.
The Asian catfish Pangasius, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus is recognised as a leading aquaculture food fish on world markets. The commercial culture of Pangasius was developed in the mid 1990’s in Vietnam and quickly expanded to production levels of nearly one million tons per year. Other countries including Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, Indonesia, Philippines, Bangladesh and India have adapted Pangasius as part of their aquaculture production. Pangasius can be successfully cultured in most tropical regions of the world however countries in the Western Hemisphere have been slow to embrace Pangasius aquaculture, in part, due to the lack of practical knowledge of the species food requirements during the larval and fry stages.
The early mortality syndrome (EMS) in shrimp has been ravaging production systems, spreading vertically in Asia and horizontally to countries as far away as Mexico since first reported in 2009.
A company dedicated to the design and creation of business models focused on the development of the Agricultural Industry by implementing projects with a proposed high social value. We also promote environmental care and our business model is based upon the use of an aquatic plant known as duckweed (Lemna - Duckweed) as a base raw material for:
Systems for Wastewater Treatment.
Aquaculture Farms.
Poultry and pig farms.
Manufacturing of protein powder for human consumption.
Production of Biopolymers (Plastic) from starch.
Production of biofuels.
Are edible insects the next sustainable source of proteins challenges in the ...foodresearch
Animal-based products, such as meat and milk, deliver primary nutritional components around the globe. To handle the rapidly growing population and to sustain global food production by keeping an account of the carbon emissions during this process is proving to be quite challenging. One of the potential alternative sources of proteins is edible insects with protein content ranged from 35% to 61%, lipids (13-33%) and contains significant amount of animal fiber in form of insoluble chitin. Insects are a part of the human diet in many cultures in different countries. However, entomophagy is not promoted widely even by many international organizations. The common popular insects fall into these categories, beetles, bees, caterpillars, ants, wasps, locusts, crickets, leafhoppers and grasshoppers, true bugs, termites, dragonflies and flies.
Are the insects eating could be the future?
As a consumer, we should be aware of entomophagy, and the insect rearing might become a necessity in the future. Some consumers in different countries are willing to pay a premium price as street foods are sold in hygienic conditions. Entomophagy is revalidated from time to time with the help of worldwide campaigns in countries suffering from acute food shortages. The global strategy is to maintain sustainable food security for everyone.
Food Research Lab can help you solve these problems related to the formulation of food products with edible insects. FRL is for food and nutraceutical manufacturers as well as those companies involved in NPD and developing spec without manufacturing. FRL gives you the ability to improve all phases and aspects of new product development, such as original specification, ideation, shelf-life, and packaging. Additionally, you can get them out to market quicker than ever before.
Want to know more: https://bit.ly/3zNDnV3
Contact us:
Website: https://www.foodresearchlab.com/
Contact no: UK- +44- 161 818 4656 , INDIA- +91 9566299022
Email: info@foodresearchlab.com
A bureau de change? What's that got to do with the price of fish? Quite a lot, actually. Well over two thirds of the world's farmed common carp is produced in China. As a result, it is believed that the strength of the Chinese yuan can have a significant effect on the market price of this fish worldwide.
Evaluation of house fly (Musca domestica) maggot meal and termite (Macroterme...Premier Publishers
A 56-day feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of the combination of maggot and termite meal with Coppens commercial feed on the growth performance, food utilization and survival of the African catfish (C. gariepinus). A total of 150 fingerlings were stocked in fifteen glass aquaria, 10 each in triplicate. Fish in aquarium A1, A2 and A3 were fed maggot meal (100 %-MM), B1, B2 and B3 with termite meal (100 % - TM), C1, C2 and C3 with equal combination of maggot meal and Coppens feed (50:50), D1, D2, and D3 with equal combination of termite meal and Coppens feed (50:50) and E1, E2 and E3 with Coppens feed (100 %). Growth performance including length gain, weight gain, growth rate, specific growth rate and mean growth rate and food utilization indices including food consumed (g), food conversion ratio and food conversion ratio showed significant variation (P<0.05) in fish fed Coppens feed compared to other treatments. Physico-chemical parameters and ammonia (mg/l) were within the acceptable range for optimal growth of freshwater fishes. Although Coppens was the best result for growth and food utilization, the combination of maggot/termite meal with Coppens as supplementary feed will reduce the cost of fish production exposing farmers to a higher profit margin. In conclusion, feeding fish with only termite meal or maggot meal can lead to poor growth because these insect meals do not provide all the nutrients required for optimal growth in fish. However, maggot meal and termite meal should be used as only as a supplementary food in fish culture or as a replacement for highly priced fishmeal in fish feed formulation because they are rich in protein.
Effect of Intensifying Stocking Densities and Proper Feed Management Techniqu...IJERA Editor
Clarias gariepinus was cultured in earthen ponds at three very high stocking densities- 27, 45, and 90 fingerlings/m2 in replicates and fed with both commercial (CF) and formulated feed (FF). After eight weeks, fish fed CF had the highest mean daily weight gain of 0.591±0.004g/day; 0.491±0.004g/day; 0.576±0.001g/day respectively for 27, 45 and 90 fingerlings/m2 with a corresponding MDWG of 0.576±0.001; 0.608±0.005 and 0.607±0.012g/day with FF. The weight and Condition Factor (g)(C.F.) for CF fed were 32.71g (0.93); 31.66g (0.68) and 32.0g (0.85) respectively for 27, 45 and 90 fingerlings/m2 , while FF correspondingly yielded 34.43g (0.80); 35.33g (0.47) and 35.33g (0.90). The survival rate was highest with CF at 27 fingerlings/m2 and lowest with FF at 90 fingerlings/m2 . Consequently, a stocking density of 45 fingerlings/m2 is recommended for earthen pond culture with either CF or FF. Feeding specificity, timeliness in feeding cum high quality feed enhanced fish growth and development.
The potential of microalgae meals in compound feeds for aquacultureInternational Aquafeed
Intensive production of mainly carnivorous fish has resulted in fish feeds containing high levels of fishmeal and fish oil, with Europe requiring around 1.9 million tonnes a year. Although this use of fishmeal was initially the recycling of waste from fishing through the use of bycatch and trimmings, due to the rapid development of aquaculture this reliance on fishmeal and fish oil is environmentally unsustainable. This has resulted in other sources of fish feed being investigated. This literature review will focus on microalgae; the composition in terms of nutritional quality, the current methods of production and associated costs along with potential future uses such as feed in aquaculture.
Catfishes are the second major group of freshwater fishes. India, being a mega-diverse country, harbors 197 species of catfish. Catfishes, owing to their unique taste, are considered a delicacy for the fish consumers, but production of different indigenous catfishes through aquaculture is unexplored in India, although aquaculture contribution of some of the catfish varieties like Ictalurus, Silurus and Clarias spp. has been exemplary in the World scenario.
The Asian catfish Pangasius, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus is recognised as a leading aquaculture food fish on world markets. The commercial culture of Pangasius was developed in the mid 1990’s in Vietnam and quickly expanded to production levels of nearly one million tons per year. Other countries including Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, Indonesia, Philippines, Bangladesh and India have adapted Pangasius as part of their aquaculture production. Pangasius can be successfully cultured in most tropical regions of the world however countries in the Western Hemisphere have been slow to embrace Pangasius aquaculture, in part, due to the lack of practical knowledge of the species food requirements during the larval and fry stages.
The early mortality syndrome (EMS) in shrimp has been ravaging production systems, spreading vertically in Asia and horizontally to countries as far away as Mexico since first reported in 2009.
A company dedicated to the design and creation of business models focused on the development of the Agricultural Industry by implementing projects with a proposed high social value. We also promote environmental care and our business model is based upon the use of an aquatic plant known as duckweed (Lemna - Duckweed) as a base raw material for:
Systems for Wastewater Treatment.
Aquaculture Farms.
Poultry and pig farms.
Manufacturing of protein powder for human consumption.
Production of Biopolymers (Plastic) from starch.
Production of biofuels.
Are edible insects the next sustainable source of proteins challenges in the ...foodresearch
Animal-based products, such as meat and milk, deliver primary nutritional components around the globe. To handle the rapidly growing population and to sustain global food production by keeping an account of the carbon emissions during this process is proving to be quite challenging. One of the potential alternative sources of proteins is edible insects with protein content ranged from 35% to 61%, lipids (13-33%) and contains significant amount of animal fiber in form of insoluble chitin. Insects are a part of the human diet in many cultures in different countries. However, entomophagy is not promoted widely even by many international organizations. The common popular insects fall into these categories, beetles, bees, caterpillars, ants, wasps, locusts, crickets, leafhoppers and grasshoppers, true bugs, termites, dragonflies and flies.
Are the insects eating could be the future?
As a consumer, we should be aware of entomophagy, and the insect rearing might become a necessity in the future. Some consumers in different countries are willing to pay a premium price as street foods are sold in hygienic conditions. Entomophagy is revalidated from time to time with the help of worldwide campaigns in countries suffering from acute food shortages. The global strategy is to maintain sustainable food security for everyone.
Food Research Lab can help you solve these problems related to the formulation of food products with edible insects. FRL is for food and nutraceutical manufacturers as well as those companies involved in NPD and developing spec without manufacturing. FRL gives you the ability to improve all phases and aspects of new product development, such as original specification, ideation, shelf-life, and packaging. Additionally, you can get them out to market quicker than ever before.
Want to know more: https://bit.ly/3zNDnV3
Contact us:
Website: https://www.foodresearchlab.com/
Contact no: UK- +44- 161 818 4656 , INDIA- +91 9566299022
Email: info@foodresearchlab.com
A bureau de change? What's that got to do with the price of fish? Quite a lot, actually. Well over two thirds of the world's farmed common carp is produced in China. As a result, it is believed that the strength of the Chinese yuan can have a significant effect on the market price of this fish worldwide.
Evaluation of house fly (Musca domestica) maggot meal and termite (Macroterme...Premier Publishers
A 56-day feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of the combination of maggot and termite meal with Coppens commercial feed on the growth performance, food utilization and survival of the African catfish (C. gariepinus). A total of 150 fingerlings were stocked in fifteen glass aquaria, 10 each in triplicate. Fish in aquarium A1, A2 and A3 were fed maggot meal (100 %-MM), B1, B2 and B3 with termite meal (100 % - TM), C1, C2 and C3 with equal combination of maggot meal and Coppens feed (50:50), D1, D2, and D3 with equal combination of termite meal and Coppens feed (50:50) and E1, E2 and E3 with Coppens feed (100 %). Growth performance including length gain, weight gain, growth rate, specific growth rate and mean growth rate and food utilization indices including food consumed (g), food conversion ratio and food conversion ratio showed significant variation (P<0.05) in fish fed Coppens feed compared to other treatments. Physico-chemical parameters and ammonia (mg/l) were within the acceptable range for optimal growth of freshwater fishes. Although Coppens was the best result for growth and food utilization, the combination of maggot/termite meal with Coppens as supplementary feed will reduce the cost of fish production exposing farmers to a higher profit margin. In conclusion, feeding fish with only termite meal or maggot meal can lead to poor growth because these insect meals do not provide all the nutrients required for optimal growth in fish. However, maggot meal and termite meal should be used as only as a supplementary food in fish culture or as a replacement for highly priced fishmeal in fish feed formulation because they are rich in protein.
Effect of Intensifying Stocking Densities and Proper Feed Management Techniqu...IJERA Editor
Clarias gariepinus was cultured in earthen ponds at three very high stocking densities- 27, 45, and 90 fingerlings/m2 in replicates and fed with both commercial (CF) and formulated feed (FF). After eight weeks, fish fed CF had the highest mean daily weight gain of 0.591±0.004g/day; 0.491±0.004g/day; 0.576±0.001g/day respectively for 27, 45 and 90 fingerlings/m2 with a corresponding MDWG of 0.576±0.001; 0.608±0.005 and 0.607±0.012g/day with FF. The weight and Condition Factor (g)(C.F.) for CF fed were 32.71g (0.93); 31.66g (0.68) and 32.0g (0.85) respectively for 27, 45 and 90 fingerlings/m2 , while FF correspondingly yielded 34.43g (0.80); 35.33g (0.47) and 35.33g (0.90). The survival rate was highest with CF at 27 fingerlings/m2 and lowest with FF at 90 fingerlings/m2 . Consequently, a stocking density of 45 fingerlings/m2 is recommended for earthen pond culture with either CF or FF. Feeding specificity, timeliness in feeding cum high quality feed enhanced fish growth and development.
Dr. Eckel – Germany’s pioneer in functional feed additives – is constantly working on new solutions to provide reliable solutions for premium aquaculture feed. Dr. Eckel now releases Anta®Ox Aqua – the all-natural feed additive for intensive Shrimp production.
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• beskriver den genomsnittliga pensioneringsåldern, om pensionsfrekvensen och dödligheten hålls på granskningsårets nivå
• är oberoende av befolkningens åldersstruktur och räknas enligt samma princip som den förväntade livslängden
• mäter utvecklingen av den förväntade pensioneringsåldern för 25- och 50-åringar.
This is the year when technology and digital channels are going to enhance the way vendors communicate with their partners — and vice versa.
According to our panel of channel marketing thought leaders, the digital landscape will impact how vendors are segmenting leads for partners and ensure that messaging to buyers is relevant and contextual.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Single-cell proteins refers to edible unicellular microorganisms. The biomass or protein extract from pure or mixed cultures of algae, yeasts, fungi or bacteria may be used as an ingredient or a substitute for protein-rich foods, and is suitable for human consumption or as animal feeds.
- manikant mani
Duckweed is the smallest flowering plant in the world, an aquatic plant which can be found in fresh water or wetlands in most corners of the world that do not freeze too frequently. Floating on or just below the surface of still or slow-moving bodies of water, many around the world perceive it as a pest, claiming it “clogs up lakes or ponds”.
Commodities - SAVE THE DOLLAR YOU INVEST: OPTIMISED RAW FEED MATERIAL PRESERV...Milling and Grain magazine
Global contemporary animal production quadrupled during the past 50 years and totaled with 308 million MT of meat produced in 2013, with Asia as the main animal production center.
Soy protein concentrate: a value- added soy product for aquafeedsCJBio3
Aquaculture is the world's fastest-growing industry in the food production sector. It is projected that aquaculture will play a major role in the global food supply by doubling and intensifying its production by 2050. Fish meal is considered as “the gold standard” ingredients for aqua feed, but its unstable price and availability might decelerate the sector expansion and hurt famer’s profits. Although plant-based ingredients can be fish meal alternatives, their high content of antinutritional factors might cause some negative effects on fish growth. However, soy protein concentrate, which provides a great source of protein with less antinutrients thanks to the aqueous alcohol extraction in its refining process, are employing widely for better cost management with stable feed quality.
The article today will provide some updates about SPC using in feed production and the benefits which it brings on fish growth performance.
Fishmeal used to hold an important position as a constituent of pig and poultry diets, but use in the sector declined as the aquaculture sector developed and sourced an increasing proportion of global supply of this marine ingredient. With fishmeal now regarded as less of a commodity and more of a strategic protein, another look at the benefits of this high value material is warranted.
The Growth of Microalgae in Shrimp Hatchery: Impact of Environment on Nutriti...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry (IOSR-JBB) covers studies of the chemical processes in living organisms, structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules, chemical properties of important biological molecules, like proteins, in particular the chemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, genetic code (DNA, RNA), protein synthesis, cell membrane transport, and signal transduction. IOSR-JBB is privileged to focus on a wide range of biotechnology as well as high quality articles on genetic engineering, cell and tissue culture technologies, genetics, microbiology, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cell biology, chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, information technology, biorobotics.
Novel Protein Foods: Alternative Sources of Protein for Human Consumption Neeleshkumar Maurya
Proteins are a major macronutrient of the human diet needed for survival. Its crucial function in nourishment is to provide sufficient amounts of amino acids to the body as these amino acids work as anaplerotic substrates in the building block of the body. As the growth of population increases continuously, the demand for protein also increases over the next decades, and it is very important to search alternative sources of protein for human consumption. The present food industrialists aim to develop a cheaper, protein rich that have almost essential amino acids with highest bioavailability and more convenient food products. Single cell protein from algae and fungi, leaf protein extract and many insects could be an alternative of protein, because they have almost all the essential amino acids required for the human body for the survival.
Natural additives for fish - do we have to reinvent the wheel or is there a s...International Aquafeed
The global importance of aquaculture, in particular finfish, is growing and correspondingly, the demand for high-quality feeds and additives is increasing year by year (Aquafeed Directory Issue 2013/14).
Presentation during the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) 15th Agriculture and Fisheries Technology Forum and Product Exhibition Seminar Series on August 15, 2019 at BAR Grounds, cor. Visayas Ave., Elliptical Rd., Diliman, Quezon City
Protein is critical to Human health . An estimated 2 billion people suffer from undernutrition - a lack of access to key micronutrients
- Resulting in major health risks .Those in the worlds poorest countries remain vulnerable to malnutrition .
The Protein Challenge an Initiative of the WWF ( world wildlife fund) , Gain (The Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition ) , industrial partner Quorn - Volac - Hershey - Target- Waitrose
FEED FOCUS: Animal feeding in the future: reaching genetic potential through ...Milling and Grain magazine
In the last decade, animal protein production has faced all-time record high commodities prices, the occurrence of serious diseases such as avian influenza (e.g. H7N9), porcine epidemic diarrhoea (PED), food scares, salmonella in dairy farming and campylobacter in chickens. Each of which is related to the increased intensification of farming, but can be mostly attributed to authorities' ability to analyse for contaminents at even lower levels. Indeed, the ability to detect polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), heavy metals and mycotoxins in feedstuffs has never been more sensitive, making us aware of risks we never used to imagine.
Options and challenges of alternative protein and energy resources for aquafeedInternational Aquafeed
Feed for fish and shrimp raised in aquaculture needs high levels of protein and energy. Traditionally feed for carnivorous or omnivorous fish and for shrimp provides these mainly as fishmeal and fish oil, which also contributes to the health promoting aspects of fish and shrimp in the human diet.
Similar to The future of fish meal replacement: Cotton Protein (20)
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY: The use of feed in recirculating aquaculture systems...International Aquafeed
One of the greatest operating costs in aquaculture is the use of commercial feed pellets, which can comprise of up to 50-60 percent of total expense in some farms.
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY: The Faivre equipped trout farms of AbbevilleInternational Aquafeed
Amidst the picturesque countryside of Abbeville, Northern France, Darren Parris, Tom Blacker and Peter Parker from the International Aquafeed team, spent an afternoon late last year visiting trout farms. Our hosts were Phillip Jorgensen, fish farms manager, and Aubert Faivre, who is sales manager for Faivre.
Innovation nation - How new developments in aquaculture are boosting the Scot...International Aquafeed
With an estimated market value of over £1.8 billion and Scottish salmon exports alone reaching over £500 million, Scotland’s aquaculture sector is fast becoming a core pillar for the future growth of the Scottish economy. However, with such a steep increase in the demand for fish products, there is a real need for innovation within the sector to stay ahead of the curve and provide a sustainable supply of healthy protein; not only for the present but for the future of a market that appears set to keep growing. Ahead of Aquaculture UK, CEO of the Scottish Aquaculture Innovation Centre (SAIC), Heather Jones, shares some of the organisation’s forays into finfish research projects and the ways in which is working with both industry and academia to enhance the whole of the Scottish aquaculture sector.
Mud crabs, also known as mangrove crabs, occur widely in estuaries and along tropical, subtropical and warm temperate coasts in the world. There are four species of mud crab (Family: Portunidae), Scylla serrata, S. tranquebarica, S. paramamosain and S. olivacea that are the focus of both commercial fisheries and aquaculture production throughout their distribution. They are among the most valuable crab species in the world, with the bulk of their commercial production sent live to market.
The European lobster (Homarus gammarus) is an ecologically important species of the North-eastern Atlantic which supports wild trap fisheries that are worth around £30 million each year to the UK alone. By weight the species is the highest-value seafood among those landed regularly in the UK and Ireland, where 75 percent of the ~5,000t annual landings for the species are made. As such, lobsters provide essential diversity to fragile inshore fisheries and vital income for rural coastal economies. However, populations across its range are pressured by rising exploitation, from which traditional fisheries management has failed to prevent extensive regional stock collapses in the recent past, and now struggles to stimulate recovery. While lobsters have long been transported as a live export commodity, chiefly to France and the Iberian peninsula, emerging markets, particularly those in East Asia, threaten to create additional demand for the species which far exceeds current capture yields. Improvements in hatchery rearing success have seen a number of recent aquaculture initiatives employed, in the hope of both generating restoration and improved sustainability of wild harvests, and instigating commercial aquaculture possibilities.
In the past 50 years, the global demand for fish products has doubled, and more than 45 percent of the world’s seafood today now comes not from wild catches, but from either land-based or offshore fish farms. To meet this rising demand for seafood worldwide, more fish have to be raised in fish farms, and aquaculture is an essential link in the agricultural chain.
Mexico, with a population of 122 million is the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world. The country is known for its Pacific and Gulf of Mexico beaches and its diverse landscape of mountains, deserts and jungles. Ancient ruins such as Teotihuacan (Aztec), Chichen Itza (Mayan) and Spanish colonial-era towns are scattered throughout the country.
The quality and digestibility of proteins is one of the most important issues in shrimp nutrition. Marine proteins (mainly fish meal) can only be partially replaced by standard vegetable proteins like soybean meal.
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The nutritional quality of larvae diets affects fishes’ fillet quality and quantity. Studies show that phospholipids increase fish larvae growth and development; so phospholipids are an essential component of the early weaning diet.
Carbohydrates are an excellent source of energy and carbon in feed formulations. They can be easily distinguished from the other energy yielding nutrients in terms of their abundance and low price. To illustrate, the collective global production of the major cereal grains i.e., maize, wheat and rice amounted to a colossal 2.5 billion tonnes in the year 2013 (FAO). The total carbohydrate content and the digestible fraction of starch and sugars in these grains can be roughly estimated to be about 2.1 and 1.75 billion tonnes, respectively (www.feedipedia.org). Besides, the unit cost of carbohydrate sources is almost three to five fold less than that of the protein and lipid sources of interest. Therefore, the inclusion level of carbohydrates in commercial fish feed assumes direct economic significance i.e., in terms of lower feed cost per unit weight gain.
Brewers’ yeast and derived products have been successfully used in animal nutrition, including aquafeeds, for several decades now. Leiber GmbH, with two production sites in Germany and further facilities in Poland and Russia, have manufactured brewers’ yeast products for more than 60 years.
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It is often thought that vacuum coating was firs t invented in Norway. The idea might have been Norwegian, but the technology was developed in the Netherlands. It has been 25 years now since Dinnissen, together with aquafeed producer Skretting, invented the firs t vacuum coater.
The Pegasus® Vacuum Coater is intended for everyone who wishes to manufacture pelleted and extruded products in accordance with mos t modern production specifications.
It allows you to create a vacuum environment for your production process and to deal effectively with a very wide range of future challenges.
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As an aquafeed processor, you are always aware that your drying operation has a significant impact on your bottom line. Drying is a very energy-intensive operation; that’s why most aquafeed producers diligently track the cost of fuel used in their drying operation.
As an aquafeed processor, you are always aware that your drying operation has a significant impact on your bottom line. Drying is a very energy-intensive operation; that’s why most aquafeed producers diligently track the cost of fuel used in their drying operation.
Much has been made of gut health recently. By unpacking the concept, we can arrive at a better understanding of the driving factors, influences, indicators and implications of gut health for aquaculture.
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The future of fish meal replacement: Cotton Protein
1. I
n the 1985 movie Back to the Future, time travelers
visit 2015. By pure coincidence, the date they
visited coincided with Aquaculture Europe 2015,
giving attendees the opportunity to speculate about
what aquaculture will look like in another 30
years. An exciting prediction was made: by 2045,
more protein from the cotton plant will be used in
aquaculture feeds than that from fishmeal.
The good news is we don’t need a tricked-out
DeLorean time machine to take us to the future to confirm
that prediction, because the future is right in front of us. The
industry’s quest for a sustainable, plant-based protein to meet
current and future demands takes us to a present-day cotton field.
Worldwide, the annual cotton crop produces about 10 million
metric tons of pure protein. This is equivalent to 16 million
metric tons of fishmeal, or four times current fishmeal production.
It’s no secret that at current worldwide growth rates, which
currently stand at approximately eight percent annually, the
aquaculture industry will soon require fishmeal in volumes far
beyond that which the oceans can sustainably provide. The
United Nations’ FAO reports that fish populations targeted for
fishmeal production could be depleted by 2030.
Cottonseed protein, byproducts of cotton production, are
expected to be an excellent and far less costly – financially
and environmentally – replacement for fishmeal in aquaculture
applications.
Unlocking cottonseed’s protein potential
Although best known for its use in textiles, the cotton plant
is increasingly valued for its seed, which is crushed for its oil
and sold into the food industry or fed whole as a premium feed
ingredient to high-producing dairy cows. In the ginning process,
the fluffy white fiber is removed, leaving behind a fuzzy, protein-
rich cottonseed.
Proven highly palatable to aquatic animals in feeding trials,
cottonseed has great potential but its use has been limited due
to a naturally occurring toxin, gossypol, produced by the tiny
glands distributed throughout the cotton plant. Gossypol, a
defense mechanism designed by nature to discourage predation,
is toxic at some level for all animals, insects and microbes – but
is tolerated well by ruminants. The primary mechanism of its
toxicity involves the binding of gossypol with the iron in red
blood cells, severely limiting the blood’s ability to transport
oxygen.
Biotechnology now exists to “turn off” the production of
gossypol just in the seed, and Cotton Incorporated, a not-
for-profit research and marketing company, is taking steps to
commercialize this ultra-low gossypol cotton variety. In the
meantime, two immediate opportunities exist for aquaculture to
tap the proven benefits of cottonseed as a fish meal replacement.
First, all cottonseed available today can be formulated to meet
some of the dietary needs of most aquaculture species. Second,
a naturally glandless variety of cottonseed discovered in the
1950s is currently being cultivated on an experimental basis on
about 150 acres in New Mexico, USA, providing the aquaculture
industry with a very limited supply of gossypol-free cotton
protein for research and evaluation. Increased demand for this
product could easily result in a rapid expansion in glandless
cotton acreage in New Mexico where low bug pressure allows it
to be successfully grown.
Jumbo-sized plant-based alternative
In the desert of New Mexico, a commercial inland shrimp
Table 1: Reported tolerance of various aquatic species to gossypol in the
total diet
Species
Maximum-
tolerance,
ppm (FG)
Toxic Effects
Description Reference
Channel Catfish 800
No adverse effects
for growth or blood
Yildrim-Aksoy
et al. (2004b)
Channel Catfish 336 Reduced growth
Barros et al.
(1984)
Tilapia (O. spp.) 520
Reduced growth,
increased liver
gossypol level
Mbahinzireki
et al. (2001)
Juvenile Rainbow
Trout
250
Reduced growth,
increased liver
gossypol level
Roehm et al.
(1967)
Adult Rainbow
Trout
495
Normal growth,
lower hematocrit &
hemoglobin
Dabrowski et
al. (2000)
Rainbow Trout 232
Reduced growth
and reduced
hemoglobin
Dabrowski et
al. (2001)
Pacific White
Shrimp
1100
Reduced feed
intake, reduced
growth, high
mortality
Lim (1996)
The future of fish meal replacement:
Cotton Protein
by Tom Wedegaertner, director of agricultural research, Cotton Incorporated
This high-protein, palatable feed
ingredient comes from the cotton
plant – and is available today
16 | January | February 2016 - International Aquafeed
FEATURE
2. farmer grows out jumbo shrimp on
a diet largely made up of high-
protein cottonseed flour. New
Mexico Shrimp Company has
partnered with Cotton Incorporated
in a commercial-scale project that
demonstrates cottonseed’s usability
for aquaculture and highlighting
cotton’s contribution to improving
the sustainability of local shrimp
production.
In this arid pocket of the United
States, commercial cotton growers
have unlimited potential to grow
glandless cotton varieties.
New Mexico Shrimp Company
is set up for conducting research
and feeding trials with diets
containing varying levels of locally
grown cottonseed to analyze feed
efficiency, water quality and growth
rate. The findings are promising.
Complete replacement of fishmeal
with cottonseed protein flour has resulted in no negative effects
on performance. These results are consistent with the findings
of several research projects recently conducted by Texas A&M
University.
Recent research conducted by the University of North Carolina
concluded that menhaden fishmeal can be 100 percent replaced
by cotton protein in the diet of juvenile black sea bass, without
affecting performance. The researchers observed that diets
containing cottonseed protein were consumed voraciously by the
juvenile sea bass.
Recent studies at Auburn University found similar results with
pompano and concluded that glandless cottonseed protein is
acceptable for use in feed for Florida pompano.
Protein from the cotton plant is poised to make a significant
contribution to the sustainability of aquaculture, by extending the
supply of precious and most likely unsustainable fishmeal.
International Aquafeed - January | February 2016 | 17
FEATURE
3. The future: ultra-low gossypol cotton
While glandless cotton can be grown in New Mexico, its
susceptibility to insect pressure prevents it from being grown on
a commercial scale elsewhere. Over the past several decades,
chemical, mechanical and microbial processes have been used
to remove gossypol but have been deemed too expensive or
ineffective for successful commercial application.
The bright spot today is transgenic technology, which silences
the expression of the gene only in the seed creates an otherwise
normal cotton plant. The transgenic cotton plant produces ultra-
low gossypol seeds while retaining the gossypol component
in the remainder of the plant, keeping its associated defenses
against fungi, insects and disease. While the plant technology is
promising, it may take years to become commercially available.
In addition to regulatory issues, this technology will need to be
inserted into modern, high yielding varieties, a time-consuming
process.
Aquaculture’s insatiable demand for protein and its desire
to replace fishmeal with a plant-based protein is the cotton
industry’s motivation for investing in ultra-low gossypol cotton
varieties and ensuring a market for this high-value protein source.
Feed cottonseed today
The potential of cottonseed is astounding. Depending on
how cottonseed is processed, it can be made into a meal, flour,
concentrate or isolate with protein levels ranging from 41-93
percent.
Cottonseed is much more palatable than other plant-based
proteins and it is nutritionally very comparable to soybean meal,
with the addition of a small amount lysine. Its proven palatability
is also evident in cottonseed’s common use for baits, lures,
attractants and feeding stimulants.
Aquaculture producers can explore ways to use cottonseed meal
today, and even lower the cost of their aquaculture rations, by
understanding the levels of gossypol and the limitations of their
aquatic species [Table 1].
In aquaculture species, the toxicity of gossypol varies widely,
with catfish and shrimp being some of the most tolerant species.
This is presumably due to the lower oxygen requirements of
catfish and the absence of iron in the blood of shrimp.
Other species such as trout and tilapia are moderately tolerant
Table 2: Fish Meal and Cottonseed Meal Amino Acid Comparison
Amino Acids Fish Meal Cottonseed
Meal
CSM as a %
of FM
Lysin 8.7 4.9 56%
Threonine 1.6 3.5 76%
Cystine 0.9 1.9 268%
Trytophan 1.3 1.5 115%
Valine 5.5 4.8 87%
Isoleucine 4.7 3.5 75%
Argininine 6.3 12.4 197%
Phenylalanine 4.4 5.9 134%
Tryosine 3.6 3.4 94%
Histidine 2.6 3 115%
Serine 4.4 4.6 104%
Alaninie 6.8 4.2 62%
Aspartic Acid 10 9.6 96%
Glutamic Acid 14.13 20.5 145%
Glycine 6.6 4.4 67%
Proline 4.3 4 93%
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Tel.+49 (0)5461 9303-0
Fax +49 (0)5461 9303-29
www.leibergmbh.de
info@leibergmbh.de
For strong, immunocompetent fish:
Improvement of the cellular &
humoral defence mechanisms
Support of immunological competence
in larval and juvenile stages
Improvement of feed conversion
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18 | January | February 2016 - International Aquafeed
FEATURE
4. and have been fed feeds containing low levels of cottonseed
meal without a reduction in performance.
Research and documentation exist to guide the formulation
of lower cost aquaculture rations using cottonseed meal
to replace or be used in combination with other protein
sources. The tolerance level to free gossypol of most aquatic
animals is well above what would be found in a typical diet
containing a properly processed cottonseed meal, even at
levels of 25-50 percent (Li & Robinson, 2006). When using
cottonseed meal in an aquatic diet a gossypol analysis is
essential!
Cottonseed meal is readily available from oil mills. Since
many of these mills produce a product that is used to produce
cattle feed, it is not well suited for use in aquaculture feeds,
except catfish.
It can be used at some level by requesting high-protein
cottonseed meal and working with a nutritionist to produce
a cost-effective ration that falls safely within the gossypol
tolerances of your aquaculture species.
In addition to iron, gossypol will bind with lysine, and will
require the addition of lysine and sometimes methionine in
the feed mix. Also, the addition of iron salts to the feed mix
provides additional safety when it is added at a weight ratio
of 1:1 iron to gossypol.
Feeding trials: bring a vision to life
Limited quantities of glandless cottonseed are available
to advance the understanding and use of cottonseed protein
in aquaculture. Feeding trials with New Mexico Shrimp
Company continue; meanwhile, Cotton Incorporated
seeks additional commercial partners for feeding trials and
demonstration projects.
As we learn more about how this, readily available plant-
based protein, can transform the aquaculture industry, and
support its continued growth, we realize that the future starts
today.
We recall an iconic line from Back to the Future: “Your
future is whatever you make of it, so make it a good one.”
For more information on cottonseed as a sustainable
protein alternative to fish meal, or to discuss your interest in
participating in a feeding trial, contact
International Aquafeed - January | February 2016 | 19
FEATURE