The Frankfurt Parliament failed to effectively unite Germany in 1848 due to internal divisions and a lack of political and military power. The parliament did not represent all of the German people and struggled to agree on whether Germany should include Austria. Friedrich Wilhelm IV rejected becoming emperor, further weakening the parliament. Without an emperor or military, and facing opposition from Austrian and Prussian rulers, the Frankfurt Parliament dissolved in 1849 and failed to establish a unified German state.
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Get the full 43-page report here: https://goo.gl/9LpcBw
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Did the German Empire fall on the 8th or the 9th of November in 1918( Why were assassins and hotmen let off the hook in the early period of the weimar Republic? These and other questions are to be addressed.
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Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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2. A DIVIDED AND INEFFECTIVE PARLIAMENT
Weakness:
The parliament which met in May 1848, did not represent the population as a whole.
Lack of popular support (the delegates mainly liberals)
Its members could not agree on the territorial extent of a new Germany
(Kleindeutschland or) Grossdeutschland
Division within the members (radical minority, small conservative groups, and liberals majority)
The crown of this empire was offered to Friedrich Wilhelm IV and rejected
He rejected the offer in April, declining to ‘pick up a crown of mud and wood from the
gutter’ (a Pig crown).
He would only accept an imperial throne offered by his fellow princes.
3. WHY DIDTHE FRANKFURT PARLIAMENT
FAIL?
parliament’s members lacked political experience (impractical idealists)
struggled to resolve differences between moderate liberals, radicals and conservatives.
No Military power
lacked an army of its own
The weakness of the army was illustrated by a crisis over the disputed provinces of
Schleswig-Holstein on the Jutland peninsula, linking Prussia and Denmark
Limited Support
The princes mostly withdrew their constitutions after FriedrichWilhelm’s refusal of the
crown
Most of the members of the parliament went home.
Austria opposition
Austrian government opposed all revolutionary change.
Austrian Emperor, Franz Joseph, regained control his territiories in 1849.
5. ACTIVITY 3.9
From FriedrichWilhelm IV’s message to the Frankfurt Parliament, rejecting the offer of
the imperial crown, 3 April 1849
The German National Assembly has counted on me in all things which were calculated to
establish the unity of Germany and the power of Prussia. I honour its confidence; please
express my thanks for it ... But I should not justify that confidence – I should not answer to
the expectations of the German people – I should not strengthen the unity of Germany – if I,
violating sacred rights and breaking my former explicit and solemn promises, were, without
the voluntary assent of the crowned Princes and free States of our Fatherland, to take a
resolution which must be of decisive importance to them and to the States which they rule.
Source: Kertesz, G.A. (ed.). (1970). Documents in the Political History of the European
Continent 1815–1939. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 118
What reason does FriedrichWilhelm give for turning down the offer of the imperial German
crown? Do you believe that he is sincere in expressing his support for the idea of German
unity?
6. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Modern Europe, 1750-1921 for Cambridge International AS Level History Graham
Goodlad, Patrick Walsh-Atkins & Russell Williams
access to historyThe Unification of Germany 1815–1919THIRD EDITION Alan
Farmer and Andrina Stiles
Editor's Notes
See pp. 128 Modern Europe History Coursebook and pp.30, 34 The Unification of Germany 1815-1919 Hodder Education
See pp. 37-38 The Unification of Germany 1815-1919 Hodder Education
