- Carolina was established in the 1670s by West Indian planters to honor King Charles II. It included present-day North and South Carolina and Georgia and was owned by 8 of the king's political favorites. It attracted colonists by offering religious tolerance, political representation, and large land grants. The population grew from 200 colonists in 1670 to 6,600 in 1700.
- Virginia was originally named for the whole coast from Florida to Canada. It started with failed schemes like gold mining but found profit in tobacco, allowing explosive growth. Planters learned to raise tobacco successfully in 1616, fueling a boom. This increased the population from 350 in 1616 to 13,000 by 1650.
CHAPTER 4 Rule Britannia! The English Empire, 1660–1763Figure 4..docxrobertad6
CHAPTER 4 Rule Britannia! The English Empire, 1660–1763
Figure 4.1 Isaac Royall and his family, seen here in a 1741 portrait by Robert Feke, moved to Medford, Massachusetts, from the West Indian island of Antigua, bringing their slaves with them. They were an affluent British colonial family, proud of their success and the success of the British Empire. Chapter Outline 4.1 Charles II and the Restoration Colonies 4.2 The Glorious Revolution and the English Empire 4.3 An Empire of Slavery and the Consumer Revolution 4.4 Great Awakening and Enlightenment 4.5 Wars for Empire Introduction The eighteenth century witnessed the birth of Great Britain (after the union of England and Scotland in 1707) and the expansion of the British Empire. By the mid-1700s, Great Britain had developed into a commercial and military powerhouse; its economic sway ranged from India, where the British East India Company had gained control over both trade and territory, to the West African coast, where British slave traders predominated, and to the British West Indies, whose lucrative sugar plantations, especially in Barbados and Jamaica, provided windfall profits for British planters. Meanwhile, the population rose dramatically in Britain’s North American colonies. In the early 1700s the population in the colonies had reached 250,000. By 1750, however, over a million British migrants and African slaves had established a near-continuous zone of settlement on the Atlantic coast from Maine to Georgia. During this period, the ties between Great Britain and the American colonies only grew stronger. AngloAmerican colonists considered themselves part of the British Empire in all ways: politically, militarily, religiously (as Protestants), intellectually, and racially. The portrait of the Royall family (Figure 4.1) exemplifies the colonial American gentry of the eighteenth century. Successful and well-to-do, they display fashions, hairstyles, and furnishings that all speak to their identity as proud and loyal British subjects.
Chapter 4 Rule Britannia! The English Empire, 1660–1763 101
4.1 Charles II and the Restoration Colonies
By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Analyze the causes and consequences of the Restoration • Identify the Restoration colonies and their role in the expansion of the Empire
When Charles II ascended the throne in 1660, English subjects on both sides of the Atlantic celebrated the restoration of the English monarchy after a decade of living without a king as a result of the English CivilWars.CharlesIIlostlittletimeinstrengtheningEngland’sglobalpower.Fromthe1660stothe1680s, Charles II added more possessions to England’s North American holdings by establishing the Restoration colonies of New York and New Jersey (taking these areas from the Dutch) as well as Pennsylvania and theCarolinas.InordertoreapthegreatesteconomicbenefitfromEngland’soverseaspossessions,Charles II enacted the mercantilist Navigation Acts, although many colonial merchants i.
CHAPTER 4 Rule Britannia! The English Empire, 1660–1763Figure 4..docxketurahhazelhurst
CHAPTER 4 Rule Britannia! The English Empire, 1660–1763
Figure 4.1 Isaac Royall and his family, seen here in a 1741 portrait by Robert Feke, moved to Medford, Massachusetts, from the West Indian island of Antigua, bringing their slaves with them. They were an affluent British colonial family, proud of their success and the success of the British Empire. Chapter Outline 4.1 Charles II and the Restoration Colonies 4.2 The Glorious Revolution and the English Empire 4.3 An Empire of Slavery and the Consumer Revolution 4.4 Great Awakening and Enlightenment 4.5 Wars for Empire Introduction The eighteenth century witnessed the birth of Great Britain (after the union of England and Scotland in 1707) and the expansion of the British Empire. By the mid-1700s, Great Britain had developed into a commercial and military powerhouse; its economic sway ranged from India, where the British East India Company had gained control over both trade and territory, to the West African coast, where British slave traders predominated, and to the British West Indies, whose lucrative sugar plantations, especially in Barbados and Jamaica, provided windfall profits for British planters. Meanwhile, the population rose dramatically in Britain’s North American colonies. In the early 1700s the population in the colonies had reached 250,000. By 1750, however, over a million British migrants and African slaves had established a near-continuous zone of settlement on the Atlantic coast from Maine to Georgia. During this period, the ties between Great Britain and the American colonies only grew stronger. AngloAmerican colonists considered themselves part of the British Empire in all ways: politically, militarily, religiously (as Protestants), intellectually, and racially. The portrait of the Royall family (Figure 4.1) exemplifies the colonial American gentry of the eighteenth century. Successful and well-to-do, they display fashions, hairstyles, and furnishings that all speak to their identity as proud and loyal British subjects.
Chapter 4 Rule Britannia! The English Empire, 1660–1763 101
4.1 Charles II and the Restoration Colonies
By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Analyze the causes and consequences of the Restoration • Identify the Restoration colonies and their role in the expansion of the Empire
When Charles II ascended the throne in 1660, English subjects on both sides of the Atlantic celebrated the restoration of the English monarchy after a decade of living without a king as a result of the English CivilWars.CharlesIIlostlittletimeinstrengtheningEngland’sglobalpower.Fromthe1660stothe1680s, Charles II added more possessions to England’s North American holdings by establishing the Restoration colonies of New York and New Jersey (taking these areas from the Dutch) as well as Pennsylvania and theCarolinas.InordertoreapthegreatesteconomicbenefitfromEngland’soverseaspossessions,Charles II enacted the mercantilist Navigation Acts, although many colonial merchants i ...
CHAPTER 4Rule Britannia! The English Empire,1660–1763.docxrobertad6
CHAPTER 4
Rule Britannia! The English Empire,
1660–1763
Figure 4.1 Isaac Royall and his family, seen here in a 1741 portrait by Robert Feke, moved to Medford,
Massachusetts, from the West Indian island of Antigua, bringing their slaves with them. They were an affluent British
colonial family, proud of their success and the success of the British Empire.
Chapter Outline
4.1 Charles II and the Restoration Colonies
4.2 The Glorious Revolution and the English Empire
4.3 An Empire of Slavery and the Consumer Revolution
4.4 Great Awakening and Enlightenment
4.5 Wars for Empire
Introduction
The eighteenth century witnessed the birth of Great Britain (after the union of England and Scotland
in 1707) and the expansion of the British Empire. By the mid-1700s, Great Britain had developed into
a commercial and military powerhouse; its economic sway ranged from India, where the British East
India Company had gained control over both trade and territory, to the West African coast, where British
slave traders predominated, and to the British West Indies, whose lucrative sugar plantations, especially
in Barbados and Jamaica, provided windfall profits for British planters. Meanwhile, the population rose
dramatically in Britain’s North American colonies. In the early 1700s the population in the colonies had
reached 250,000. By 1750, however, over a million British migrants and African slaves had established a
near-continuous zone of settlement on the Atlantic coast from Maine to Georgia.
During this period, the ties between Great Britain and the American colonies only grew stronger. Anglo-
American colonists considered themselves part of the British Empire in all ways: politically, militarily,
religiously (as Protestants), intellectually, and racially. The portrait of the Royall family (Figure 4.1)
exemplifies the colonial American gentry of the eighteenth century. Successful and well-to-do, they
display fashions, hairstyles, and furnishings that all speak to their identity as proud and loyal British
subjects.
Chapter 4 Rule Britannia! The English Empire, 1660–1763 101
4.1 Charles II and the Restoration Colonies
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Analyze the causes and consequences of the Restoration
• Identify the Restoration colonies and their role in the expansion of the Empire
When Charles II ascended the throne in 1660, English subjects on both sides of the Atlantic celebrated
the restoration of the English monarchy after a decade of living without a king as a result of the English
Civil Wars. Charles II lost little time in strengthening England’s global power. From the 1660s to the 1680s,
Charles II added more possessions to England’s North American holdings by establishing the Restoration
colonies of New York and New Jersey (taking these areas from the Dutch) as well as Pennsylvania and
the Carolinas. In order to reap the greatest economic benefit from England’s overseas possessions, Charles
II enacted the mercantilist Navigat.
3. Carolina Established by West Indian planter during the 1670’s Was founded to honor King Charles II Included present day North and South Carolina and Georgia Owned by 8 of the kings political favorites-the Lords Proprietor Ran by Sir John Yeamans and his son
4. Carolina In 1670 3 ships from Barbados bore 200 colonists to the mouth of he Ashley River Named this Charles Town Changed to Charleston in 1783 Defied Spanish claim to the coast, signifying England’s new confidence in its emerging imperial power
5. Carolina Attracted more colonists by offering religious tolerance, political representation in an assembly with power over public taxation and expenditures, a long exemption from quitrents, and large grants of land. South Carolina grew from 200 colonists in 1670 to 6,600 in 1,700 Attracted mostly farmers and artisans of modest means Common colonists were essential to build farms in the forest and fighting the frontier warfare.
6. Carolina A male servant who survived his term received “freedoms dues”- a set of clothes, barrel of maize, an an, a hoe, and a land grant of 100 acres Also wanted to attract great planters so they offered “absolute power and Authority of is Negro Slave” Since the slave was defined as a family member, the planter also received a full 150-acre headright per slave
7. Virginia Originally named for the whole coast from Florida to Arcadia Named after Queen Elizabeth I because she was a supposed virgin Started out with get rich quick schemes such as gold mines and raiding Spanish ships, but this was found to be too expensive Instead found profit in tobacco which permitted an explosive growth in land, power, and wealth The crown subcontracted out colonization because it lacked the financial stability to pay for such a venture itself
8. Virginia Earliest English colonial promoters were dreamers and gamblers driven by visionary imagination. Most were politically well connected from the wouthwestern counties of England Known as “West Country men” and included: Sir Francis Drake, Sir Richard Greenville, Sir John Hawkins, Sir Walter Ralegh, and Sir Humphrey Gilbert
9. Virginia Planters, led by John Rolfe, learned to raise tobacco in 1616. Was an ideal colonial commodity because people were willing to pay high prices to satisfy their addictive cravings. Virginia’s tobacco production grew from 200,000 pounds in 1624 to 3,000,000 in 1638 Chesapeake outstripped the West Indies to become the principal supplier of tobacco to Europe Because of the boom of profit, more laborers were needed This increased Chesapeake’s population from 350 in 1616 to 13,00 by 1650
10. Virginia New land was needed to supply the tobacco. This land came at the Indians’ expense. They brought with them voracious pigs and cows that destroyed Indian corn fields The English would attack the Indians and destroy their crops right before harvest as to force them to suffer a miserable winter and spring. In may 1623, they invited 250 starving Indians to a toast of alcohol. The Indians’ share had poison.