The Creation of Iraq and Syria - Sunnis, Shiites, Alawites and Kurds
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1. Syria and Iraq did not exist as unified states until after World War 1 when the Ottoman Empire collapsed. The British and French divided up the former Ottoman lands and established Iraq and Syria under their influence. 2. When establishing the new states, the British and French did not consider the religious and ethnic divisions between Sunnis, Shias, Kurds, and Alawites. This led to minority groups coming to power in both countries. 3. The current conflict has roots in the tensions between Sunni and Shia groups, as well as aspirations for autonomy among the Kurds. The rise of ISIS aims to establish a Sunni state incorporating parts of Syria and Iraq.
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1) The UK, France and Germany recently bombed ISIS in Syria, while Turkey invaded northern Iraq near Mosul to allegedly fight ISIS but may intend to control the region and prevent other NATO members from bombing.
2) Germany is wary of sharing intelligence with Turkey due to concerns it could be passed to ISIS or used against Kurds.
3) A man attacked people in the London Underground shouting "That's for Syria," two days after UK airstrikes, reflecting rising tensions.
Germany's Economic Addictions
Germany exports $1.38 trillion worth of goods annually, with around 50% going to its top 10 trading partners which are led by France, the United States, United Kingdom, Netherlands, and China. It imports $1.15 trillion worth of goods per year, with around 50% coming from its top 10 suppliers headed by the Netherlands, China, France, United States, and Italy. Cars and vehicle parts make up around 15% of German exports while oil and natural gas, mainly from Russia and the Netherlands, comprise approximately 10% of imports. In essence, Germany relies on selling cars and purchasing oil and natural gas.
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The document summarizes a Wall Street Journal article discussing how the US and Europe are seeking to cooperate with Russia in Syria against ISIS. It notes that France is pushing for a coalition between the US, France and Russia against ISIS. Additionally, the US, Europe, Israel and Arabs would like Russia to distance itself from Iran in Syria. However, the US and Europe are uncertain if Russia is genuinely willing to separate from Iran because Russia does not want Assad removed as a precondition for resolving the Syrian conflict. Overall, the document analyzes how an enhanced Russian role in Syria could benefit the interests of the US, Europe, Israel, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, but would be detrimental to Iran.
Russia vs japan (January 2016)
After World War 2, Russia invaded the Kuril Islands, preventing Japan and Russia from signing a peace treaty. Recently, Japan has discussed with Russia the possibility of jointly constructing an undersea natural gas pipeline from Russia to reduce Japan's liquefied natural gas costs. In exchange, Russia would return some of the Kuril Islands to Japan. A gas pipeline could benefit Japan's economy while reducing its support for the US against Russia. However, Japan would find it harder to fully support its ally, the US, in confrontations with Russia.
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The document discusses Libya's oil resources and its relations with other countries from 1955-2015. It summarizes that Libya is rich in oil reserves and was led by Muammar Gaddafi from 1969-2011. Gaddafi tried to unite North African countries but failed. France had poor political relations with Gaddafi due to its ties with Israel and influence in Africa. Many countries supported removing Gaddafi in 2011 due to his alliances and hostility towards them. After Gaddafi's fall, countries like Italy, France and Qatar sought to gain oil contracts in Libya. Russia and China were reluctant to strongly back Gaddafi for fear of losing out on future contracts.
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The document provides background information on the Assyrian genocide that occurred from 1914-1924 in Turkey. It discusses how the ancient Assyrian civilization existed in the region now known as Turkey, Iraq, Iran and Syria. During World War 1, the Ottoman Empire carried out genocide against Christian communities including Assyrians. Approximately 200,000-300,000 Assyrians were killed through massacre, deportation and abuse. This resulted in massive displacement and ongoing conflicts that have stunted development and recovery in the Tur Abdin region of Turkey, where many Assyrians once lived. Decades later, only a small number of Assyrians remain in the region, though some have tried returning. Conflict, lack of rights, and poverty
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This document provides background on the Arab-Israeli conflict, beginning with a brief overview. It notes that the conflict began as a struggle over land between Zionist Jews and Palestinian Arabs in Palestine after World War I. The land was divided after the 1948 war into Israel, the West Bank, and Gaza Strip. It discusses the competing claims of Jews and Palestinians to the land. The bulk of the document provides historical context, covering the British Mandate period, the rise of Zionist settlement, Palestinian resistance, and the events leading up to the 1947 UN partition plan and outbreak of fighting.
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The document provides an overview of the geography, history, and politics of several countries in Southwest Asia. It discusses how the Ottoman Empire once ruled over diverse peoples in the region, and how European powers divided up the Ottoman lands after World War I. It also summarizes the creation of Israel and resulting Arab-Israeli conflicts, Jordan's changing demographics and economy, Lebanon's struggles with civil war, geographic and economic factors in Syria, and a series of conflicts that have occurred in Iraq.
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After the Iranian revolution, the US allied with Saudi Arabia for oil and Turkey as a counter to Russia. When Saudi Arabia and Turkey started looking elsewhere, the US turned to Iraq to liberate the Shiite and Kurdish populations oppressed by Saddam Hussein's Sunni minority. However, neighboring Iran, Saudi Arabia, Syria, and Turkey did not want an independent Kurdistan and opposed US involvement for fear it could empower their own Kurdish populations. The Iraq war thus sparked opposition from countries in the region.
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Republished (along with the cover letter) and highlighted by the Aram Nahrin Portal (Aram Nahrin Organization / Arameans of Aram-Nahrin Organisation) on 1st August 2004
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State-Building
Nationalism, secularism, and great power politics at the turn of the 20th century
Some questions to consider:
Islamists are in power in both Iran and Turkey. Why is Turkey so different from Iran?
Why is the government in Egypt so different from the government in Saudi Arabia?
Why has the military played an important role in the politics of Turkey?
1914
Two (major) political entities in the region:
The Ottoman Empire (Egypt, Tunisia)Iran
Ten years later…
Turkey Egypt IraqTransjordan (later Jordan)SyriaLebanonSaudi ArabiaIran
The Ottoman Empire:
the balance among linguistic, regional, and religious groupings was disturbed by European interventions and the internal political changes.
The Ottoman decline:
By the turn of the 20th century the Ottoman state became unstable.
Keep in mind:
The religious foundations of Ottoman rule.
Legitimacy of the Ottoman Empire
As long as loyalty to the empire appeared consistent with loyalty to the best interests of Islam (the ties of the ummah were paramount) most Arab Muslims accepted the legitimacy of the Ottoman rule.
Modernism, Humanism, political liberalism, and the Enlightenment.
A transition from communities of faith to national communities;Secular (universal) citizenship;Loyalty to the state and its institutions rather than to communal (mostly tribal) identities. Constitutional government;Anti-monarchismReligious pluralism, freedom, individualism; Unified legal, judicial, educational system;The expansion of the state instituions (bureaucracy, surveillance).
The Ottoman swings in opposite direction:
Constitutionalism;
Religious restoration.
Young Ottomans (bureaucracy):
Secularization (legal, judicial, educational systems);Universal citizenship;The 1876 Constitution.
Religious restoration
(sultan Abdul Hamid II)
Technological and administrative modernization, railways, post offices, warships but:
Refurbished the long neglected title of caliph,Broadcasting pan-Islamic appeals, and Topped up the ranks of his administration with Arabs.
Religious restoration and identity
Pan-Islamisms
Rather than:
Ottomanism
1908
Widespread opposition to the sultan’s tyranny.
A military rising in Monastir and Salonika (Rumelia); The sultan forced to call elections;The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) won a majority across the empire.
The 1908 Young Turk “revolution”
Officers demand that Abdul Hamid II restore the constitution.
On July 24, 1908, the constitution was declared once again in effect.
The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) government
Overriding aim was the preservation of the empire, at whatever cost.
They weren’t liberals but nor were they purely anti-colonial.
The threats to the Ottoman Empire
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Led by common soldiers and t.
36THE ARAB IMMIGRANT EXPERIENCEMichael W SuleimanQue.docx
36
THE ARAB IMMIGRANT EXPERIENCE
Michael W Suleiman
Questions to Consider
Since 9/11, the media seem to have newly discovered the Arab-American
population in the United States, even though this group has been a signifi-
cant presence in this country for almost one hundred and fifty years. This
article maps Arab migration to the United States and the process of ''Ameri-
canization" that this group, like almost all immigrant groups to this coun-
try, has experienced. In this article, Michael Suleiman suggests that an
ambiguous racial status and racism were used to deny Arab immigrants of
citizenship. How and why did this happen?
Introduction
In 1977, William E. Leuchtenburg, the
prominent American historian, remarked,
"From the perspective of the American
historian, the most striking aspect of the
relationship between Arab and American
cultures is that, to Americans, the Arabs are
From "The Arab Immigrant Experience," by
Michael Suleiman as it appears in Arabs in Amer-
ica: Building a New Future, edited by Michael
Suleiman. Reprinted by permission of Temple
University Press. Copyright © 1999 by Temple
University. All rights reserved.
a people who have lived outside of history."l
Professor Leuchtenburg could have just as
accurately made the same observation about
Arabs in America.
Ignorance about Arab Americans among
North Americans at large means that, before
looking at more detailed accounts of the
Arab-American experience, we may benefit
from a quick overview of Arab immigration
to North America and what the Arab-
American communities here have been like.
There have been two major waves of
Arab immigration to North America. The
first lasted from the 1870s to World War II
and the second from World War II to the
474 Michael W. Suleiman
present. Members of the two waves of im-
migrants had somewhat different character-
istics and faced different challenges in the
social and political arena. Any examination
of the immigrant communities must take
into account these differences. As we shall
see, the two communities began to come to-
gether in the 1960s, especially after the 1967
Arab-Israeli war/ and this rapprochement
must also be taken into account.
The term"Arab Americans" refers to the
immigrants to North America from the Ara-
bic-speaking countries of the Middle East
and their descendants. The Arabic-speaking
countries today include Algeria, Bahrain,
Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon,
Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, pre-
1948 Palestine and the Palestinians, Qatar,
Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United
Arab Emirates, and Yemen. Somalia and Dji-
bouti are also members of The League of
Arab States and have some Arabic-speaking
populations. Most Arab immigrants of the
first wave came from the Greater Syria re-
gion, especially present-day Lebanon, and
were overwhelmingly Christian; later immi-
grants came from all parts of the Arab world,
but especially from Palestine, Lebanon,
Syria, Egypt, Iraq, and Yemen, and had large
...
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- The Khazars converted to Judaism in the 8th century. They absorbed Jewish culture and became urbanized.
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The Creation of Iraq and Syria - Sunnis, Shiites, Alawites and Kurds
- 1. The Creation of Iraq and Syria Sunnis, Shittes, Allawites and Kurds Iakovos Alhadeff
- 2. A very nice map of Syria and Iraq, which shows with dark brown the Muslim Alawite part at the Syrian coasts, with brown the Sunni Muslim parts of Syria and Iraq, with orange the Shiite Muslim part of Iraq, and with pink the Kurdish (Sunni) Muslim part of Syria and Iraq. Map 1 Iraq and Syria http://cdn2.vox-cdn.com/assets/4396135/sunni-shia-kurd_state_crop.jpg Syria and Iraq did not exist as states until the First World War 1914-1918. These pieces of land were parts of various empires until then, with the Ottoman Empire being the last one. During the First World War (1914- 1918), the English and the French helped the local Arab populations to revolt against the Ottomans, because they wanted to prevent the Germans
- 3. from reaching the Persian Gulf through the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire which were German allies. Map 2 German, Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires
- 4. When the English, the French and the Arabs did actually win the war and the Ottomans left the Middle East, it was time to decide how the new lands would be distributed to the Arab allies of the English and the French. The English and the French agreed that what became Iraq and Palestine (Jordan+Israel) would be under English influence, and what became Syria and Lebanon would be under French influence. For the English the Iraqi oil was very important because the oil of Saudi Arabia was not discovered until 1938. The English could also export this oil through Palestine (Jordan+Israel) to the Mediterranean Sea. Moreover the corridor formed by Israel+Jordan+Iraq would offer the English an alternative route to India, which was their most important colony. When the pro-Soviet socialist dictators rose to power in Syria and Iraq, they used a socialist model and diminished the role of religion in order to homogenize their populations. They also used Arab nationalism to achieve
- 5. this same goal, since most of their citizens were Arabs, with the exception of the Kurds of course. What is strange is that in both Syria and Iraq the socialist dictators who managed to rise to power belonged to the minorities of these countries. In Syria the father of Bashar al Assad, Hafez Assad, was an Alawite, while Sunni Muslims were the majority of the Syrian population. In Iraq Sadam Hussein was a Sunni Muslim, while Shiite Muslims were the majority of the Iraqi population. Allawites are an offshoot of Shiite Islam. In 2009 Bashar al Assad refused to allow the Qatar-Turkey pipeline to pass through Syria i.e. the Sunni Pipeline, while he agreed to let the Iran-Iraq- Syria pipeline to pass through Syira i.e. the Shiite Pipeline. The Iran-Syria pipeline would be constructed by Gazprom. As a result the Turks and the Arabs of the Persian Gulf supported the Sunni Muslims of Syria and Iraq, who revolted against the Alawites in Syria and against the Shiites in Iraq. That’s the reason ISIS is the first terrorist organization which wants to establish its own state i.e. the Sunni parts of Syria and Iraq. If that does indeed happen, an Alawite state will have to be created at the Mediterranean coasts of Syria, a Shiite state in Iraq, and a Kurdish state in Iraq and Syria. Map 3 Sunni (red) VS Shiite (green) Pipelines