THE CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES IN NEW ZEALAND. Contains: Samuel Mardsen, the first Christian service in New Zealand, conversion to Christianity, the first missionary school, fixing God's house, Henry Williams.
25. imperialism in southeast asia and the pacificMrAguiar
Western powers colonized most of Southeast Asia and the Pacific islands by the late 1800s. The Dutch took control of Indonesia, the British expanded into Burma and Malaysia, and the French seized areas that became French Indochina. Spain originally held the Philippines but lost it to the United States after the Spanish-American War in 1898. Many colonized peoples resisted European rule but were unable to overcome the industrialized military powers. The colonizers restructured local economies and societies to their benefit, weakening traditional cultures, imposing arbitrary borders, and causing dependence on imported goods.
New Zealand consists of two main islands located southeast of Australia. It has a varied landscape ranging from tropical to Antarctic regions. Wellington is the capital city, and the largest cities are Auckland and Christchurch. The indigenous Maori people first arrived around 950-1150 AD and have cultural traditions like the hongi greeting. Key geographical features include Aoraki/Mt. Cook as the highest mountain and the Waikato River as the longest.
The document provides an overview of the rise of Turkey as a nation. It discusses Turkey's growing influence diplomatically, economically, and as a democratic presence in the Middle East. Turkey is poised to become a primary nation-state in the coming decades due to its strategic location between Europe, the Middle East and Central Asia, and its growing economy and trade relationships. The document also provides background on Turkey's history, government, and current leadership.
The Jesuits were formed in 1540 by Saint Ignatius of Loyola and early companions like Francis Xavier to proclaim the Catholic faith through missionary work. Jesuits work in fields like education, science, theology, and social justice. Today they run parishes, schools, and spirituality programs while addressing issues like migration, ecology, and technology. As a Jesuit, the individual works as an assistant priest but hopes to serve the sick in China next year. He enjoys being a Jesuit and finds the work fulfilling.
25. imperialism in southeast asia and the pacificMrAguiar
Western powers colonized most of Southeast Asia and the Pacific islands by the late 1800s. The Dutch took control of Indonesia, the British expanded into Burma and Malaysia, and the French seized areas that became French Indochina. Spain originally held the Philippines but lost it to the United States after the Spanish-American War in 1898. Many colonized peoples resisted European rule but were unable to overcome the industrialized military powers. The colonizers restructured local economies and societies to their benefit, weakening traditional cultures, imposing arbitrary borders, and causing dependence on imported goods.
New Zealand consists of two main islands located southeast of Australia. It has a varied landscape ranging from tropical to Antarctic regions. Wellington is the capital city, and the largest cities are Auckland and Christchurch. The indigenous Maori people first arrived around 950-1150 AD and have cultural traditions like the hongi greeting. Key geographical features include Aoraki/Mt. Cook as the highest mountain and the Waikato River as the longest.
The document provides an overview of the rise of Turkey as a nation. It discusses Turkey's growing influence diplomatically, economically, and as a democratic presence in the Middle East. Turkey is poised to become a primary nation-state in the coming decades due to its strategic location between Europe, the Middle East and Central Asia, and its growing economy and trade relationships. The document also provides background on Turkey's history, government, and current leadership.
The Jesuits were formed in 1540 by Saint Ignatius of Loyola and early companions like Francis Xavier to proclaim the Catholic faith through missionary work. Jesuits work in fields like education, science, theology, and social justice. Today they run parishes, schools, and spirituality programs while addressing issues like migration, ecology, and technology. As a Jesuit, the individual works as an assistant priest but hopes to serve the sick in China next year. He enjoys being a Jesuit and finds the work fulfilling.
AP World History: Modern Period 1, c. 1200-1450 CE ReviewDave Phillips
The act of the countess of Béarn swearing homage to her overlord, the king of Aragon, is most closely identified with the political system of feudalism. Under feudalism, lords granted land to vassals in exchange for loyalty and military service. In this image, the countess is demonstrating her loyalty and subservience to the king as her overlord by swearing homage. This reflects the hierarchical social and political relationships characteristic of feudalism.
Parihaka was a Maori village in Taranaki, New Zealand that was the center of non-violent resistance to the confiscation of Maori land by the New Zealand government in the late 19th century. It was led by Te Whiti-o-Rongomai and Tohu Kākahi who advocated peaceful resistance to government surveying and land seizures. In 1881, over 1,500 armed constabulary troops invaded Parihaka, arrested Te Whiti and Tohu, imprisoned Parihaka residents, and destroyed the village. However, Parihaka was later rebuilt and continued its peaceful resistance under the leadership of Te Whiti and Tohu until their
The document provides a detailed overview of the indigenous groups that inhabited Canada before European contact, including:
1) There were three main groups - First Nations, Inuit, and Métis. First Nations lived south of the tree line and were the most diverse, while the Inuit lived in the Arctic and were the most homogeneous.
2) First Nations arrived over 15,000 years ago via the Bering Strait land bridge. They lived as hunters and gatherers with an intimate knowledge of local ecosystems. Their populations were sparse but densest on the Northwest Coast and in the Iroquois Nation.
3) Cultures and languages varied widely by region but most societies were egalitarian with consensus-
The document discusses the major geographical explorations that occurred after the 15th century. It notes that prior to this period, Europeans had limited geographical knowledge. However, developments like the fall of Constantinople in 1453 closed trade routes with Asia, increasing European interest in finding new sea routes to lucrative trade partners like India. Explorers like Columbus, da Gama, and Magellan embarked on major voyages of discovery in the 15th-16th centuries, establishing European contact with and colonization of territories in Africa, Asia, North and South America. These explorations had significant economic, political, and intellectual impacts on both Europe and the lands explored.
1) Early Japan was ruled by small clans warring with each other until 1185 when samurai became dominant and shoguns ruled with their samurai forces.
2) In the 1500s, Japan unified under one shogunate and isolated itself from the world for hundreds of years.
3) In 1854, Commodore Perry forced Japan to open up to trade with the US and others, revealing how far behind Japan had fallen technologically without contact with the outside world.
New Zealand's national bird is the kiwi. Kiwis are flightless birds found only in New Zealand. They have thick brown or grey feathers, short powerful legs, a long bill used for finding food, and keen senses of smell and hearing. Despite their inability to fly, kiwis can run at speeds up to 30 kph. Kiwis play an important role in New Zealand's identity and ecosystem. There are five surviving species of kiwi that are threatened by habitat loss and predators. Conservation efforts aim to protect and increase kiwi populations.
Pat presents Thailand and shares some of its secrets treasures. He introduces aspects of Thai culture like its biodiversity, agriculture, food, textiles, people and more. Pat expresses pride in his home country and invites the reader to learn about Thailand's exotic inspirations through its natural beauty, cultural heritage and warm people.
This document provides information about New Zealand through a presentation. It discusses New Zealand's geography including its two main islands and smaller surrounding islands. It then covers New Zealand's flag, coat of arms, currency featuring the kiwi bird, early European exploration, history of Māori settlement, current government and notable female leaders. Details are given about major cities like Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch and Dunedin. An overview of Māori culture and art is provided. Facts about New Zealand's unique flora and fauna are also summarized.
In the 15th century, Spain and Portugal divided territories they had rediscovered in the Americas between them. Christopher Columbus sailed from Spain in 1492 and arrived in the Americas, encountering three major indigenous tribes: the Aztecs, Mayans, and Incas. The Spanish later fought wars against these tribes to gain control over their lands and establish colonies. Major cities of these civilizations included Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City) of the Aztecs, sites of the advanced Mayan writing system, and Machu Picchu of the largest Inca Empire. Spain went on to form institutions to control its new American colonies from Sevilla and defend its territories against other European powers.
Te Tiriti o Waitangi, the Māori language version of the Treaty of Waitangi, can be considered a human rights document. It affirmed Māori rights to exist as a nation, to self-determination over their lands and resources, and to practice their customs and religion. The speaker analyzes the philosophical and historical context, including Māori declarations of independence and understandings of protection agreements. Specific rights inferred from Te Tiriti o Waitangi included the right to govern themselves, authority over their lands and property, and equal protection under the law.
The document is a PowerPoint presentation about Cyprus that covers its history, holidays, demographics, traditional aspects like clothing, food and dance, tourist spots, and includes a Bible verse. It discusses how Cyprus was first under Assyrian rule in the 8th century BC and lists 10 ancient kingdoms. It also outlines several national holidays in Cyprus and provides facts about the capital Nicosia, official languages, ethnic groups, and current president.
This presentation exmines history of Aotearoa NZ From 1805 leading to the estalishment of Te Wakaminenga in 1808.It discusses He Wakaputanga 1835 and examines historical contexts that contributed to the signing of Te Tiriti o Waitangi 1840
The Viking marauders from pagan Scandinavia wreaked havoc throughout Europe. Throughout the 9th and 10th centuries Vikings raided, killed and plundered. Soon a new prayer was added to the church liturgy: “From the fury of the Northmen, O Lord, deliver us!”
European powers explored and colonized much of the world between the 15th-17th centuries seeking to spread Christianity, gain territory, and profit economically. Portugal led exploration down the coast of Africa. Spain established vast American and Asian empires through conquistadors like Pizarro. The British, French, and Dutch later established global trading empires through colonization of North America, the Caribbean, Africa, Asia, and the Pacific. European exploration and colonization transformed global politics and economics and led to the rise of powerful Western empires.
Monasteries in the Middle Ages were buildings where monks lived in isolation devoted to worshipping God. Monks were some of the only literate people who recorded history and provided education. Each monastery was self-sufficient with monks performing jobs like farming, cooking, and book copying. A typical monk's day involved prayer, worship, reading, and manual labor. Monks took vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience to dedicate their lives to their order and monastery.
By the 4th century, Christianity had become dominant in the Roman Empire and the Church played an increasing role in the new European civilization. Local parishes were led by priests and bishops, and people demonstrated their faith by building magnificent Gothic cathedrals between the 11th-12th centuries, featuring pointed arches, stained glass windows, and sculptures. The Pope grew in power and established the Roman Catholic Church and its laws, wielding authority over kings. Monks lived dedicated religious lives in monasteries and played an important social role through missionary work, education, medicine, and agriculture.
The document discusses colonialism in Nigeria by European powers like Britain in the late 1800s. It explains that at the Berlin Conference, European nations divided up Africa without input from local groups. In Nigeria, Britain established control over Northern Nigeria in 1900 and used tactics to divide ethnic groups. Colonialism disrupted traditional Nigerian society and culture by imposing Christianity, English language and European-style governance. This caused reactions among Nigerians and damaged bonds between communities, as depicted in the novel Things Fall Apart.
Level 2 History: The 1863 Invasion of the WaikatoHenry Hollis
The document provides background information on the 1863 invasion of Waikato during the New Zealand Wars. It discusses key figures involved such as Governor George Grey and General Duncan Cameron. It describes the origins of the Kingitanga movement and its challenge to British sovereignty. It then outlines some of the major battles that took place during the Waikato War, including Meremere, Rangiriri, and Orakau, where Rewi Maniapoto and his warriors fought bravely against the invading British forces despite being outnumbered.
This document provides information about Oceania, Australia, New Zealand, and Antarctica. It discusses the natural environments, climates, ecosystems, resources, cultural histories, populations, and economies of these regions. Key points include: Oceania has tropical climates and nutrient-poor soils supporting scrub and coconut palms; Australia and New Zealand were initially colonized by Britain and both have become independent nations; the Pacific Islands were colonized by various European powers; and Antarctica has a harsh climate and remains internationally protected for scientific research due to the Antarctic Treaty.
This document provides information about missionaries and their work through a presentation by Adrian and Cheri Ramirez, missionaries to Mexico and Central America from 1983 to 2007. It discusses that missionaries preach the gospel as Jesus commanded, but also help people in practical ways by visiting schools and hospitals, teaching Bible classes, and helping with basic needs. It emphasizes that anyone can be a missionary by sharing their faith, smiling at others, and inviting people to church events.
This document provides instructions for a social sciences skills unit presentation. It includes an introduction by the creator and a list of contents to be covered in the presentation. Some of the key topics in the presentation include maps through history, map symbols, scale and direction, grid references, contour lines, and precis mapping. The intention is to familiarize students with important concepts in map reading and interpretation.
AP World History: Modern Period 1, c. 1200-1450 CE ReviewDave Phillips
The act of the countess of Béarn swearing homage to her overlord, the king of Aragon, is most closely identified with the political system of feudalism. Under feudalism, lords granted land to vassals in exchange for loyalty and military service. In this image, the countess is demonstrating her loyalty and subservience to the king as her overlord by swearing homage. This reflects the hierarchical social and political relationships characteristic of feudalism.
Parihaka was a Maori village in Taranaki, New Zealand that was the center of non-violent resistance to the confiscation of Maori land by the New Zealand government in the late 19th century. It was led by Te Whiti-o-Rongomai and Tohu Kākahi who advocated peaceful resistance to government surveying and land seizures. In 1881, over 1,500 armed constabulary troops invaded Parihaka, arrested Te Whiti and Tohu, imprisoned Parihaka residents, and destroyed the village. However, Parihaka was later rebuilt and continued its peaceful resistance under the leadership of Te Whiti and Tohu until their
The document provides a detailed overview of the indigenous groups that inhabited Canada before European contact, including:
1) There were three main groups - First Nations, Inuit, and Métis. First Nations lived south of the tree line and were the most diverse, while the Inuit lived in the Arctic and were the most homogeneous.
2) First Nations arrived over 15,000 years ago via the Bering Strait land bridge. They lived as hunters and gatherers with an intimate knowledge of local ecosystems. Their populations were sparse but densest on the Northwest Coast and in the Iroquois Nation.
3) Cultures and languages varied widely by region but most societies were egalitarian with consensus-
The document discusses the major geographical explorations that occurred after the 15th century. It notes that prior to this period, Europeans had limited geographical knowledge. However, developments like the fall of Constantinople in 1453 closed trade routes with Asia, increasing European interest in finding new sea routes to lucrative trade partners like India. Explorers like Columbus, da Gama, and Magellan embarked on major voyages of discovery in the 15th-16th centuries, establishing European contact with and colonization of territories in Africa, Asia, North and South America. These explorations had significant economic, political, and intellectual impacts on both Europe and the lands explored.
1) Early Japan was ruled by small clans warring with each other until 1185 when samurai became dominant and shoguns ruled with their samurai forces.
2) In the 1500s, Japan unified under one shogunate and isolated itself from the world for hundreds of years.
3) In 1854, Commodore Perry forced Japan to open up to trade with the US and others, revealing how far behind Japan had fallen technologically without contact with the outside world.
New Zealand's national bird is the kiwi. Kiwis are flightless birds found only in New Zealand. They have thick brown or grey feathers, short powerful legs, a long bill used for finding food, and keen senses of smell and hearing. Despite their inability to fly, kiwis can run at speeds up to 30 kph. Kiwis play an important role in New Zealand's identity and ecosystem. There are five surviving species of kiwi that are threatened by habitat loss and predators. Conservation efforts aim to protect and increase kiwi populations.
Pat presents Thailand and shares some of its secrets treasures. He introduces aspects of Thai culture like its biodiversity, agriculture, food, textiles, people and more. Pat expresses pride in his home country and invites the reader to learn about Thailand's exotic inspirations through its natural beauty, cultural heritage and warm people.
This document provides information about New Zealand through a presentation. It discusses New Zealand's geography including its two main islands and smaller surrounding islands. It then covers New Zealand's flag, coat of arms, currency featuring the kiwi bird, early European exploration, history of Māori settlement, current government and notable female leaders. Details are given about major cities like Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch and Dunedin. An overview of Māori culture and art is provided. Facts about New Zealand's unique flora and fauna are also summarized.
In the 15th century, Spain and Portugal divided territories they had rediscovered in the Americas between them. Christopher Columbus sailed from Spain in 1492 and arrived in the Americas, encountering three major indigenous tribes: the Aztecs, Mayans, and Incas. The Spanish later fought wars against these tribes to gain control over their lands and establish colonies. Major cities of these civilizations included Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City) of the Aztecs, sites of the advanced Mayan writing system, and Machu Picchu of the largest Inca Empire. Spain went on to form institutions to control its new American colonies from Sevilla and defend its territories against other European powers.
Te Tiriti o Waitangi, the Māori language version of the Treaty of Waitangi, can be considered a human rights document. It affirmed Māori rights to exist as a nation, to self-determination over their lands and resources, and to practice their customs and religion. The speaker analyzes the philosophical and historical context, including Māori declarations of independence and understandings of protection agreements. Specific rights inferred from Te Tiriti o Waitangi included the right to govern themselves, authority over their lands and property, and equal protection under the law.
The document is a PowerPoint presentation about Cyprus that covers its history, holidays, demographics, traditional aspects like clothing, food and dance, tourist spots, and includes a Bible verse. It discusses how Cyprus was first under Assyrian rule in the 8th century BC and lists 10 ancient kingdoms. It also outlines several national holidays in Cyprus and provides facts about the capital Nicosia, official languages, ethnic groups, and current president.
This presentation exmines history of Aotearoa NZ From 1805 leading to the estalishment of Te Wakaminenga in 1808.It discusses He Wakaputanga 1835 and examines historical contexts that contributed to the signing of Te Tiriti o Waitangi 1840
The Viking marauders from pagan Scandinavia wreaked havoc throughout Europe. Throughout the 9th and 10th centuries Vikings raided, killed and plundered. Soon a new prayer was added to the church liturgy: “From the fury of the Northmen, O Lord, deliver us!”
European powers explored and colonized much of the world between the 15th-17th centuries seeking to spread Christianity, gain territory, and profit economically. Portugal led exploration down the coast of Africa. Spain established vast American and Asian empires through conquistadors like Pizarro. The British, French, and Dutch later established global trading empires through colonization of North America, the Caribbean, Africa, Asia, and the Pacific. European exploration and colonization transformed global politics and economics and led to the rise of powerful Western empires.
Monasteries in the Middle Ages were buildings where monks lived in isolation devoted to worshipping God. Monks were some of the only literate people who recorded history and provided education. Each monastery was self-sufficient with monks performing jobs like farming, cooking, and book copying. A typical monk's day involved prayer, worship, reading, and manual labor. Monks took vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience to dedicate their lives to their order and monastery.
By the 4th century, Christianity had become dominant in the Roman Empire and the Church played an increasing role in the new European civilization. Local parishes were led by priests and bishops, and people demonstrated their faith by building magnificent Gothic cathedrals between the 11th-12th centuries, featuring pointed arches, stained glass windows, and sculptures. The Pope grew in power and established the Roman Catholic Church and its laws, wielding authority over kings. Monks lived dedicated religious lives in monasteries and played an important social role through missionary work, education, medicine, and agriculture.
The document discusses colonialism in Nigeria by European powers like Britain in the late 1800s. It explains that at the Berlin Conference, European nations divided up Africa without input from local groups. In Nigeria, Britain established control over Northern Nigeria in 1900 and used tactics to divide ethnic groups. Colonialism disrupted traditional Nigerian society and culture by imposing Christianity, English language and European-style governance. This caused reactions among Nigerians and damaged bonds between communities, as depicted in the novel Things Fall Apart.
Level 2 History: The 1863 Invasion of the WaikatoHenry Hollis
The document provides background information on the 1863 invasion of Waikato during the New Zealand Wars. It discusses key figures involved such as Governor George Grey and General Duncan Cameron. It describes the origins of the Kingitanga movement and its challenge to British sovereignty. It then outlines some of the major battles that took place during the Waikato War, including Meremere, Rangiriri, and Orakau, where Rewi Maniapoto and his warriors fought bravely against the invading British forces despite being outnumbered.
This document provides information about Oceania, Australia, New Zealand, and Antarctica. It discusses the natural environments, climates, ecosystems, resources, cultural histories, populations, and economies of these regions. Key points include: Oceania has tropical climates and nutrient-poor soils supporting scrub and coconut palms; Australia and New Zealand were initially colonized by Britain and both have become independent nations; the Pacific Islands were colonized by various European powers; and Antarctica has a harsh climate and remains internationally protected for scientific research due to the Antarctic Treaty.
This document provides information about missionaries and their work through a presentation by Adrian and Cheri Ramirez, missionaries to Mexico and Central America from 1983 to 2007. It discusses that missionaries preach the gospel as Jesus commanded, but also help people in practical ways by visiting schools and hospitals, teaching Bible classes, and helping with basic needs. It emphasizes that anyone can be a missionary by sharing their faith, smiling at others, and inviting people to church events.
This document provides instructions for a social sciences skills unit presentation. It includes an introduction by the creator and a list of contents to be covered in the presentation. Some of the key topics in the presentation include maps through history, map symbols, scale and direction, grid references, contour lines, and precis mapping. The intention is to familiarize students with important concepts in map reading and interpretation.
Paul Donnelly (TCD): Here, There and Everywhere: The Global Reach of the Harr...ClarkeStudios
Harry Clarke Studios continued to operate for over forty years after the death of Clarke in 1931. In that time hundreds of commissions were received ranging from single glass panels to entire schemes for new church buildings. The orders came from all over Ireland, the UK and many other parts of the world including USA, Africa, New Zealand and Australia. This talk, mainly based on information from the Studios archive, will describe some of these commissions and will show how the Studios adapted to client requirements while still maintaining a connection to the style established by Harry Clarke.
The Roman Catholic Church of the Holy Spirit in Heviz, Hungary has seven towers symbolizing the gifts of the Holy Spirit. Its interior is fan-shaped with pews in a semicircle around the central altar. The main altar and side altars depict wood-carved doves representing the Holy Spirit. Stained glass windows were created by Endre Simon and funded by citizens of Heviz.
New Zealand is an archipelago of islands in the southwest Pacific Ocean. It has a diverse landscape that includes snowy mountain peaks, fjords, and coastal sheep pastures. Wellington is its capital city, and its official languages are English and Maori. Some key facts about New Zealand are that it was the first country in the world to create a government department dedicated to tourism in 1901. Its waters are home to the smallest and rarest marine dolphin, the sea lion. And the first person to reach the summit of Mount Everest was Sir Edmund Hillary, a New Zealander.
It would be a bad idea to have a single court handle child custody disputes, criminal cases like murder, environmental issues like illegal logging, and juvenile crimes like vandalism. New Zealand has specialized courts like the District Court, Family Court, Environment Court, and Youth Court that each focus on certain areas of law and types of cases. Different legal areas like criminal law, family law, and environmental law require different expertise, procedures, and outcomes. Specialization allows judges and lawyers to gain extensive experience in their field.
Legal ages establish the minimum age at which a person can participate in certain activities, with standards applied consistently across New Zealand. Key legal ages relate to safety, age-appropriate behavior, protection from exploitation, and responsibility. Reasons for legal ages include ensuring the safety of young people, enforcing societal norms about maturity levels, preventing the exploitation of minors, and acknowledging that children are less culpable for their actions.
This document discusses tourism and socially responsible tourism. It provides definitions of natural and cultural tourist sites. Some key points:
1. It defines natural sites as those occurring naturally like mountains and oceans, while cultural sites are man-made like monuments and bridges.
2. It notes that while tourism is a large global industry, many tourist destinations face environmental and cultural impacts from mass tourism that challenge their resources.
3. Socially responsible tourism aims to minimize negative impacts on local environments and cultures by encouraging respect for local customs and sustainable practices.
The document is announcing a mission trip from March 11-15, 2011 by Calumet & Red Rock United Methodist Churches to Kansas City, Missouri to serve with Cross-Lines Community Outreach. Cross-Lines' mission is to provide basic services and opportunities to encourage self-sufficiency for those affected by poverty. The group will stay at Southminster Presbyterian Church and their fundraising goal is $4,500. Several participants from last year shared positive experiences about helping people and feeling fortunate in their own lives. Pastor Matt notes the mission is to "feed Jesus' sheep" as Jesus instructed Peter to do, and the sheep are not just those at Cross-Lines but all around them.
New Zealand: The Contact Period RevisionHenry Hollis
The document provides an overview of Maori society and culture before 1800, early European explorers and traders who arrived in New Zealand between 1642-1800, and the increasing contact and trade between Maori and Europeans from 1800-1840. It discusses how Maori society was organized around concepts of whanau, hapu and iwi, and how contact introduced new technologies, goods, diseases and conflicts. Missionaries arrived in 1814 aiming to convert Maori to Christianity, and Britain annexed NZ via the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 due to concerns over French interests and the need for a formal government presence.
The Taliban rule Afghanistan as a religious dictatorship, strictly enforcing their interpretation of Islamic law. They ban most modern ideas and other religions, imposing harsh punishments like amputations and executions for violations of Sharia law. Women's lives are severely restricted under Taliban rule - they cannot be educated, work, or travel without a male relative and must always wear a burqa.
The document provides information about Roman aqueducts. It begins by defining an aqueduct and explaining that the Romans built upon and improved earlier aqueduct designs from other civilizations. It then discusses several specific Roman aqueducts in detail, including the Aqua Appia in Rome, the aqueduct of Segovia in Spain, and the famous Pont du Gard aqueduct bridge in France. The aqueducts transported water over long distances using gravity flow and sophisticated engineering techniques for stable arches and channels.
This document discusses developing an organizational mission statement. It provides examples of mission statements from Nike, Microsoft, and Toastmasters. The key points made are: 1) A mission explains how an organization will achieve its vision, 2) Mission statements describe an organization's purpose, products/services, and strategy for long-term success, 3) Creating a mission involves brainstorming values, beliefs, and goals and writing drafts to depict what the organization stands for. Communicating the mission frequently and explaining how activities achieve it are also discussed.
Introduction to Ancient Greece powerpointMr Halligan
The document provides background information on ancient Greece, including its geography, development of city-states, and rivalry between Athens and Sparta. The mountainous landscape of Greece encouraged the formation of independent city-states along the coasts but also isolated communities. Athens developed the world's first democracy while Sparta was known for its powerful warrior culture and discipline. The two city-states eventually went to war in the Peloponnesian War, during which a plague helped lead to Athens' defeat.
The document provides a brief history of the Catholic Church from the time of Christ and the Apostles to the Council of Trent in the 16th century. It describes how the Apostles' faith was renewed after Christ's resurrection, allowing them to spread the Gospel to all ends of the earth. It discusses the early persecutions faced by Christians in the Roman Empire, ending with the Edict of Milan in 313 AD which legalized Christianity. It then covers the rise of monasticism, the Great Schism between the Western and Eastern churches, the Protestant Reformation, and the Council of Trent which responded to Protestant reforms.
TREATY OF WAITANGI - CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES.
Like many things at the time, Christianity – in the form of the Church Missionary Society – came to New Zealand via Australia. Historian James Belich described the Christian missionaries as the 'agents of virtue in a world of vice' – a world the British Resident, Jame Busby, described as 'frontier chaos'.
NEW ZEALAND HISTORY: EUROPEANS TO 1840. Abel Tasman 1642. JAMES COOK 1769. AUSTRALIAN OUTPOST. MAORI-EUROPEAN INTERACTION. MISSIONARIES. BOOKS AND BULLETS. INTER-TRIBAL WARS.
William Carey was a missionary to India in the late 18th and early 19th century, known as the father of modern missions. He helped spark renewed missionary activity through his publication of an essay arguing for the Christian obligation to spread the gospel worldwide. Carey went to India in 1793 and established a mission station in Serampore, where he faced many challenges but had his first Indian convert. Through his linguistic studies, translation work, educational efforts like founding Serampore College, and social reforms, Carey had a significant impact and established a model for modern Protestant missionary work.
History of Christian Mission Education in NigeriaSaheed Jabaar
This document discusses the history of Christian missionary education in Nigeria between the 19th and 20th centuries. It outlines the objectives of the lecture, which are to discuss the factors that led Europeans to enter Africa, the activities of early Christian missionaries, and their contributions to Nigerian education despite problems. The first section summarizes the reasons for European entry as related to industrialization and the slave trade. It then discusses the first unsuccessful missionary experiment in the 15th century and more successful efforts in the 19th century when various missions established schools in the south. While missionary education faced issues like a lack of standards and financing, it ultimately helped introduce literacy, facilitate local language orthographies, and contribute to eradicating harmful practices in Nigeria.
The document summarizes the 13 original colonies in British America. It describes the religious motivations and economies of the New England colonies, the religious and ethnic diversity of the Middle colonies, and the plantation systems and reliance on slavery that characterized the Southern colonies. It also briefly discusses the Great Awakening and Enlightenment influences in the colonies.
A new social frontier church history ii lesson 4Andre Fernandez
The document summarizes two Christian movements in 19th century England: the Clapham Sect and the Oxford Movement.
1) The Clapham Sect was a group of evangelical Christians led by William Wilberforce who were deeply engaged in social reform causes, such as abolishing slavery in the British Empire.
2) The Oxford Movement was a group at Oxford University led by John Henry Newman who wanted to strengthen the authority of bishops and traditional rituals in the Church of England in response to social reforms weakening the Church's power. They moved the Church of England closer to Catholicism.
The document discusses the history and growth of Christianity in Africa, South America, Asia, and other parts of the world. It notes that Christianity was initially spread through western missionaries establishing schools and hospitals and empowering local leaders. Over time, indigenous churches formed and experienced rapid growth as leadership transitioned fully to local people. The sequence often involved an initial planting of seeds, a period of local training and education, a crisis that forced transition to local control, and then tremendous expansion under indigenous leadership. Key factors in various regions included engagement with local cultures, education/healthcare, empowering local people, and addressing the needs of both the poor and elite.
Early European settlers in New Zealand included sealers, whalers, traders, and missionaries. Sealers arrived in the late 18th century harvesting sealskins to sell internationally. Whalers visited New Zealand waters in the early 19th century hunting sperm and right whales. Traders exchanged goods like flax, timber, and food with Maori. Missionaries starting arriving in 1814 hoping to spread Christianity, though they initially faced resistance; their translations of the Bible into Maori helped their message gain more traction. Diseases brought by Europeans devastated the Maori population.
This document provides an overview of Roman Catholicism, including its sacraments, theology, and missionary efforts. It discusses the seven sacraments, the role of the Pope, and the liturgical calendar. It then describes the missionary efforts of Spanish and French colonists in North and South America, comparing their approaches. Finally, it outlines the growth of Catholicism in the English colonies and tensions with Protestants in the 19th century.
This document provides an overview of the history of education in South Africa. It discusses how education developed from indigenous systems prior to colonialism, to the establishment of the first school by Dutch colonists in 1658. It then outlines the roles of the Dutch East India Company, British occupation, Batavian Republic, Christian missions, and changing forms of governance in shaping South Africa's educational system over time. Key events discussed include the introduction of schools, changing models of funding and control, and the use of education to spread Christianity among indigenous groups.
The Praying Indian town of Megunko in what is now Ashland Massachusetts played a key role in the events and outcome of King Philip's War. This presentation looks at the background of the geographic area, the activity of Rev. John Eliot, and the heroes and villains from Megunko during King Philip's War.
The early history of the Seventh-day Adventist church in Southern Africa began in the 1870s when William Hunt, an American gold prospector, shared SDA beliefs with others in South Africa. In the 1880s, Pieter Wessels and others in Kimberley began observing the Sabbath and contacted the General Conference for assistance. In 1887, the first SDA missionaries arrived from America and established the first SDA church in South Africa in Beaconsfield with 21 members. Wealthy donations from the Wessels family allowed for several SDA institutions like schools and hospitals to be established in the 1890s, enabling growth of the denomination in Southern Africa.
The document discusses the expansion of Christianity through missionary work from the 19th century onward. It notes that while the Jesuits did missionary work in the New World earlier, Protestant missionary expansion took off in this period led by figures like William Carey in India, Adoniram Judson in Burma, and Robert Morrison in China. Their work involved Bible translation and saw some success in conversions. Later missionaries like Hudson Taylor and David Livingstone achieved further success, with churches established across Africa by the early 20th century. The missionary movement helped drive ecumenical cooperation between denominations through conferences aimed at coordination and information sharing, helping lay the groundwork for organizations like the World Council of Churches.
The document summarizes the key industries and economies of the three colonial regions in British North America - New England, Middle, and Southern colonies. The New England colonies' economies centered around subsistence farming, fishing, and shipbuilding. The Middle colonies had a diverse mix of agriculture, industry and trade. The Southern colonies relied heavily on plantation agriculture and the slave trade, focusing on cash crops like tobacco.
The document summarizes the key industries and economies of the three colonial regions in British North America - New England, Middle, and Southern colonies. The New England colonies' economies centered around subsistence farming, fishing, and shipbuilding. The Middle colonies had a diverse mix of agriculture, industry and trade. The Southern colonies relied heavily on plantation agriculture and the slave trade, focusing on cash crops like tobacco.
The document summarizes the key industries and economies of the three colonial regions in British North America - New England, Middle, and Southern colonies. The New England colonies' economies centered around subsistence farming, fishing, and shipbuilding. The Middle colonies had a diverse mix of agriculture, industry and trade. The Southern colonies relied heavily on plantation agriculture and the slave trade, focusing on cash crops like tobacco.
The document provides an overview of Christian missions from 1792 to 1910, highlighting several key developments:
1) William Carey founded the Baptist Missionary Society in 1792, pioneering modern missionary philosophies and practices like church planting, Bible translation, and ministerial training.
2) Many missionary societies formed in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, expanding Protestant missionary efforts globally.
3) American missionary involvement increased significantly in the early 19th century with societies like the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions.
4) The period saw many pioneering missionaries embarking to regions around the world, establishing long-lasting missionary efforts in places like Africa, Asia, the Pacific, and Latin America.
The document summarizes the original 13 colonies in British America, dividing them into three groups: New England Colonies (Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire), Middle Colonies (Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, Delaware), and Southern Colonies (Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia). It describes the religious, economic, agricultural, and other characteristics of each colonial region. Key aspects included New England's Calvinist religious influence, fishing and commerce economy, and small family farms. The Middle Colonies had fertile land and diverse religious populations, and were known as the "breadbasket colonies" for their mills and grain production. Plantation agriculture of crops like tobacco, cotton, and rice dominated
The Eschatology of Victory in the Greatest Century of MissionsPeter Hammond
This document discusses the Protestant missionary movement of the 19th century. It describes how Protestant Christianity expanded from being concentrated in Europe and North America to becoming a worldwide religion by the end of the 1800s. The missionary movement was unprecedented in scale, reducing languages to writing, pioneering schools, introducing modern medicine, and ending many social evils. This expansion was driven by an eschatological belief in the coming universal reign of Christ over all nations, inspired by figures like John Calvin and William Carey who helped launch the modern missionary movement through voluntary societies that mobilized resources on a massive scale.
Similar to THE CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES IN NEW ZEALAND (20)
07. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - REICHSTAG FIRE SOURCESGeorge Dumitrache
07. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - REICHSTAG FIRE
On February 27, 1933, the German parliament (Reichstag) building burned down. The Nazi leadership and its coalition partners used the fire to claim that Communists were planning a violent uprising. They claimed that emergency legislation was needed to prevent this. The resulting act, commonly known as the Reichstag Fire Decree, abolished a number of constitutional protections and paved the way for Nazi dictatorship.
05. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - HITLER CONSOLIDATING POWER 1933-34.PPTXGeorge Dumitrache
05. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - HITLER CONSOLIDATING POWER 1933-34.PPTX
Following Hitler’s appointment as chancellor the Nazis were finally in a position of power.
However, this power was limited, as the Nazis were just one party in a three party coalition government, under President Hindenburg.
This topic will explore how the Nazis managed to eliminate their opposition and consolidate ultimate power over Germany, whilst maintaining an illusion of democracy.
It will first explore this topic in chronological order, from the Reichstag Fire through to the death of President Hindenburg, and then explore it thematically in the last section. On the 31 January 1933, Hitler, conscious of his lack of a majority in the Reichstag, immediately called for new elections to try and strengthen his position. The Nazis aimed to increase their share of the vote so that they would have a majority in the Reichstag. This would allow them to rule unopposed and unhindered by coalition governments.
Over the next two months, they launched themselves into an intense election campaign.
On 27 February 1933, as the campaign moved into its final, frantic days, the Reichstag, the German Parliament building, was set on fire and burnt down. An atmosphere of panic and terror followed the event.
This continued when a young Dutch communist, Van der Lubbe was arrested for the crime.
The Nazi Party used the atmosphere of panic to their advantage, encouraging anti-communism. Göring declared that the communists had planned a national uprising to overthrow the Weimar Republic. This hysteria helped to turn the public against the communists, one of the Nazis main opponents, and 4000 people were imprisoned.
The day after the fire, Hindenburg signed the Emergency Decree for the Protection of the German People. On the 28 February 1933, President Hindenburg signed the Emergency Decree for the Protection of the German People. This decree suspended the democratic aspects of the Weimar Republic and declared a state of emergency.
This decree gave the Nazis a legal basis for the persecution and oppression of any opponents, who were be framed as traitors to the republic. People could be imprisoned for any or no reason.
The decree also removed basic personal freedoms, such as the freedom of speech, the right to own property, and the right to trial before imprisonment.
Through these aspects the Nazis suppressed any opposition to their power, and were able to start the road from democracy to a dictatorship. The atmosphere of uncertainty following the Reichstag Fire secured many voters for the Nazi party.
The SA also ran a violent campaign of terror against any and all opponents of the Nazi regime. Many were terrified of voting of at all, and many turned to voting for the Nazi Party out of fear for their own safety. The elections were neither free or fair.
On the 5 March 1933, the elections took place, with an extremely high turnout of 89%.
The Nazis secured 43.9% of the vote.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 04. HITLER BECOMING CHANCELLOR 1933George Dumitrache
Hitler was not immediately appointed chancellor after the success of the July 1932 elections, despite being leader of the largest party in the Reichstag. It took the economic and political instability (with two more chancellors failing to stabilise the situation) to worsen, and the support of the conservative elite, to convince Hindenburg to appoint Hitler.
Hitler was sworn in as the chancellor of Germany on the 30 January 1933. The Nazis were now in power.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 03. NAZI'S LITTLE SUCCESSGeorge Dumitrache
The document discusses the early success of the Nazi party in Germany. It notes that while the party made progress in organization and membership in its early years after 1919, it had little impact in elections initially. The Nazis received only 6.5% of the vote in their first national election in 1924. Later elections in 1928 saw their support decline further to just 2.6% as the German economy and political situation stabilized under Stresemann. While the Nazis appealed to specific groups frustrated with the Weimar Republic, they remained a small party with less than 30,000 members by 1925.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 02. NAZI PARTY IDEOLOGY IN 1920George Dumitrache
The document provides background information on the origins and early development of the Nazi party in Germany during the 1920s. It describes how the party began as the German Workers' Party led by Anton Drexler before Hitler joined in 1919 and became the leader in 1921. It also outlines some of the key aspects of the Nazi party platform outlined in the 25-point program, including nationalism, anti-Semitism, and a desire for more territory. Finally, it discusses Hitler's failed Munich Putsch coup attempt in 1923 and how he wrote Mein Kampf while in prison.
1) Post-war instability and economic crisis weakened established political systems in countries like Germany and Italy. 2) A sense of nationalism was used by fascist leaders to promote unity and scapegoat others for the nation's problems. 3) Charismatic leaders like Hitler and Mussolini were able to gain followers by promoting fascism as an alternative to communism and liberal democracy.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 10. THE FALL OF WEIMAR 1930-1933George Dumitrache
The document provides background information on the rise of the Nazi party in Germany between 1930-1933. It discusses how Germany's economic dependence on American loans led to the collapse of German industry following the 1929 Wall Street crash. This caused widespread unemployment, with over 6 million people jobless by 1932. As economic conditions deteriorated, support grew for the Nazis as they promised strong leadership and blamed Jews and communists for Germany's problems. The Nazis increased their Reichstag seats in elections in 1933 after Hitler became Chancellor, and he then used emergency powers to crush opposition and establish a one-party Nazi state in Germany.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 09. TABLES AND CARTOONSGeorge Dumitrache
The document discusses the Weimar Republic in Germany through tables and cartoons as part of a Cambridge IGCSE depth study on Germany. It provides information on the political and economic challenges faced by the Weimar Republic between 1919-1933 through statistical tables and illustrations. The depth study uses multiple visual elements to summarize key events and issues like inflation, unemployment, and the rise of extremism during this period of German history.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 08. NAZIS IN THE WILDERNESSGeorge Dumitrache
The “Lean Years” (also called the "wilderness" years) of Hitler and the Nazi Party in Germany refer to the period between 1924 and 1928 when the Nazi party did not have high levels of support and still suffered from humiliation over the Munich Putsch. Why where these years “lean”?
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 07. STRESEMMAN ERA 1924-1929George Dumitrache
Gustav Stresemann was appointed Chancellor of Germany in 1923 during the Weimar Republic period. As Chancellor and later as Foreign Minister, he implemented policies that helped stabilize Germany's economy and improve its international standing. This included establishing a new currency to end hyperinflation, crushing communist uprisings, and pursuing diplomatic agreements like the Locarno Pact to normalize Germany's relations with other European powers. However, the economic and political stability of the Weimar Republic remained fragile.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 06. THE BEER HALL PUTSCH 1923George Dumitrache
The Beer Hall Putsch, also known as the Munich Putsch, was a failed coup d'état by Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP) leader Adolf Hitler, Generalquartiermeister Erich Ludendorff and other Kampfbund leaders in Munich, Bavaria, on 8–9 November 1923, during the Weimar Republic. Approximately two thousand Nazis marched on the Feldherrnhalle, in the city centre, but were confronted by a police cordon, which resulted in the deaths of 16 Nazi Party members and four police officers. Hitler escaped immediate arrest and was spirited off to safety in the countryside. After two days, he was arrested and charged with treason. The putsch brought Hitler to the attention of the German nation for the first time and generated front-page headlines in newspapers around the world. His arrest was followed by a 24-day trial, which was widely publicised and gave him a platform to express his nationalist sentiments to the nation. Hitler was found guilty of treason and sentenced to five years in Landsberg Prison, where he dictated Mein Kampf to fellow prisoners Emil Maurice and Rudolf Hess. On 20 December 1924, having served only nine months, Hitler was released. Once released, Hitler redirected his focus towards obtaining power through legal means rather than by revolution or force, and accordingly changed his tactics, further developing Nazi propaganda.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 05. HYPERINFLATIONGeorge Dumitrache
Hyperinflation affected the German Papiermark, the currency of the Weimar Republic, between 1921 and 1923, primarily in 1923. It caused considerable internal political instability in the country, the occupation of the Ruhr by France and Belgium, and misery for the general populace.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 03. THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES IMPACT ON...George Dumitrache
Thanks to the Treaty of Versailles, Germany's ability to produce revenue-generating coal and iron ore decreased. As war debts and reparations drained its coffers, the German government was unable to pay its debts. Some of the former World War I Allies didn't buy Germany's claim that it couldn't afford to pay.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 02. THE NOVEMBER REVOLUTION 1918George Dumitrache
The German Revolution or November Revolution was a civil conflict in the German Empire at the end of the First World War that resulted in the replacement of the German federal constitutional monarchy with a democratic parliamentary republic that later became known as the Weimar Republic. The revolutionary period lasted from November 1918 until the adoption of the Weimar Constitution in August 1919. Among the factors leading to the revolution were the extreme burdens suffered by the German population during the four years of war, the economic and psychological impacts of the German Empire's defeat by the Allies, and growing social tensions between the general population and the aristocratic and bourgeois elite.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 01. THE EFFECT OF WW1 ON GERMANYGeorge Dumitrache
The document summarizes the impact of World War 1 on Germany. It discusses how Germany initially found success on the Eastern Front and made advances on the Western Front in 1918 but was eventually overwhelmed as the US joined the war effort. Germany experienced political instability, economic devastation from blockades, widespread hunger and disease, and psychological trauma from defeat. The German people bitterly blamed leaders for the defeat, sowing seeds for the rise of the Nazis in the unstable Weimar Republic that followed the war.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS - LEAGUE OF NATIONS. The League of Nations was an international organization, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, created after the First World War to provide a forum for resolving international disputes.
This cartoon was likely published after the Stresa Pact was signed in early 1935, when Britain and France failed to raise the issue of Abyssinia with Mussolini and were perceived as turning a blind eye to his plans in hopes of keeping Italy as an ally against Germany. The cartoon directly criticizes the British and French policy of appeasing Mussolini, so the purpose was to criticize, not just inform. By criticizing the policy, the hope would be to influence and change the policy by swaying public opinion.
Manchurian Crisis. On September 18, 1931, an explosion destroyed a section of railway track near the city of Mukden. The Japanese, who owned the railway, blamed Chinese nationalists for the incident and used the opportunity to retaliate and invade Manchuria.
05. LEAGUE OF NATIONS - Great Depression and LON.pptxGeorge Dumitrache
GREAT DEPRESSION AND THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS. The Great Depression of 1930-33 meant people turned to extremist dictators such as Hitler and Mussolini, who were keen to invade other countries. This made it hard for the League to maintain peace. The League had some very ambitious plans and ideals – to stop war and make the world a better place.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
2. MISSIONARIES
• Christianity – in the form of the Church Missionary Society – came to
New Zealand via Australia.
• These men and women went to extraordinary lengths to bring
Christianity and 'civilisation' to Maori.
• The early years were largely unsuccessful for missionaries in terms of
saving souls; but missionaries had a profound impact on Maori
communities.
• Their introduction of the written word and the development of a
written Maori language represented a massive change.
3.
4. SAMUEL MARSDEN
• A key figure in the establishment of the first Christian mission in New
Zealand was Samuel Marsden. During his time in Australia as chaplain
to the penal colony, he met many visiting Maori and developed a close
association with the Rangihoua chief Ruatara.
• Marsden returned to England in 1807 to secure support from the
Anglican Church Missionary Society and to recruit lay settlers to
prepare the way for ordained ministers.
• It was not until 1809 that he was able to return to Sydney with the first
lay missionaries or 'mechanics' – William Hall, a joiner, and John King, a
rope maker. Ruatara was also on board the ship.
6. 1814 - FIRST CHRISTIAN SERVICE IN NZ
• Marsden arrived on 22 December at Rangihoua, Ruatara's home,
where, on Christmas Day, he gave the first Christian service in New
Zealand.
• Marsden believed Maori were perfect candidates for conversion as
they had grasped the benefits of trade, a key aspect in terms of
accepting European ideals and beliefs.
• Trade would make them dependent on Europeans and thus open the
way to salvation.
7.
8. CONVERSIONS TO CHRISTIANITY
• The theme of Marsden's first sermon on Christmas Day 1814 largely fell
on deaf ears. Maori were clearly in a position of strength, so there
seemed little reason for them to heed the new message.
• Conversion to Christianity was considered to be a blow to the mana of
a chief – and to convert the people, the chiefs had to be won over.
• Despite increased missionary activity during the 1820s, there were no
Maori baptisms before 1830. Maori had their own beliefs and customs,
and from a spiritual perspective the missionaries had little to offer.
9. THE FIRST MISSIONARY SCHOOL
• On 12 August 1816 Thomas Kendall opened the first missionary
school at Rangihoua, with a roll of 33 students. Education was an
important way of introducing Maori children to the scripture and
European ways.
• Kendall was not popular with his fellow missionaries. Kendall saw
himself as the leader of the mission, in part because of his friendship
with the powerful Hongi Hika.
• The dysfunctional nature of the mission was cited as another factor in
the slow conversion rate of Maori.
11. FIXING GOD’S HOUSE
• By 1823 three Church Missionary Society stations had been
established in the Bay of Islands, and Henry Williams took over the
leadership of the society's operations in New Zealand.
• Not a single Maori had been converted, and the missionaries were
still largely dependent on Maori for food and supplies.
• Under the leadership of Thomas Kendall and John Butler, the mission
had been torn apart by bitter personal disputes.
• Williams sought to limit the mission's involvement with the traders at
Kororareka and to reduce the dependence on Maori for supplies.
13. THE WORK OF HENRY WILLIAMS
• Williams believed too much time and energy had been devoted to
teaching 'useful arts and agriculture' as a prelude to conversion. He
reorganised the mission so that more time was devoted to spiritual
teaching.
• To achieve this, mission members needed to spend more time learning
the Maori language, preaching in the surrounding area and teaching
in the mission schools.
• Staff were concentrated at Paihia where the missionaries had regular
Maori lessons together.
• The increased proficiency in Maori language and the revitalisation of
schooling for Maori children began to pay dividends.
14.
15. A DECADE OF ACHIEVEMENT
• The 1830s was a decade of achievement and progress for the mission.
• By 1842 over 3000 Maori in the Bay of Islands had been baptised.
• Whether the years of warfare had taken their toll or the patience and
perseverance of the missionaries was finally paying off, for Williams the
baptisms were a clear measure of success after many fruitless years.
• Increasingly, missionaries began to take the gospel outside the Far
North.
16. MISSIONARY WOMEN
• Men such as Marsden stressed the importance of the Christian family
in helping to spread the word.
• While they may have gained the fame, many missionary wives worked
tirelessly in helping with the day-to-day work of the mission in New
Zealand.
• Marianne Williams played a key role in the revitalisation of missionary
schools.
17. METHODIST MISSIONARY SOCIETY
• In 1823 the Wesleyan Missionary Society (Methodist) established a
mission at Whangaroa.
• Leigh and his wife arrived in the Bay of Islands in January 1822 and
lived of the Church Missionary Society until the arrival of William White
in May 1823.
• Leigh and White then established the Wesleydale mission at Kaeo, near
Whangaroa Harbour.
• On the eve of the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi, there were some
170 missionaries and their families and approximately 69 Wesleyan
missionaries.
19. RANGIHOUA
• Ruatara made it clear that he was the protector and patron of 'his
Pakeha', the first missionaries at Rangihoua.
20. THE ARRIVAL OF ROMAN CATHOLICISM
• There were concerns in Protestant circles when Jean Baptiste François
Pompallier led a Roman Catholic mission into the Bay of Islands in 1838.
• Maori responded to this rivalry in various ways. If one tribe or hapu
adopted Catholicism, a rival often adopted Anglicanism.
22. PRINTING THE WORD OF GOD
• From the mid-1830s the printed word became a new weapon in the
campaign to bring Christianity to Maori.
• In 1835 the Church Missionary Society printer, William Colenso, printed
a Maori translation of the Epistles of Paul to the Philippians and to the
Ephesians.
• With the first New Zealand publication under his belt, Colenso then
produced 5000 copies of William Williams's Maori New Testament,
quickly followed by 27,000 copies of the Book of Common Prayer in
Maori.
• By 1840 Colenso had produced over 74,000 books and pamphlets.
23. Photograph of the New Testament title page, published by William Colenso, Pahia
24. THE CATHOLIC MISSION AT KORORAREKA
• The Catholic Mission at Kororareka was equally prolific. In October
1842, 6000 handmade copies of the 648-page Ko te ako me te karakia o
te hahi Katorika Romana (The teachings and prayers of the Roman
Catholic Church) were produced.
• These publications attracted much interest among Maori and
increased the authority and extent of missionary influence.
25. THE CATHOLIC MISSION AT KORORAREKA
• The missionaries clearly paved the way for European colonisation and
were instrumental in Britain's decision to offer Maori a treaty in 1840.
• The Treaty of Waitangi challenged Maori in terms of their newly
acquired skills of literacy.
• It also opened the floodgates for European settlement and changed the
face of New Zealand in a way unimaginable a generation before.
26. THE CATHOLIC MISSION AT KORORAREKA
• The missionaries clearly paved the way for European colonisation and
were instrumental in Britain's decision to offer Maori a treaty in 1840.
• The Treaty of Waitangi challenged Maori in terms of their newly
acquired skills of literacy.
• It also opened the floodgates for European settlement and changed the
face of New Zealand in a way unimaginable a generation before.