The Distribution and behaviour of Nitrogen-based nutrients in Terengganu River estuary, Malaysia
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
1 like•152 views
A study was carried out to determine the distribution and behaviour of nitrogen (N) compounds (nitrite, nitrate, ammonia, dissolved and particulate organic nitrogen) in Sungai Terengganu estuary (TRE). Surface water samples were collected during ebb neap and spring tides for the longitudinal survey along the salinity gradient. The results indicated that all N compounds behave non-conservatively with addition during both tidal cycles, except for nitrate which exhibited removal behaviour during spring tide. In general, higher concentration of N compounds was observed during spring tide compared to neap tide. It is suggested that during spring tide, stronger water turbulence resulted in resuspension of nutrients in bottom sediment and lead to the increase in N compounds concentrations in the surface water. The diurnal survey for the freshwater station showed that the concentrations of N compounds follow the ebb and flood variations, whereas for the coastal station the reverse trend was observed. Comparisons with a previous study under similar tidal conditions show there was an increase in nitrite and ammonia concentrations in TRE, which was probably due to increase in discharge from the rapid development activities around this area. In addition, the presence of a breakwater at the lower part of the estuary may also contribute to the high nutrient content in the estuary due to restricted outflow of nutrients to the coastal area. Overall, the results from this study highlighted the importance of monitoring the N compounds for future protection of the estuary.
Recommended
More Related Content
What's hot
What's hot (20)
Similar to The Distribution and behaviour of Nitrogen-based nutrients in Terengganu River estuary, Malaysia
Similar to The Distribution and behaviour of Nitrogen-based nutrients in Terengganu River estuary, Malaysia (20)
Recently uploaded
Recently uploaded (20)
The Distribution and behaviour of Nitrogen-based nutrients in Terengganu River estuary, Malaysia
- 1. AZYYATI BINTI ABDUL AZIZ GSK1345 SUPERVISOR: ASSOC. PROF. DR. SUHAIMI BIN SURATMAN CO-SUPERVISOR: PROF. DR. NORHAYATI BT MOHD TAHIR.
- 2. Nitrogen-based nutrient : Inorganic (NO3 -, NO2 -, NH4 +) & Organic (DON, PON) INTRODUCTION Why Nitrogen? As a limiting factor (if < supply, limit growth) (Lasso & Ackerman, 2013) Essential compound for growth & reproduction aquatic plants & animals Important indicator of water quality (Excess of N can caused eutrophication) Why Nitrogen? As a limiting factor (if < supply, limit growth) (Lasso & Ackerman, 2013) Essential compound for growth & reproduction aquatic plants & animals Important indicator of water quality (Excess of N can caused eutrophication) Why Nitrogen? As a limiting factor (if < supply, limit growth) (Lasso & Ackerman, 2013) Essential compound for growth & reproduction aquatic plants & animals Important indicator of water quality (Excess of N can caused eutrophication) Why Nitrogen? As a limiting factor (if < supply, limit growth) (Lasso & Ackerman, 2013) Essential compound for growth & reproduction aquatic plants & animals Important indicator of water quality (Excess of N can caused eutrophication) Freshwater end-member Estuary Coastal water
- 4. Behaviour of nutrients Conservative behaviour • If the data fall on theoretical dilution line, which joining the end member of the mixing series. • No removal or addition occurs within the estuaries. Conservative behaviour Non- Conservative behaviour • If the data fall on theoretical dilution line, which joining the end member of the mixing series. • No removal or addition occurs within the estuaries. • A bend above or below the theoretical dilution line • Nutrient addition or removal occurs within the estuaries. • If nutrients are more concentrated in seawater than river water and the slope will be positive (a). • If nutrients are more concentrated in river water than seawater and the slope will be negative (b). The conservative index of mixing Liss (1976)
- 5. Research on the distribution of nutrients and impact of such human activities on water quality have been done worldwide. However, the behaviour of nutrient is very limited and distribution of nutrient during neap-spring tidal cycles is still poorly known. Less study on monitoring the nutrients distribution in Terengganu River estuary after construction of breakwater. Thus, the data obtain may serve as a baseline study of future investigations on the distribution and behaviours of nutrients. Significant of study
- 6. OBJECTIVES To investigate the distributions and behaviour of nitrogen-based nutrients in Terengganu river estuary. To identify the effect of tidal changes (spring, neap) on the parameter measured. To characterize the dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) according to their molecular weight or size fractionation.
- 8. METHODOLOGY Field sampling Samples collection • 30 sampling stations (Longitudinal survey) • 2 fixed sampling stations (Diurnal survey) – Every 2 hours in 12 hours/ sampling • Van Dorn sampler at about 0.5m depth Stored • High density polyethylene (HDPE) bottle and placed in an ice chest containing ice Samples collection • 30 sampling stations (Longitudinal survey) • 2 fixed sampling stations (Diurnal survey) – Every 2 hours in 12 hours/ sampling • Van Dorn sampler at about 0.5m depth Transported to laboratory for further analysis. Stored • High density polyethylene (HDPE) bottle and placed in an ice chest containing ice Samples collection • 30 sampling stations (Longitudinal survey) • 2 fixed sampling stations (Diurnal survey) – Every 2 hours in 12 hours/ sampling • Van Dorn sampler at about 0.5m depth
- 9. Samples analysis Water Samples Filter with GF/F (0.7 µM ) Dissolved Filtered water Dissolved Inorganic nitrogen ( NO3 -, NO2 -, NH4 + ) Inorganic nitrogen ( NO3 -, NO2 -, NH4 + ) ~Calorimetric method. ~Skalar Autoanalyser Organic nitrogen (DON) ~Calorimetric method. ~Skalar Autoanalyser Organic nitrogen (DON) ~HTCO method. ~ TOC/N Analyzer Particulate Filtered paper ~HTCO method. ~ TOC/N Analyzer Particulate Particulate organic nitrogen (PON) ~ HTO Method ~ CHNS-O Elemental Analyser Particulate organic nitrogen (PON)
- 10. Filtered water samples (0.7 µM GF/ F) Samples analysis cont. Organic fractionation Water samples were passed through the 10 kDa PES membrane by using vivaflow 200 Filtered water samples (0.7 µM GF/ F) 40 ml of samples were collected Water samples were passed through the 10 kDa PES membrane by using vivaflow 200 Filtered water samples (0.7 µM GF/ F) Analyse by using TOC/N analyser 40 ml of samples were collected Water samples were passed through the 10 kDa PES membrane by using vivaflow 200 Filtered water samples (0.7 µM GF/ F)
- 11. RESULTS & DISCUSSION Longitudinal profile (Distribution)
- 12. Nitrite 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 TA TB TC TD TE TF TG TH TI TJ T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 T17 T18 T19 T20 T21 T22 T23 T24 Nitrite(µM) Sampling stations S/E (22.2.2012) N/F (2.4.2012) N/E (4.5.2012) S/F (10.6.2012) S/E= 0.002-0.105 µM S/F= 0.080-0.393 µM N/E= 0.042-0.232 µM N/F= 0.089-0.349 µM 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 TA TB TC TD TE TF TG TH TI TJ T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 T17 T18 T19 T20 T21 T22 T23 T24 Nitrate(µM) Sampling stations S/E (22.2.2012) N/F (2.4.2012) N/E (4.5.2012) S/F (10.6.2012) Nitrate S/E= 0.3-4.1 µM S/F= 1.2-4.7 µM N/E= 0.6-3.3 µM N/F= 0.5-4.0 µM 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 TA TB TC TD TE TF TG TH TI TJ T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 T17 T18 T19 T20 T21 T22 T23 T24 Nitrite(µM) Sampling stations S/E (22.2.2012) N/F (2.4.2012) N/E (4.5.2012) S/F (10.6.2012) S/E= 0.002-0.105 µM 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 TA TB TC TD TE TF TG TH TI TJ T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 T17 T18 T19 T20 T21 T22 T23 T24 Nitrite(µM) Sampling stations S/E (22.2.2012) N/F (2.4.2012) N/E (4.5.2012) S/F (10.6.2012) S/F= 0.080-0.393 µM 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 TA TB TC TD TE TF TG TH TI TJ T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 T17 T18 T19 T20 T21 T22 T23 T24 Nitrite(µM) Sampling stations S/E (22.2.2012) N/F (2.4.2012) N/E (4.5.2012) S/F (10.6.2012) S/E= 0.002-0.105 µM S/F= 0.080-0.393 µM N/E= 0.042-0.232 µM N/F= 0.089-0.349 µM 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 TA TB TC TD TE TF TG TH TI TJ T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 T17 T18 T19 T20 T21 T22 T23 T24 Nitrateconc.(µM) Sampling stations N/E= 0.6-3.3 µM 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 TA TB TC TD TE TF TG TH TI TJ T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 T17 T18 T19 T20 T21 T22 T23 T24 Nitrateconc.(µM) Sampling stations S/E (22.2.2012) N/F (2.4.2012) N/E (4.5.2012) S/F (10.6.2012) S/F= 1.2-4.7 µM 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 TA TB TC TD TE TF TG TH TI TJ T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 T17 T18 T19 T20 T21 T22 T23 T24 Nitrate(µM) Sampling stations S/E (22.2.2012) N/F (2.4.2012) N/E (4.5.2012) S/F (10.6.2012) S/E= 0.3-4.1 µM S/F= 1.2-4.7 µM N/E= 0.6-3.3 µM N/F= 0.5-4.0 µM
- 13. Ammonia 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 TA TB TC TD TE TF TG TH TI TJ T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 T17 T18 T19 T20 T21 T22 T23 T24 Ammonium(µM) Sampling stations S/E (22.2.2012) N/F (2.4.2012) N/E (4.5.2012) S/F (10.6.2012) S/E= 5.4-35.4 µM S/F= 4.5-23.6 µM N/E= 2.0-27.4 µM N/F= 1.0-19.3 µM DON 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 TA TB TC TD TE TF TG TH TI TJ T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 T17 T18 T19 T20 T21 T22 T23 T24 DON(µM) Sampling stations S/E (22.2.2012) N/F (2.4.2012) N/E (4.5.2012) S/F (10.6.2012) S/E= 10.0-40.6 µM S/F= 11.4-32.4 µM N/E= 3.2-37.6 µM N/F= 5.3-36.9 µM 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 TA TB TC TD TE TF TG TH TI TJ T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 T17 T18 T19 T20 T21 T22 T23 T24 Ammonium(µM) Sampling stations S/E (22.2.2012) N/F (2.4.2012) N/E (4.5.2012) S/F (10.6.2012) N/F= 1.0-19.3 µM 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 TA TB TC TD TE TF TG TH TI TJ T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 T17 T18 T19 T20 T21 T22 T23 T24 Ammonium(µM) Sampling stations S/E (22.2.2012) N/F (2.4.2012) N/E (4.5.2012) S/F (10.6.2012) S/E= 5.4-35.4 µM 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 TA TB TC TD TE TF TG TH TI TJ T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 T17 T18 T19 T20 T21 T22 T23 T24 Ammonium(µM) Sampling stations S/E (22.2.2012) N/F (2.4.2012) N/E (4.5.2012) S/F (10.6.2012) S/E= 5.4-35.4 µM S/F= 4.5-23.6 µM N/E= 2.0-27.4 µM N/F= 1.0-19.3 µM 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 TA TB TC TD TE TF TG TH TI TJ T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 T17 T18 T19 T20 T21 T22 T23 T24 DON(µM) Sampling stations S/E (22.2.2012) N/F (2.4.2012) N/E (4.5.2012) S/F (10.6.2012) S/F= 11.4-32.4 µM 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 TA TB TC TD TE TF TG TH TI TJ T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 T17 T18 T19 T20 T21 T22 T23 T24 DON(µM) Sampling stations S/E (22.2.2012) N/F (2.4.2012) N/E (4.5.2012) S/F (10.6.2012) S/E= 10.0-40.6 µM 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 TA TB TC TD TE TF TG TH TI TJ T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 T17 T18 T19 T20 T21 T22 T23 T24 DON(µM) Sampling stations S/E (22.2.2012) N/F (2.4.2012) N/E (4.5.2012) S/F (10.6.2012) S/E= 10.0-40.6 µM S/F= 11.4-32.4 µM N/E= 3.2-37.6 µM N/F= 5.3-36.9 µM
- 14. PON 0 5 10 15 20 25 TA TB TC TD TE TF TG TH TI TJ T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 T17 T18 T19 T20 T21 T22 T23 T24 PON(µM) Sampling stations S/E (22.2.2012) N/F (2.4.2012) N/E (4.5.2012) S/F (10.6.2012) S/E= 5.8-16.0 µM S/F= 6.0-18.3 µM N/E= 1.5-23.6 µM N/F= 3.0-18.8 µM • Lower PON concentration was found during S/E survey (monsoon season) • Higher PON concentration was recorded during N/E survey • Low water turbulence during neap was not able to disperse the nutrient rich contained in the surface water, which derived from land based. • And slow water flow not able to flush PON out completely from the estuary to coastal water. 0 5 10 15 20 25 TA TB TC TD TE TF TG TH TI TJ T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 T17 T18 T19 T20 T21 T22 T23 T24 PON(µM) Sampling stations S/E (22.2.2012) N/F (2.4.2012) N/E (4.5.2012) S/F (10.6.2012) S/E= 5.8-16.0 µM 0 5 10 15 20 25 TA TB TC TD TE TF TG TH TI TJ T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 T17 T18 T19 T20 T21 T22 T23 T24 PON(µM) Sampling stations S/E (22.2.2012) N/F (2.4.2012) N/E (4.5.2012) S/F (10.6.2012) N/E= 1.5-23.6 µM 0 5 10 15 20 25 TA TB TC TD TE TF TG TH TI TJ T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 T17 T18 T19 T20 T21 T22 T23 T24 PON(µM) Sampling stations S/E (22.2.2012) N/F (2.4.2012) N/E (4.5.2012) S/F (10.6.2012) S/E= 5.8-16.0 µM S/F= 6.0-18.3 µM N/E= 1.5-23.6 µM N/F= 3.0-18.8 µM
- 15. Diurnal profile
- 16. Neap tide (Range: 0.09-0.40 µM) Spring tide (Range: 0.13-0.20 µM) Nitrite 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 Nitrite(µM) Times T7 T24 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.13 0.15 0.17 0.19 0.21 Nitrite(µM) Times T7 T24 Neap tide (Range: 0.55-1.44 µM) Nitrate 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 Nitrate(µM) Times T7 T24 Spring tide (Range: 1.93-2.92 µM) 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 Nitrate(µM) Times T7 T24 Flood tide Ebb tide Flood tide Ebb tide Flood tide High tide Low tide
- 17. Neap tide (Range: 5.1-15.8 µM) Spring tide (Range: 10.6-16.3) Ammonia 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 7.40am 9.40am 11.40am 1.40pm 3.40pm 5.40pm 7.40pm Ammonia(µM) Times T7 T24 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Ammonia(µM) Times T7 T24 DON Spring tide (Range:24.6-89.06)Neap tide (Range: 33.4-88.6) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 DON(µM) Times T7 T24 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 DON(µM) Times T7 T24 Flood tide Ebb tide Flood tide Ebb tide Flood tide
- 18. Neap tide (Range: 25.2-33.3 µM) Spring tide (Range: 23.5-29.6 µM) 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 7.40am 9.40am 11.40am 1.40pm 3.40pm 5.40pm 7.40pm PON(µM) Times T7 T24 PON 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 PON(µM) Times T7 T24 • PON did not follow the tidal condition. • During neap: Peaked at 3.40 pm during ebb tide -high anthropogenic input during that time. • During spring: Peaked at 7.30 pm Flood tideFlood tideFlood tide Ebb tide Ebb tide
- 19. Freshwater end-member Salinity = 0ppt Coastal water up to 30 ppt Behaviour
- 20. Nitrite 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Nitrite(µM) Salinity (ppt) 22.2.2012 (Spring tide, Ebb water) 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Nitrite(µM) Salinity (ppt) 10.6.2012 (Spring tide,Flood water 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Nitrite(µM) Salinity (ppt) 4.5.2012 (Neap tide, Ebb water) 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Nirite(µM) Salinity (ppt) 2.4.2012 (Neap tide, Flood water) Non-conservative (addition) Non-conservative (addition) Non-conservative (addition) Non-conservative (addition)
- 21. 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Nitrate(µM) Salinity (ppt) 22.2.2012 (Spring tide,Ebb water) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Nitrate(µM) Salinity (ppt) 10.6.2012 (Spring tide, Flood water) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Nitrate(µM) Salinity (ppt) 4.5.2012 (Neap tide, Ebb water) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Nitrate(µM) Salinity (ppt) 2.4.2012 (Neap tide, Flood water) Nitrate Non-conservative (addition) Non-conservative (addition) Non-conservative (removal) Non-conservative (removal) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 DO(mg/L) Salinity (ppt) 22.2.2012 (Spring tide, Ebb water) Non-conservative (removal) (Salum, 2015) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 DO(mg/L) Salinity (ppt) 2.4.2012 (Neap tide, Flood water) Non-conservative (removal) (Salum, 2015) Denitrification process Removal of DO contents
- 22. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Ammonia(µM) Salinity (ppt) 22.2.2012 (Spring tide,Ebb water) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Ammonia(µM) Salinity (ppt) 10.6.2012 (Spring tide, Flood water) 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Ammonia(µM) Salinity (ppt) 4.5.2012 (Neap tide, Ebb water) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Ammonia(µM) Salinity (ppt) 2.4.2012 (Neap tide, Flood water) Ammonia Non-conservative (addition) Non-conservative (addition) Non-conservative (addition) Non-conservative (addition)
- 23. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 DON(µM) Salinity (ppt) 22.2.2012 (Spring tide,Ebb water) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 DON(µM) Salinity (ppt) 10.6.2012 (Spring tide, Flood water) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 DON(µM) Salinity (ppt) 4.5.2012 (Neap tide, Ebb water) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 DON(µM) Salinity (ppt) 2.4.2012 (Neap tide, Flood water) Non-conservative (addition) Non-conservative (addition) Non-conservative (addition) Non-conservative (addition) DON
- 24. 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 PON(µM) Salinity (ppt) 22.2.2012 (Spring tide,Ebb water) 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 PON(µM) Salinity (ppt) 10.6.2012 (Spring tide, Flood water) 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 PON(µM) Salinity (ppt) 4.5.2012 (Neap tide, Ebb water) 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 PON(µM) Salinity (ppt) 2.4.2012 (Neap tide, Flood water) PON Non-conservative (addition) Non-conservative (addition) Non-conservative (addition) Non-conservative (addition)
- 25. Parameter (µ𝑴) Previous study (Jan, 2002) Previous study (Theivanan, 2009) Present study (2012) Nitrite 0.003-0.25 0.05-0.138 0.002-0.393 Nitrate 1.9-7.0 0.12-103.9 0.3-4.7 Ammonia 0.02-0.09 0.015-0.037 1.0-35.4 DON 0.4-3.5 - 3.2-40.6 PON - - 1.5-23.6 Comparison
- 26. As captured on 20th July 2002 (Landsat) Breakwater in Terengganu River estuary As captured on 18th Sept. 2012 (Google Earth)NAHRIM, 2011NAHRIM, 2011
- 27. Relative Abundance (Longitudinal) 0 10 20 30 40 50 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 T17 T18 T19 T20 T21 T22 T23 T24 N(%) Stations 22/2/2012 (Spring tide, ebb water) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 T17 T18 T19 T20 T21 T22 T23 T24 N(%) Stations 10/6/2012 (Spring tide, flood water) 0 10 20 30 40 50 TA TC TE TG TI T1 T3 T5 T7 T9 T11 T13 T15 T17 T19 T21 T23 N(%) Stations 4/5/2012 (Neap tide, ebb water) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 TH TJ T2 T4 T6 T8 T10 T12 T14 T16 T18 T20 T22 T24 N(%) Stations 2/4/2012 (Neap tide, flood water) % DIN % DON % PON DIN 39% DON 43% PON 18% Spring tide, Ebb water DIN 33% DON 41% PON 26% Spring tide, Flood water DIN 37% DON 37% PON 26% Neap tide, Ebb water DIN 29% DON 43% PON 28% Neap tide, Flood water 100% of Total N
- 28. Relative Abundance (Diurnal) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 7.40am 9.40am 11.40am 1.40pm 3.40pm 5.40pm 7.40pm Nitrogen(%) Times Station 7 (Neap tide) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Nitrogen(%) Times Station 24 (Neap tide) %DIN %DON %PON 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 7.30am 9.30am 11.30am 1.30pm 3.30pm 5.30pm 7.30pm Nitrogen(%) Times Station 7 (Spring tide) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 7.30am 9.30am 11.30am 1.30pm 3.30pm 5.30pm 7.30pm Nitrogen(%) Times Station 24 (Spring tide) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 7.40am 9.40am 11.40am 1.40pm 3.40pm 5.40pm 7.40pm Nitrogen(%) Times Station 7 (Neap tide) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Nitrogen(%) Times Station 24 (Neap tide) %DIN %DON %PON 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 7.30am 9.30am 11.30am 1.30pm 3.30pm 5.30pm 7.30pm Nitrogen(%) Times Station 7 (Spring tide) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 7.30am 9.30am 11.30am 1.30pm 3.30pm 5.30pm 7.30pm Nitrogen(%) Times Station 24 (Spring tide) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 7.40am 9.40am 11.40am 1.40pm 3.40pm 5.40pm 7.40pm Nitrogen(%) Times Station 7 (Neap tide) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Nitrogen(%) Times Station 24 (Neap tide) %DIN %DON %PON 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 7.30am 9.30am 11.30am 1.30pm 3.30pm 5.30pm 7.30pm Nitrogen(%) Times Station 7 (Spring tide) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 7.30am 9.30am 11.30am 1.30pm 3.30pm 5.30pm 7.30pm Nitrogen(%) Times Station 24 (Spring tide) DIN 16% DON 56% PON 28% Station 7 (Spring tide) DIN 9% DON 63% PON 28% Station 7 (Neap tide) DIN 17% DON 57% PON 26% Station 24 (Spring tide) DIN 13% DON 61% PON 26% Station 24 (Neap tide)
- 29. Fractionation study of DON 8 fixed stations
- 30. % LMW DON (mean LMW DON-mean chl-a) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 T1 T9 T11 T15 T18 T19 T20 T24 LMWDON(%) Stations S/E (22.2.012) N/F (2.4.2012) N/E (4.5.2012) S/F (10.6.2012) No significance different (p>0.05) between sampling survey and station. LMW DON during neap tide (57-95%) and spring tide (35-71%) Higher N/E = 57-95% Lower S/E = 35-70% N/F = 58-91% S/F = 45-71% 65 69 63 74 81 59 69 54 1.79 2.23 1.03 4.83 9.75 2.45 10.76 2.84 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 T1 T9 T11 T15 T18 T19 T20 T24 MeanChl-a(mg/L) MeanLMWDON(%) Sampling stations LMW DON Chl-a Ave: 81% Chl-a: 9.75 mg/L
- 31. y = 4.3325x + 42.272 R² = 0.6985 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 2 4 6 8 LMWDON(%) Chl-a (mg/L) Spring tide Ebb water y = 2.5316x + 67.395 R² = 0.4325 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 2 4 6 8 10LMWDON(%) Chl-a (mg/L) Neap tide Flood water y = 0.9937x + 73.217 R² = 0.5185 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 LMWDON(%) Chl-a (mg/L) Neap tide Ebb water y = 2.0686x + 48.784 R² = 0.1977 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 2 4 6 8 LMWDON(%) Chl-a (mg/L) Spring tide Flood water % LMW DON in each surveys • This relationship were used in order to investigate the potential source of LMW DON. • Interaction LMW DON vs Chl-a S/E & N/E = dominated with LMW DON S/F & N/F = dominated with HMW DON
- 32. CONCLUSION The longitudinal profile showed that higher concentrations of N-based nutrients were recorded at freshwater end-member and urban area of Kuala Terengganu town. DIN and DON showed higher concentration during the spring tide compared to neap tide. The diurnal profile showed the distribution of DIN and DON were influenced by tidal conditions (exception of PON). Diurnal profile support the longitudinal distribution, where spring tide exhibited high nutrients concentration in TRE. Generally, N-based nutrients demonstrated a non-conservatively behaviour with an addition tendency was observed in all four surveys, except for nitrate (removal) during S/E and N/F surveys. The LMW DON during S/E and N/E surveys were correlated with chl-a. Higher percentage of LMW DON were found during neap tide and HMW DON dominated during spring tide.
Editor's Notes
- Nutrient is inorganic & organic solute essential for the growth of all autotrophic primary producers (Suratman, 2007). Nitrogen containing compound act as nutrients in the stream&river. Macronutrient required in large amount (N,P,Si&C) micro very small amount but still necessary ec boron,copper. Various forms of nitrogen can be found in water including organic and inorganic forms such as N03, NO2(represent only a minor), NH4, Urea, DON, PON. Why we should be interested in nutrient (nitrogen) fluxes….because N is very important ---it a essential compound for growth & reproduction in plant & animal. As a limiting factor-if sufficient nutrient, light & suitable temp..algae continue grow unless inadequate supply of TN in waterbodies has been found to limit the growth algae. (i.e., phytoplankton). Generally a ratio N:P 16:1 Reason for N -as indicator-common reason for eutrophication in a water body is the increase of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients
- Conflicts between estuary capacity and human need always occurred due to rapid developments in estuaries area (Razak et al., 2012). Monsoon effect Salinity effect Water circulation & wind effect TRE- funnel shaped -categorized as a small estuary -total area 8 km2 -shallow -max depth 7m Average depth 4m Terengganu River estuary facing the southern of South China Sea and situated on the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia and Experience with 2 main season Northeast & Southeast monsoon 1- Important region for nutrient transformation & very nutrient rich ecosystem which lead to high productivity & high biodiversity 2-Represent one of the most aquatic resources and important ecosystem services. For example ecosystem service that estuaries provided like water filtration, habitat protection & protect coastal area, inland habitat and may reduced floods. When flooding does occur, estuaries often act like huge sponges, soaking up the excess water 3- estuary have salinities gradient, when ebb tide estuary dominated with freshwater, while during flood tide estuary dominated with salt water & different salinity can be measured & can be used as a std procedure for chemical investigation. 4.Salinity is one of main characteristic of estuary. when ebb tide estuary will dominated with freshwater with no salinity and when flood water estuary will dominated with saline water with salinity gradient and this can be used as a std procedure………to determine the conservative index of mixing 5-estuaries area often densely populated and surrounding with various economical activities and this may lead to anthropogenic impact. The conflict between estuary capacity and human need always occurred due to rapid development that focus in estuaries area (Razak et al. 2012). Various major projects have significantly reduced the estuarine surface and its functioning. These project include harbour construction, dam and dredging activities. Anthropogenic activities increase + population increase = lead to more pollution from various source In recent years, conflicts between estuary capacity and human needs always occur due to rapid developments For example, the Seine estuary represents 40% of France's economic activity (industry and agriculture), 50% of its river traffic, and 30% of its population (Dauvin & Pezy, 2013). Indirectly, it can perturbed the estuarine functioning and increase direct discharge waste water into this estuary. Anthropogenic have a great impact on the estuary water, insufficient wastewater treatment system may deteriorate the water quality Eliani et al. (2013) pointed out that anthropogenic dredging activities have the ability to reduce the capacity of the estuaries and may significantly remove nutrient especially nitrate from the estuaries.
- Concentration of nutrient VS salinity The behaviour of nutrients during mixing in the estuary can be evaluated by using a model that proposed by Liss (1976). Liss (1976) has provide a simple model to demonstrate the conservative and non-conservative behaviour of nutrients mixing. This model can be used of a given constituent in an estuary from simple mixing of a two-component system, made up of a single source of river and sea water. The nutrient behave conservatively if the data fall on a straight line joining the end member of the mixing series, often called the theoretical dilution line and its indicate no removal or addition occurs within the estuaries. If components are more concentrated in seawater than river water (Figure 2.1 (a)) the slope will be positive, and negative where the river water component concentrated than seawater (Figure 2.1 (b)). A bend above or below the theoretical dilution line indicate the non-conservative behaviour which nutrient addition or removal from the water occur. This model was proposed by Liss (1976) Model to demonstrate the conservative and non-conservative behaviour of nutrient mixing. (a) The positive slope -components are more concentrated in seawater than river water (b) The negative slope- the river water component concentrated than seawater A bend above or below the theoretical dilution line indicate the non-conservative behaviour which nutrient addition or removal from the water occur
- 30 samplings station, however, not all station can be sampled during longitudinal surveys due to safety reason. In general similar regions (coastal,estuary &freshwater) were covered during all samplings.
- Physical parameter~ salinity, pH, DOduring transportation to the laboratory
- DIN= grasshoff 1983 DOC+DON (High temp. catalytic oxidation) = suratman et al 2009, Muylaert et al 2005, sharp at al. 2002 PON+ POC =
- Size fractionation analyse by using TOC-VCPH analyser. polyesthersulfone
- NO2- Lower NO2 conc. recorded during S/E due to sampling was performed during monsoon season, as heavy rainfall possibly diluted the NO2 content in the surface water at this area. highest range of NO2 conc. found during S/F survey. As this sampling was carried out during dry season and low dilution from rain is lead to high NO2 conc. Comparison between neap & spring tide. The result indicated that neap tide recorded low conc. compared to spring tide. This situation is related to lower tidal range and weak water turbulence during neap tide may generated a weak current at the bottom water and NO2 no able released to the surface water and lead to low NO2 conc present in neap tide. SIGNIFICANCE p<0.05 between sampling trip NOT significance between sampling stations NO3-Lower nitrate conc recorded during NE with range between 0.6 to 3.3 MM, this could be related to slow water current cannot resuspension bottom sediment NO3- S/F survey recorded higher NO3 conc. With the value from 1.2 to 4.7 MM Overall results show that conc. Of NO3 in surface water were higher during spring tide rather than neap tide. During spring tide, strong water turbulence with high tidal range have affected the sediment resuspention in the bottom and response to high NO3 released to surface water.
- -This is the longitudinal variation of NH3 & DON along the study area. -Generally, NH3&DON showed a similar distribution pattern with nitrate which show higher concentration in freshwater region and decrease toward coastal water. And suggested the main source of this both parameter could be derived from freshwater input. -NH3 conc. during N/F & DON conc. during S/F recorded lower conc compared to other remaining surveys, this could be reflect to flood tide that transport low nutrients from open sea to estuary area. In contrast with Nitrite, both NH3 & DON were observed Highest during monsoon season which is during s/E. This phenomana probably due to heavy rainfall caused runoff of land bring terestrial input to the water column and increase the DON and NH3 content in surface water. - Comparison of NH3 & DON level between neap & spring tide indicate conc. Of this both parameter was higher during spring tide. & as mention before, this is as a result of Greater water mixing during spring tide might increase the resuspension event due to strong water current.
- Thus, PON at fixed station was not influenced by the tidal cycle
- The behaviour of nutrients during mixing in the estuary can be evaluated by using a model that proposed by Liss (1976). Liss (1976) has provide a simple model to demonstrate the conservative and non-conservative behaviour of nutrients mixing. This model can be used of a given constituent in an estuary from simple mixing of a two-component system, made up of a single source of river and sea water. The nutrient behave conservatively if the data fall on a straight line joining the end member of the mixing series, often called the theoretical dilution line and its indicate no removal or addition occurs within the estuaries. If components are more concentrated in seawater than river water (Figure 2.1 (a)) the slope will be positive, and negative where the river water component concentrated than seawater (Figure 2.1 (b)). A bend above or below the theoretical dilution line indicate the non-conservative behaviour which nutrient addition or removal from the water occur.
- All non-c ADDITION
- 2 NO3− + 10 e− + 12 H+ → N2 + 6 H2O. Denitrification is essentially the conversion of nitrate to nitrogen gas In contrast, nitrate removal in the water column during spring tide, possibly due to a chemical process takes place in the estuary through the denitrification process. This observation is supported by the removal of DO concentration at the same tide condition (Figure 5). In addition, this is consistent with the ammonia, which is found to behave non-conservatively with an addition process. This has been mainly attributed to a direct reduction of nitrate to ammonia, which rapid conversion of the oxide forms of nitrogen compounds in water with low DO content. Subsequently, low concentration of nitrate may lead to high ammonia concentration due to the influenced of low DO concentration. These results provide a clear indication that denitrification processes occur in the estuary. Denitrification process has been cited widely as a possible mechanism for nitrate removal during estuarine mixing
- Rapid development of human activities and increased human population Presence of breakwater, ammonia may trap from flushing out to coastal water and lead to ammonia increase in estuary especially at the inner part
- Breakwater: A barrier built out into a body of water to protect a coast or harbour from waves attack. -Influence the sediment transport process. Which accumulated at inner part of estuary and act as a trap for inorganic & organic substances. The presence of breakwater strongly influenced the environmental quality inside the breakwater -no impact were observed outside ---Matteucci (2013)
- The overall results obtained for each survey showed that DON was the dominant constituent of total N. DON & PON showed distinct variation between each other for each surveys.
- The overall results obtained for each survey showed that DON was the dominant constituent of total N. DON & PON showed distinct variation between each other for each surveys.
- DON higher – Anthropogenic loading (domestic sewage, aquaculture waste, livestock waste) - resuspension - release from primary producer such as phytoplankton/ algae - excreation by fish - from degradation process LOWER DIN taken by phytoplankton, may convert DIN to DON/PON
- Throughout the study, the percentage of LMW DON range between 35 to 95% Station that recorded higher % LMW DON corresponded to high concentration of chl-a. For example: at station T20 95% of LMW with average chl-a 10.76 mg/L
- Throughout the study, the percentage of LMW DON range between 35 to 95% Station that recorded higher % LMW DON corresponded to high concentration of chl-a. For example: at station T20 95% of LMW with average chl-a 10.76 mg/L
- 1-which reflects the input of anthropogenic activities. 2-due to water turbulence and tidal range. 3With the exception of nitrate, which showed the removal trend during S/E and N/F 4-The LMW DON during S/E and N/E surveys were significantly correlated with chl-a and indicated that the sources of LMW DON during this surveys derived from phytoplankton exudation The distribution of selected particulate trace metals was found to be influenced by the monsoon and post monsoon seasons