Pirates in the early 17th century were useful for England in attacking Spain but later disrupted British trade. By 1700 they had become a liability. Pirate crews operated as democracies with the captain requiring majority approval to punish sailors. Between 1716-1726 Britain convicted and executed 400-600 pirates. Many early English emigrants to America were criminals forcibly transported by Britain to help colonize the new land.

1. AMERICAN COLONIES
(EXTRA CREDIT)
By: Mercedes Vasquez

2. REVOLUTIONS:
PIRATES
In the early seventeenth centuries England found piracy
useful for attacking the more powerful Spanish empire.
However, by attacking Britain’s foreign trading partners
the pirates disrupted the global reach of British
merchants. So by 1700 pirates had become liabilities to a
successful empire.
Pirates developed a distinct counterculture in which they
took pride in their ability to eat, drink, dance, and gamble
in a style that they called “living well”.
Pirate crews acted as democracies. The pirate captain
could not punish a sailor without the consent of the
majority.
Between 1716 and 1726 the British convicted and executed
between four and six hundred pirates.

3. THE ATLANTIC:
POVERTY
In winters, ice shut down shipping and
employment shrank, and the unemployed
faced starvation.
425 poor crammed into the almshouse built
to house 100.
The wealthiest tenth of Bostonians owned
more than 60 percent of the urban wealth.
As imperial wars swelled the numbers
killed, incapacitated, or rendered alcoholic
by military service increased as did war’s
widows, orphans and cripples.
Only around half of families could pay for
their farms before their death passed the
burden of debt to the next generation.

4. THE ATLANTIC:
ENGLISH EMIGRANTS
Only 80,000 emigrants between
1700 and 1775 were english.
In England crime surged as the
unemployed stole to live. They
began to ship their convicted
criminals to the colonies.
Between 1718 and 1775 the empire
transported about 50,000 felons.
Planters bought the convicts as
slaves.
Any Convict that saw freedom
almost never obtained real estate
or social standing.

5. AWAKENINGS:
ESTABLISHMENTS
Some colonist hoped to replicate
the official Anglican faith of the
mother land in the new colonies.
Many emigrants wanted their own
denomination to dominate. By the
end of the 17th century many
colonies offered less religious
freedom than the mother country.
The prime movers were royal
governors and leading colonists
who sought favor in England and
advantage in their colony over
non-Anglican rivals.

6. :
AWAKENINGS
REVIVAL
Rivals emphasized the emotional
process of conversion that
transformed sinners into saints
who warranted eternal salvation.
evangelicals insisted that God’s
grace alone could save and that he
bestowed that grace as his free
arbitrary gift.
To simulate revivals, energetic
ministers preached “soul-
searching” sermons meant to
shock their listeners into
recognizing their impending and
eternal sentence in hell.

7. THE PACIFIC:
ALTA CALIFORNIA
As a precaution the Spanish crown
ordered the colonization of California
to secure the unguarded northwestern
door to precious Mexico.
Alta California (present state of
California) extended eleven hundred
miles.
Included the most spectacular
topography and greatest
environmental range of any region in
North America.
In 1768 about 30,000 natives lived in
Alta California.