The Cold War was a period of tension and military buildup between the United States and the Soviet Union from the mid-1940s to the late 1980s. This document discusses key events of the Cold War including the Cuban Missile Crisis, the formation of opposing military alliances like NATO and the Warsaw Pact, the arms race between the two superpowers, and the Non-Aligned Movement led by countries like India, Egypt and Yugoslavia to remain neutral. It also explains India's role in championing the interests of newly independent developing nations during the Cold War through the Non-Aligned Movement.

1. The cold WAR Era!
Present by, Pranali and Himanshi
class : XII - C
from
Saraswati Bal Mandir, Mehrauli

2. The cold war!
The cold war referred to the
competition the tension and a series of
confrontation Between two countries.
For Example :- between USA and
USSR
What is cold war?

3. On Hiroshima, 6
August 1945
On Nagasaki, 9 August
1945

5. The Cuban Missile crisis
• Cuba was an ally of the
soviet union. In April 1961,
the leaders of USSR were
worried that USA would
invade communist ruled
Cuba and overthrow fiddle
castor, the president of
Cuba.
• Nikita Khrushchev, the
leader of USSR place
nuclear missiles in Cuba.

6. • America was threatened by soviet union missiles and
therefore president john f. Kennedy and his advisor were
determined to get Khrushchev to remove the missiles
and nuclear weapons from Cuba.
• President ordered America warship to intercept any
soviet union ships heading to Cuba.
• A conflict between two big powers was imminent and this
crisis was known as Cuban missile crisis.

7. Meeting of Nikita Khrushchev and
John F. Kennedy on Cuban missile
issue.

9. Westernalliance
 The western
alliance was
formalied into an
organisation the
NORTH
ATLANTIC
TREATY
organisation.
(NATO)
Eastern alliances
• The eastern alliance
is known as the
Warsaw pact,
was led by the
soviet union.

10. Distribution of world !

11. Weapon race of USA and USSR
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
USA USSR
weapon
weapon

12. • In East, South East and West
Asia the USA built two
alliance system to make its
hold in these regions, called..
Other alliance

13. South east Asian Treaty
Organization (SEATO) in 1954.
Australia, France, Britain, New
Zealand, Pakistan, Thailand and
USA were members.
The Central treaty
organisation (CENTO) in 1955.

14. Arena of cold war
Korea
In 1950-53
Afghanistan
In 1979-89

15. What is Non – Alignment Movement
(NAM)?
Non- Alignment movement gave
the newly independent countries a
way of staying out of the alliances.

16. Founders of NAM
Jawaharlal
Nehru
-from India
Josip Broz Tito
-from
Yugoslavia

17. Sukarno
- From
Indonesia
Kwame
Nkrumah
– From
Ghana
Gamal
abdel
nasser –
From
Egypt

18. The countries who accepted Non-
Alignment Policy.

19. NEW INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ORDER
• The NIEO aims at the
Restructuring the existing
institution and establishing
new organizations which will
govern the flow of trade,
technology and capital resources
for the benefit of the whole
world in general and the
developing countries.

20. The Global trading system according to
UNCTAD in NIEO.
(Report 1972 )
• The Least Developed Countries (LDCs) should be
given the control over their natural resources which
are exploited by the developed countries.
• They should be given access to western markets so
that they can sell their products and therefore make
trades more useful for the poorer countries.
• Reduce the cost of technology from the western
countries.
• LDC should be provided greater role in international
economic institutions.

21. India and the cold war!
• As a leader of NAM India particular care in
staying away from the two alliance and raise
voice against the newly decolonised countries
becoming part of these alliances.
• India took international decisions and stances
that served its interests of the superpowers
and their allies.
• India was often balance one superpower
against the other.

22. CRITICISM OF INDIA’S Non
Alignment Policy
• India’s NAM said to be unprincipled.
• it is suggested that India was inconsistent and
took contradictory postures.
• India signed the treaty of friendship in 1971
with USSR for 20 years.
But..

23. • NAM contains some core values and enduring
ideas! It is based on a recognisation that newly
decolonised states or newly independent states of
Asia, Africa and Latin America share a historical
affiliation and can become powerful force if they
came together.
• It means the poor and very small countries need
not to became a follower of any of the big powers
and they could pursue an independent foreign
policy.
• NAM is based on a resolve to democratise the
international system. It provides an alternative
world order to redress the existing inequalities.