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The Faces of Human Trafficking
- 1. The Faces of Human Trafficking Workshop for Community of Christ
- 2. The Slave Trade: Is it Over? •1562: First English slaving expedition •Over 12 million African slaves trafficked over 400 years •People forced, deceived, and sold into exploitation
- 3. 18TH – 19TH Century Abolitionists •Increasing concern in the late 18th century •Former slaves e.g. Olaudah Equiano •Church leaders e.g. Thomas Clarkson •Female reformers e.g. Hannah More •Parliamentarians e.g. William Wilberforce Are you an abolitionist? Should you be?
- 4. What is Human Trafficking? •Modern day slavery •Exploitation of persons for commercial sex or forced labor •Does not require moving a victim •Force, fraud, or coercion used to control victims
- 5. Forms of Modern Day Slavery •Debt bondage: trapped in loans and repayment to survive •Descent slavery: born into discriminated group •Domestic servitude: hidden abuse of workers •Forced child labor: arms, drugs, sex, work, begging, religious sacrifices, fraud •These forms of slavery are not illegal in all countries
- 6. People Trafficking •People taken by deception or violence for exploitation •Fastest growing form of global organised crime •The second largest source of income for organised crime •Every country either a source, transit, or destination for trafficking
- 7. The Faces of Human Trafficking Victims: anyone, anywhere can be a victim
- 8. Scope of the Problem •Worldwide 600,000 to 800,000 victims trafficked annually across international borders Estimated 80% of victims women and girls 27 million people in slavery around the world $9 billion business *After drug dealing, human trafficking is tied with illegal arms trade as the 2nd largest criminal industry in the world and the fastest growing.
- 9. •United States 18,000 to 20,000 victims are trafficked annually into the United States 750,000 women were trafficked into the US in the last decade 300,000 to 400,000 children are victims of the sex trade Scope of the Problem
- 10. Trafficking: How it Works •Individuals told false promises •Some children sold by parents •Easier to smuggle people than drugs or weapons •Mafias or loosely organized crime networks •Hidden in ethnic enclaves and cultural taboos •People are reusable and resalable
- 11. Forms of Recruitment •Smuggling networks •Employment agencies •Maid/ housekeeping/nanny schemes •Mail order bride services •Internet schemes •False modeling agencies •Befriending and/or seduction •Illegal foreign adoption agencies
- 12. Endless Supply of Victims: •Due to global economy, there is a constant supply of victims •Victims are a dispensable commodity, readily replaceable •Allure: The promise of a better life Needed income to support a family, to provide medical care for siblings, to be able to survive
- 13. Why People are Trafficked Domestic Servitude Sex Work Forced Prostitution Marriages/Surrogacy Factory Work Begging International Adoptions Agricultural Work Criminal Activity Restaurant Work Construction Hotel/ Motel Housekeeping Other Informal Labor Sectors
- 14. Domestic Trafficking •In any given country, domestic victims can also be enslaved •Runaways, homeless, mentally ill, mentally handicapped, and migrants are most vulnerable •Access to services may differ, laws protecting may differ
- 15. Victims May be Smuggled or May Pay for Entry to Another Country •Crime against a person •Contains an element of coercion, force or fraud •Subsequent exploitation and/or forced labor •Trafficked person is a victim Trafficking
- 16. Human Trafficking: Key Components in the US Law •Mode of Operation Force Fraud Coercion
- 17. 3 Elements Necessary to Meet Trafficking Definition in the US 1 2 3 Process/Action Particular Means Particular End Recruiting OR Harboring OR Moving OR Obtaining a person, Force OR Fraud Or Coercion by for the purpose of Involuntary Servitude OR Debt Bondage OR Slavery OR Sexual Exploitation
- 18. Vulnerability •Destitute •Little/no education •Homeless or runaways •Prior victims of domestic violence or sexual assault and abuse
- 19. Psychology of Control •Isolation •Dependency •Fear Instilled •Abuse •Shame •Culture
- 20. Controlled Movement and Lives •Victims may live under complete control from fear •All or much of their movement is controlled •Some victims are provided with occasional “parties” where, for instance, they may have access to other victims for prostitution •Some chained, others video monitored, locked up This victim was transported in a glove box
- 21. Victim Mindset •Limited or no language skills in current country, literacy •Unfamiliar with culture and systems •Confined, isolated, at risk •Fearful and/or distrustful of authority •Unaware that they are a victim •May develop loyalty to trafficker •Unaware of where they are •Fear for safety of family
- 22. Victims Can’t Rescue Themselves •We must be alert to possible victims and be ready to call a hotline to get a situation investigated •Where? • Migrant or immigrant communities • Areas known for prostitution • Law enforcement • Clinics/doctor’s offices • Restaurants • Hotels • Your own neighborhood
- 23. How to Recognize a Victim •Not free to leave job •Can’t come and go freely •Have been threatened with harm or harmed •Has had family threatened •Live with employer •In debt to employer •Do not have possession of own papers
- 24. Group Exercise 1 •Break into small groups of 5 – 6 people •Have you ever questioned whether someone was a victim? •What did you do? •Knowing what you know now, what do you think are the signs you would notice? •Remembering that victims might be anywhere, where do you think victims might be found in your community? •Be prepared to report your discussion to the whole group.
- 25. Needs of Victims •Immediate safety •Support to live Housing, food, medical, safety and security, language interpretation and legal services •Support to be restored to their own lives Health and mental health care, addiction services, income security, legal status
- 26. Human Trafficking Victims are not Criminals: They Have Legal Rights •Safety •Privacy •Interpretation •Information •Legal Representation •Right to be heard in court •Civil compensation •Medical assistance •Immigration relief •Repatriation •Case Management
- 27. Group Exercise 2 •Use some kind of paper to capture ideas Give large sticky notes or big poster paper to each group •Assign a group leader and reporter •What are your ideas for getting involved as modern abolitionists? •What would you like to do? Together with other groups As a congregation •What is the next step?
Editor's Notes
- A woman kept in domestic servitude in the United States for several years was rescued when a neighbor, noticing that she had a large tumor, offered to take the woman to the health clinic. Luckily, the health providers asked the right questions and realized the woman was a victim of human trafficking. As a result, they helped the woman escape her situation and receive the medical care she desperately needed. Her employers received 15-20 years in jail. This is a success story because, first, the neighbor took the important step in bringing the woman to the health clinic, and second, because the health providers examining the woman were able to look beneath the surface to probe whether or not she was a possible trafficking victim.
- The history of humanity is a history of slavery. This intensified from the sixteenth century onwards. The first recorded English slaving expedition was in 1562, although the trans-Atlantic slave trade had already begun by then. In its four hundred year history, it is estimated that over twelve million African slave were trafficked to the Americas. Men, women, and children were forced, deceived, and sold into slavery. Many of them died en route.
- This slave trade began to raise increasing concern in the eighteenth century. A huge variety of people began to campaign for the abolition of slavery. These included former slaves such as Olaudah Equiano, who was freed and wrote of his experiences; church leaders such as Thomas Clarkson, who was one of the first abolitionists and did a lot of research in Africa; female reformers such as Hannah More, who campaigned for the freedom of child slaves in British mines; and parliamentarians such as William Wilberforce, who worked tirelessly in parliament to bring about the right legislation. Yet these moves only criminalised slavery – the existence of slaves continues today.
- Modern day slavery Exploitation of persons for commercial sex or forced labor Does not require moving a victim Force, fraud, or coercion used to control victims Human trafficking is a devastating human rights violation that takes place not only internationally, but also here in the United States. It is, indeed, a form of modern-day slavery. Millions of individuals, the majority of which are women and children, are tricked, coerced, sold or forced into situations of slavery-like exploitation from which they are unable to escape.
- Modern-day slavery is unfortunately alive and well. There are more slaves now than there were in the trans-Atlantic slave trade, and it now takes many different forms. Debt bondage is when people are trapped in a cycle of taking out loans and making repayments in an effort to escape poverty. Descent slavery is when people are born into a discriminated group, such as the Dalits of India or groups in Niger. Domestic servitude is when people are deceived and abused whilst working for someone else. Forced child labour is when children are coerced into trading and using guns, drugs, sex, forced labour, begging, religious sacrifices, and fraud. The photo is from the ESTHER BENJAMINS TRUST (EBT) who are committed to ending the trafficking of Nepalese children, into abusive and exploitative Indian Circuses. www.ebtrust.org.uk
- People trafficking is the taking of people by deception or violence from their homes for exploitation. People trafficking is the fastest growing means by which people are trapped in slavery. It is the fastest growing form of organised crime, with at least one person being trafficked across international borders every minute. That’s the equivalent of five jumbo jets full every day. It is the largest source of income for organised crime, worth more than seven hundred pounds per second, or over twenty billion pounds a year. That’s more than Microsoft makes, and twice the turnover of Coca Cola. Eighty percent of victims are female and fifty percent are children, thus making the majority of victims teenage girls. They are trafficked for forced labour and sexual exploitation, mainly by organised gangs for profit. Trafficking affects every country in the world, whether it be a source country where victims are trafficked from, a transit country where victims are trafficked through, or a destination country where people are trafficked to. People trafficking is not then and there, but right here, right now. The photo is of a brothel in Cambodia, taken by the CHAB Dai Coalition. www.chabdai.org.
- Trafficking is a global phenomenon, happening everywhere around the world including in our own communities. In this section we will discuss what human trafficking is and how large of problem it actually is.
- As you can see from these estimates, the incident of human trafficking internationally is quite staggering. The numbers are hard to accurately depict as this crime remains hidden and often goes unreported. Any number you see is a guess. Even within a country like the US, the numbers estimated by one agency and the number by another agency don’t agree. We know for sure that it is extremely profitable to sell human beings again and again into slavery.
- As these figures show, the problem of human trafficking exists right here in the United States. Like international statistics, accurate national data is difficult to obtain. However, it is clear that most likely human trafficking is occurring right here in our city, community, probably even close to our neighborhoods.
- Recruiting people for the purpose of trafficking is not always a difficult task. Traffickers feed upon a person’s or families' current situation to coerce them into slavery without them even knowing. For traffickers, victims are merely commodities to be exploited and traded in any market.
- Traffickers use a variety of recruitment methods to “lure” victims in. Most victims think they are recruited for legitimate employment or marriage abroad. They are not aware of the inhumane conditions they will face or that they may be forced to pay back the fees, and accrued interest, associated with their recruitment or transportation fees. Often times, the trafficker takes the person’s documents away until the debt has been repaid. Sometimes, when children are sold into slavery, parents sincerely believe, or hope, that they are giving their child a better life. This would be part of the fraud and false promises propagated by traffickers.
- This slide includes the various employment sectors that victims may be found in. While most of the information we have just covered primarily focuses on international trafficking I would like to take some time to discuss domestic trafficking.
- Domestic trafficking is similar to international trafficking in that US citizens and nationals are recruited for sexual or labor exploitation. Traffickers involved in domestic trafficking use similar strategies to lure and coerce their victims. They also target people with similar vulnerabilities as international traffickers. The homeless and runaway youth are particularly vulnerable. In 2005, the Trafficking Law was amended to include domestic trafficking as well as international trafficking. Domestic Trafficking is just as illegal as international trafficking! Do not make the assumption that just because a person is a citizen or a legal resident that it IS NOT trafficking. Call the police, hotline, and local resources if you think this is happening or has happened. Although we recognize that domestic trafficking is happening in the St. Louis area, trafficking of immigrants and international trafficking is the main focus of the Rescue and Restore coalition as well as the Anti-trafficking grant for the great St. Louis area. For additional information and contact numbers please see the handout.
- It is important to know the difference between trafficking and smuggling. Smuggling is a service provided to a person with the intent of crossing an international border. Smuggling is just the entry into a country, not trafficking. Someone who is smuggled into the US or another country are vulnerable to become a trafficked person.
- SUBSTITUTE YOUR COUNTRIES LAW HERE – OR THE INTERNATIONAL LAW If using US __________________ Traffickers use force, fraud, or coercion to exploit their victims. Force involves the use of rape, beatings and confinement to control the victim. Forceful violence is used especially during the early stages of victimization, known as the ‘seasoning process,’ which is used to break the victims’ resistance to make them easier to control. Fraud usually involves false offers of employment. For example, women and children will reply to advertisements promising jobs as waitresses, maids and dancers in other countries and are then forced into prostitution once they arrive at their destinations. Fraud may also involve promises of marriage or a better life, in general. Coercion involves threats, debt-bondage and psychological manipulation. Traffickers often threaten victims with injury or death, or the safety of the victim’s family back home. Coercion may also include things that are culturally pertinent, for example, holding a lock of the victim’s hair to make a voodoo doll or telling the victim that they cannot return home anyways because they are no longer virgins and this would bring great shame to the victims’ families. Victims do experience a lot of shame as a result of their situation and traffickers utilize this negative emotion to further control their victim.
- People are vulnerable to traffickers for many reasons such as those listed on this slide. It is these vulnerabilities that make them a “target” for traffickers.
- While physical restraint, violence, and sexual assault are often used to control, traffickers also use psychological coercion as a way of controlling victims in a more subtle manner. Isolation: Victims kept from the public, not allowed to leave, do anything on their own. Dependency: Traffickers make their victims dependent on them for all their needs. Fear: Traffickers instill fear into their victims, fear for their lives, their families lives, that they will be arrested and deported. Abuse: physical and sexual abuse as well as emotional. Shame: Shame created for the situation that they are in, what they have done. Culture: Women/girls have a lesser place in society, must obey men
- This is a list of the things that a person can look for as possible indications of whether a person may be a victim of trafficking. While victims may have different experiences, they share common threads, a life marked by: Abuse Betrayal of their basic human rights Control by their trafficker These indicators show that a person may be controlled by someone else and accordingly, the situation should be further investigated. (Yes, the pictures are of a woman being smuggled across the Moldovan border in the dashboard of a car).
- They fear and don’t trust service providers, the government or the police. Often traffickers tell their victims that they will be arrested and deported if they try to get help. Trafficking victims often fear or distrust the police because they come from countries where law enforcement is corrupt. Victims may feel that their current situation is their fault, thus they may feel guilty. They might also feel as though there is no way out of this situation. Trafficking victims may develop loyalties and positive feelings toward their trafficker as way to cope with their situation – known as the Stockholm or Patty Hearst Syndrome. In these cases, they may even try to protect the trafficker from authorities. Traffickers frequently move their victims to escape detection. As a result, trafficking victims may not even know what city or country they’re in. Victims of trafficking also fear for the safety of their family members in their native country, who are often threatened by the traffickers.
- Human Trafficking victims can be found throughout the community if we know what to look for. We need to bring this problem to the surface and begin identifying victims so we can help them recover.
- Victims of human trafficking are vulnerable human beings who have been subjected to severe physical and emotional coercion. These trafficking victims are usually in desperate need of assistance. First and foremost these victims need to feel safe. In most countries, there is a strong need for victims to receive legal assistance as soon as possible. This is to help them receive any benefits they may be eligible for, and to help them with immigration relief, if needed.
- Find out what rights victims have where you live! It is very unlikely they know they have rights. They probably have been told they are criminals and will be arrested and have to be in even worse circumstances if they are discovered. Spreading the word that it is illegal and that they have rights is an important intervention!
- Customize this to your local resources, include the local hotline and any organizations fighting trafficking and/or serving victims