ECOWAS was established in 1975 with the goal of maintaining peace through economic integration. In 1990, faced with diplomatic inertia from other organizations in responding to the Liberian civil war, ECOWAS established the ECOMOG peacekeeping force to intervene. ECOMOG consisted of thousands of troops from West African countries, with Nigeria providing most of the forces. While some praise ECOWAS' unprecedented action, others like Walraven are more critical of ECOMOG's role and how ECOWAS institutions like the Standing Mediation Committee and Authority made decisions regarding the conflict. The document provides historical background on the Liberian conflict and outlines the various ECOWAS organs involved in its
Humanitarian crises and the management of Refugees in Central Africa (A case...Kempess
This article is a vivid study of the phenomenon, conditions and socio -economic situations of Refugees in Cameroon. With field interviews and in-depth research , the article It explores the causes of the refugee problem in Cameroon, dis into their living conditions and makes recommendations to Government, policy makers and international stakeholders for the improvement of the refugee treatments and better management of refugee crises in Cameroon and Africa.
Humanitarian crises and the management of Refugees in Central Africa (A case...Kempess
This article is a vivid study of the phenomenon, conditions and socio -economic situations of Refugees in Cameroon. With field interviews and in-depth research , the article It explores the causes of the refugee problem in Cameroon, dis into their living conditions and makes recommendations to Government, policy makers and international stakeholders for the improvement of the refugee treatments and better management of refugee crises in Cameroon and Africa.
An announcement by the DRC Government in September 2009 that the UN Mission in the DRC (MONUC) will withdraw from the DRC in 2011 caught many observers and role-players off guard. The role of MONUC has been pivotal in supporting the government of the DRC in the post-conflict process, especially in the post-electoral period (2006).
This was further followed by action on the part of the UN to practically start with the dismantling of the world’s largest peacekeeping mission – firstly by replacing MONUC with the UN Organisation Stabilisation Mission in the DRC (MONUSCO) on 1 July 2010, and revising the mandate of the peacekeepers.
Unity, Betrayal and Failed States in Modern TimesDr. Dan EKONGWE
The politics of identity and wars of fragmentation of states stern from broken promises by political leaders and state authorities to respect the convenants reached by founding fathers of most modern states thereby leading to increasing ethno/cultural nationalism and wars of identity. We have seen these across the literature from former Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia, Rwanda, Sudan, Cameroon, Togo, Ghana, Central African Republic, Zimbabwe, Nigeria and Ivory Coast.. The application of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) in its pre UN non approval in Europe to the post application by UN in Lybia has given us the reason to believe that sustainable peace in each state must respect the foundation doctrine of which each country was created, else Africa in particular will continue to witnessed endless wars in age when drone technology and assymetric warfare has gained currency.
The Convention on Migrant Workers’ Rights, adopted by consensus in 1990 by the General Assembly, has been called the best-kept secret of the United Nations: so far, it has been ratified by only 47 states, and none of them belongs to Western countries. The article questions the existence of legal reasons that can explain this indifference comparable to a real boycott and comes to the conclusion that, on the contrary, the explanation must be sought in extra-juridical grounds that demonstrate once again the Western countries’ bad faith in the promotion of human rights
More Property Rights, More Effective African Continental Free Trade AreaDavid Alenkhe
This policy paper will outline the reasons for why we recommend a single property rights protocol for ECOWAS; improving property rights in member states will result in a more effective free trade agreement with better results due to the many gains associated with more “live capital”.
More Property Rights = More Live Capital = More Effective Trade Agreement
Fewer Property Rights = Less Live Capital = Less Effective Trade Agreement
A short group assignment with Angela Bellington (Zambia) and Gibran Malik (Indonesia).
The presentation was on the Responsibility to Protect (R2P). R2P is a concept that places the protection of citizens at the centre of its focus. A framework of action in response to mass atrocity crimes such as genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing.
International responses to conflict and complex humanitarian emergencies are diverse and multifaceted. Different actors – among them non-government organisations (NGOs), the United Nations (UN) protection mandated organisations, UN peacekeeping forces, both military and police – all have a role to play to mitigate the impact of armed conflict on civilian populations.
Over the last 13 years a significant amount of work has been done to improve the international community’s response in relation to the protection of civilians (POC). This has been led by different actors – the UN Security Council, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) and the humanitarian community made up of UN humanitarian agencies, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), and NGOs – all working in the same complex humanitarian contexts.
Despite the development of POC, there is a perceived ‘disconnect’ between the understanding of different forms of protection, the different disciplines practising or working on the POC, and the different guidance and legal regimes imposing obligations on both state and non-state actors in the area of protection.
This paper is the first contribution to a broader research project that aims to determine whether the perceived disconnect between actors involved in protection work is real or anecdotal. By exploring the evolution of protection language and policy through the UN Security Council, DPKO and the humanitarian community, it is possible to develop an improved understanding of some of the reasons for distinct protection policies and definitions that exist between different actors. Some initial variations in the interpretation of POC are quick to emerge, giving rise to additional questions about how the distinctions can be better understood.
XQuery is a standardized language for combining documents, databases, Web pages and almost anything else. It is very widely implemented. It is powerful and easy to learn.
An announcement by the DRC Government in September 2009 that the UN Mission in the DRC (MONUC) will withdraw from the DRC in 2011 caught many observers and role-players off guard. The role of MONUC has been pivotal in supporting the government of the DRC in the post-conflict process, especially in the post-electoral period (2006).
This was further followed by action on the part of the UN to practically start with the dismantling of the world’s largest peacekeeping mission – firstly by replacing MONUC with the UN Organisation Stabilisation Mission in the DRC (MONUSCO) on 1 July 2010, and revising the mandate of the peacekeepers.
Unity, Betrayal and Failed States in Modern TimesDr. Dan EKONGWE
The politics of identity and wars of fragmentation of states stern from broken promises by political leaders and state authorities to respect the convenants reached by founding fathers of most modern states thereby leading to increasing ethno/cultural nationalism and wars of identity. We have seen these across the literature from former Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia, Rwanda, Sudan, Cameroon, Togo, Ghana, Central African Republic, Zimbabwe, Nigeria and Ivory Coast.. The application of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) in its pre UN non approval in Europe to the post application by UN in Lybia has given us the reason to believe that sustainable peace in each state must respect the foundation doctrine of which each country was created, else Africa in particular will continue to witnessed endless wars in age when drone technology and assymetric warfare has gained currency.
The Convention on Migrant Workers’ Rights, adopted by consensus in 1990 by the General Assembly, has been called the best-kept secret of the United Nations: so far, it has been ratified by only 47 states, and none of them belongs to Western countries. The article questions the existence of legal reasons that can explain this indifference comparable to a real boycott and comes to the conclusion that, on the contrary, the explanation must be sought in extra-juridical grounds that demonstrate once again the Western countries’ bad faith in the promotion of human rights
More Property Rights, More Effective African Continental Free Trade AreaDavid Alenkhe
This policy paper will outline the reasons for why we recommend a single property rights protocol for ECOWAS; improving property rights in member states will result in a more effective free trade agreement with better results due to the many gains associated with more “live capital”.
More Property Rights = More Live Capital = More Effective Trade Agreement
Fewer Property Rights = Less Live Capital = Less Effective Trade Agreement
A short group assignment with Angela Bellington (Zambia) and Gibran Malik (Indonesia).
The presentation was on the Responsibility to Protect (R2P). R2P is a concept that places the protection of citizens at the centre of its focus. A framework of action in response to mass atrocity crimes such as genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing.
International responses to conflict and complex humanitarian emergencies are diverse and multifaceted. Different actors – among them non-government organisations (NGOs), the United Nations (UN) protection mandated organisations, UN peacekeeping forces, both military and police – all have a role to play to mitigate the impact of armed conflict on civilian populations.
Over the last 13 years a significant amount of work has been done to improve the international community’s response in relation to the protection of civilians (POC). This has been led by different actors – the UN Security Council, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) and the humanitarian community made up of UN humanitarian agencies, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), and NGOs – all working in the same complex humanitarian contexts.
Despite the development of POC, there is a perceived ‘disconnect’ between the understanding of different forms of protection, the different disciplines practising or working on the POC, and the different guidance and legal regimes imposing obligations on both state and non-state actors in the area of protection.
This paper is the first contribution to a broader research project that aims to determine whether the perceived disconnect between actors involved in protection work is real or anecdotal. By exploring the evolution of protection language and policy through the UN Security Council, DPKO and the humanitarian community, it is possible to develop an improved understanding of some of the reasons for distinct protection policies and definitions that exist between different actors. Some initial variations in the interpretation of POC are quick to emerge, giving rise to additional questions about how the distinctions can be better understood.
XQuery is a standardized language for combining documents, databases, Web pages and almost anything else. It is very widely implemented. It is powerful and easy to learn.
Le Contenu Marketing pour valoriser votre entreprise sur InternetWordMedia
Le contenu marketing pour valoriser pour entreprise sur internet. Support présentation atelier UPE06 par Sébastien Thubet fondateur de WordMedia agence dédiée aux stratégies digitales des entreprises.
Conférence Marketing de contenu - Les Affaires - Étude de cas Bombardier - Je...Valtech Canada
Pourquoi du marketing de contenu ?
-
Quels sont les piliers porteurs du marketing de contenu ?
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Quels ont été les défis rencontrés par Bombardier et ses filiales ?
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Quelle a été l’approche pour implanter une stratégie efficace ?
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Quelques résultats
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Conseils pour amorcer cette réflexion
Intelligence collective et réseaux sociaux : comment le web 2.0 modifie la tr...Fred Colantonio
Paru dans la brochure IGRETEC, support TIC, n°6
Intelligence « intuitive », « culturelle », ou encore « en essaim » , autant de termes pour désigner la profonde mutation que subit la transmission d’informations de valeur à l’heure des réseaux sociaux. L’avènement du web social redistribue en effet la diffusion d’informations et le crédit accordé à ces dernières.
Twitter : présentation usages professionnels en françaisAXIZ eBusiness
Le contenu de twitter en français s'ettoffe. C'est le moment pour apprendre et se former à Twitter professionnel. Les entreprises françaises, les chambres de commerce, les collectivité locales sont de plus en plus nombreuses sur Twitter côté France. Bientôt il y aura autant de contenu de twitter en français qu'en anglais. Ce diaposif créé à l'occasion du Forum du Développement Commercial Paris novembre 2009, explique à l'aide des illustrations l'usage de Twitter
comme outil de communication externe.
Methodes d'echange de liens par article marketingAXIZ eBusiness
Dans la bataille que se livrent les sites optimisés concurrents lors de la requête de l'internaute, la différence se fait au niveau de la popularité, mesurée par le nombre et la qualité des liens entrants. La méthode "article marketing" connu sous le terme "Rediger pour le Web" permet de prendre le controle du nombre, de la pertinence et de la qualité des liens entrants et générer un trafic 100% gratuit, 100% qualifié.
Réussir un positionnement par le référencement naturel et générer gratuitement un trafic qualifié durable devient un défi commercial majeur de toute entreprise et de toute activité. Ce défi est d’autant plus dur à relever que les règles du jeu définies et imposées par Google sont devenues de plus en plus strictes.
Dans de tel contexte, un chef d’entreprise doit plus que jamais s’informer et se former pour éviter les erreurs, les corriger et conformer son site aux critères et aux règles de référencent naturel.
Formation techniques et bonnes pratiques d'optimisation d'un site internet AXIZ eBusiness
Savez-vous que la visibilité naturelle dans les moteurs de recherche se définit en amont de tout projet de site web dans le cahier des charges ? La formation aux techniques de référencement est conçue dans l'objectif de vous aider à formuler vos exigences en matière de visibilité sur Internet afin de les communiquer dans un langage explicite à la personne chargée du développement du site.
Here is Gabe Whitley's response to my defamation lawsuit for him calling me a rapist and perjurer in court documents.
You have to read it to believe it, but after you read it, you won't believe it. And I included eight examples of defamatory statements/
04062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
An astonishing, first-of-its-kind, report by the NYT assessing damage in Ukraine. Even if the war ends tomorrow, in many places there will be nothing to go back to.
01062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
03062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
El Puerto de Algeciras continúa un año más como el más eficiente del continente europeo y vuelve a situarse en el “top ten” mundial, según el informe The Container Port Performance Index 2023 (CPPI), elaborado por el Banco Mundial y la consultora S&P Global.
El informe CPPI utiliza dos enfoques metodológicos diferentes para calcular la clasificación del índice: uno administrativo o técnico y otro estadístico, basado en análisis factorial (FA). Según los autores, esta dualidad pretende asegurar una clasificación que refleje con precisión el rendimiento real del puerto, a la vez que sea estadísticamente sólida. En esta edición del informe CPPI 2023, se han empleado los mismos enfoques metodológicos y se ha aplicado un método de agregación de clasificaciones para combinar los resultados de ambos enfoques y obtener una clasificación agregada.
‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
31052024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
2024 is the point of certainty. Forecast of UIF experts
The accidental ecowas citizen for8 may2012-2
1. “The Accidental Ecowas & AU Citizen”:
The Liberian Conflict and the birth of ECOMOG (2)
By E.K.Bensah Jr
Two weeks ago, former Liberian president Charles Taylor was convicted of providing moral support,
weapons and operational help to Liberian-backed, drug-crazed rebels in Sierra Leone from 1996 to 2002,
in exchange for blood diamonds. The following piece, by no means an exhaustive analysis, is a
commentary I wrote back in 2000. Written then as a reminder of “African Solutions to African problems”, it
serves not only as a timely reminder of the Liberian Conflict, but also of ECOWAS’ baptism of fire in
pursuit of sub-regional peace and justice. This is the second part of a three-parter
How and why ECOWAS?
Thanks to the Treaty of Lagos of 1975, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) went
into effect with 15 members; today it is 16 strong Its primary objective is to maintain peace by economic
integration and is therefore, an unusual catalyst for peace. According to the article "West Africa
Intervention Precedes Legitimacy" (Online), ECOWAS is "West Africa's most comprehensive sub-regional
economic organisation, and one of the largest of its kind in the world."
According to the ECOWAS Treaty, its aim is "to promote cooperation and development in all fields of
economic activity, the purpose, of which is to increase the standard of living of its people to enhance
and maintain economic stability, to strengthen relations between its members and to contribute to
progress and development on the African continent" (Art. 2) .
The Community aims to engender this ideal through the promotion of trade and liberalisation,
"increased freedom of movement for its populations, transportation development and co-ordination,
co-ordination of telecommunications, industrial and agricultural growth" .
With respect to the practice of diplomacy and security cooperation, the article argues that ECOWAS'
involvement in the Liberian conflict has by no means elevated it to the "main African governmental
actor involved {in peacekeeping} . It maintains that in fact, "regional diplomacy of a sort has been
carried out by various African Heads of State, such as in the Senegalese-Mauritania conflict".
Nonetheless, in order to obtain a better understanding of how ECOWAS operated in the conflict, it is
necessary to outline most of the major organs, which according to Klaas van Walraven (author of
Containing Conflict...) were "relevant to the intervention in the Liberian Conflict" the so-called Authority
with, in a subservient position, the Council of Ministers; the standing Mediation Committees, the
organization's Executive Secretary; the military intervention force itself, ECOMOG...; the Special
Emergency Fund, the Special Representative of the Executive Secretary of his supporting Staff, the socalled Committee of Five and the Monitoring Committee of Nine, and finally, the ECOWAS Observer
Group for the Liberian Elections" . Although an extensive analysis of these organs is necessary to
understand how ECOWAS managed the conflict, I will eschew a comprehensive description of them as it
falls beyond the scope of this paper. However, it would be very difficult to understand how decisions
were made without referring to the Authority.
According to Walraven, it is the "principal governing institution." and its sessions are held once a year,
"with the presidency and venue rotating among the membership" . It is, in fact the legislative and
2. supervisory organ of the Community, and consequently has the "general direction and control of the
Community's executive functions and defines the norms and rules, which are binding for all other
organs. In fact, Walraven goes as far as to categorically stating that with respect to the practice of
intervention in Liberia, the Authority must be considered as the crucial ECOWAS institution”.
As for the Council of Ministers, it convenes at least twice a year and has the power to recommend to the
Authority and may dictate to subordinate organs of ECOWAS. Although the Councils is comprised mostly
of Ministers of Economic and Financial Affairs, "it may also serve as the cadre for meetings of the
Ministers of Foreign Affairs and those of Defence."
Perhaps, the most instrumental in the context of the intervention in Liberia was the office of Executive
Secretary. In a way, this post is much like the UN's Secretary General in the way its role is chiefly
administrative, "while Article 8 provides for a policy-making role" .
In April 1990, the Standing Mediation Committee (SMC) was established on a 'de facto basis, upon the
initiative of Nigeria. The Committee, established by four ECOWAS Member States designated by the
Authority, was explicitly intended as a permanent organ. The composition of the committee was to be
revised every three years. In 1990, the SMC was thus made up of Nigerian, Ghana, Gambia, Togo and
Mali, Walraven maintains that it was "in this organ that the decision was taken to establish ECOMOG, a
plan that was prepared by a sub-committee on Defence Matters inside the SMC."
Finally, the two institutions established "on an ad hoc basis that were relevant to the intervention in
Liberia were the so-called "Committee of Five and the Monitoring Committee of Nine." The former was
formed "at the conclusion of a meeting in Yamoussoukro, Ivory Coast, in June 1991 between the Heads
of State of Nigeria, Gambia, Togo, Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast, as well as Charles Taylor, "the principal
warlord, and Amos Sawyer, the President of the 'Interim Government'".
As for the latter, it was "originated through a decision of a joint meeting of the Committee of Five and
the Standing Mediation Committee, organized in Cotonou, Benin, in October 1992". It was decided here
that both committees would work together towards implementation of the ECOWAS Peace Plan, this
particular peace plan, was a decision made by the SMC to establish ECOMOG. It is involved according to
Walraven "an appeal of the committee to the belligerent parties to observe an immediate cease-fire in
order to work towards the restoration and maintenance of peace and security throughout Liberia" . In
the SMC's final communiqué, this mandate was formulated more succinctly as 'keeping the peace,
restoring law and order and ensuring that the cease-fire {would be} respected.
As for the latter, it was "originated through a decision of a joint meeting of the 'Committee of Five and
the Standing Mediation Committee, organized in Cotonou, Benin, in October 1992." It was decided here
that both committees would work together towards the implementation of the ECOWAS Peace Plan.
This particular peace plan was a decision by the SMC to establish ECOMOG. It involved, according to
Walraven, "an appeal of the committee to the belligerent parties to observe an immediate cease-fire in
order to work towards the restoration and maintenance of peace and security throughout Liberia." In
the SMC's final communiqué, this mandate was formulated more succinctly as 'keeping the peace,
restoring law and order and ensuring that the cease-fire {would be} respected. It was also decided that
the Committee would work more particularly towards the execution of the accords of Yamoussoukro.
The rationale for these committees became clearer once ECOWAS became actively involved in the
conflict, which broke out in1989.
3. Genesis of Conflict
On Christmas Eve 1989, "a full scale guerrilla war erupted as rebels known as the National Patriotic Front
of Liberia (NPFL) led by Charles Taylor, a former minister in the administration of President Samuel Doe,
invaded Liberia from its border with Ivory Coast. . According to Comfort Ero "it degenerated into ethnic
carnage that threatened to engulf the whole country." Taylor went on to terrorize the country with his
campaign in Nimba county, home of the Gio and Mano ethnic groups, which greatly suffered under Doe"
. Allegations of genocide soon followed as the Armed Forces of Liberia (AFL) slaughtered those tribes;
consequently, reprisals by the NPFL brought even greater suffering. The situation deteriorated to such
an extent that even foreign nationals were taken hostage and UN sites as well as foreign embassies
came under attack.
Soon after, the NPFL controlled the majority of Liberian territory and by May 1990, President Doe, in
what looked like a sinister presage to the genocide in Rwanda, "was constrained to call upon 'all
patriotic citizens' to join forces with the government and fight the rebels with 'cutlasses and singlebarrelled guns.'"
As the conflict became more protracted, "over half the country's population of 2.6 million was displaced
internally and externally, as, for example, the Liberians who took refuge in neighbouring countries rose
exponentially to 700,000." At this point, this prompts one to question why the so-called international
community was demonstrating no desire to involve itself in stemming the conflict.
For example, neither UN Member States nor the OAU took any collective action. According to Comfort
Ero, "international concerns were The Gulf and later conflicts in the former Yugoslavia." Apparently, the
OAU, which would have been in the better position to actively participate in the containment of the
conflict, was constrained by "a lack of resources and political will reinforced by vivid memories of its
perceived failure in Chad in 1981." In short, it remained yet again, toothless: "it only went as far as
hailing" the laudable efforts deployed by ECOWAS and expressed its total support for its initiatives." This
naturally was not a sufficient panacea for containing the conflict.
Faced with this diplomatic inertia, many of the West African countries believed - for better or for worse that they had no choice but to attempt to resolve the crisis by themselves. The crisis was "thus officially
addressed by ECOWAS in May 1990, with the establishment of the SMC . At the urging of President
Babangida of Nigeria, an emergency meeting of Foreign Ministers of members of the SMC was held on
July 5 1990, to work out modalities of a cease-fire and a peace plan, after which a decision was made to
deploy a peacekeeping force to Liberia" . Subsequent to these decisions was ECOWAS' decision to
deploy ECOMOG, deployed to Monrovia in late August 1990. It consisted of 4,000 troops from Gambia,
Ghana, Guinea, Sierra-Leone and Nigeria, which contributed about 70% of the force. Although the first
ECOMOG force commander was a Ghanaian, as Solinas and Lund concede, "Nigerian dominance was
obvious from the outset”. Nonetheless, on 25 August 1990, 3000 troops from ECOMOG landed in
Monrovia in what was to become a protracted conflict involving many warring factions.
ECOMOG's role in Liberia
ECOMOG's role in the crisis is open to interpretation. There are those, on the one hand, who argue, such
as Walraven, that it was flawed and perhaps wrong; then there are those who believe its role was
4. unprecedented and praiseworthy. Throughout my research, it appears Walraven is the most critical,
though admittedly, he is also the most comprehensive in his analysis of ECOMOG's role.
In 2009, in his capacity as a “Do More Talk Less Ambassador” of the 42 nd Generation—an NGO that promotes and
discusses Pan-Africanism--Emmanuel gave a series of lectures on the role of ECOWAS and the AU in facilitating a
Pan-African identity. Emmanuel owns "Critiquing Regionalism" (http://www.critiquing-regionalism.org).
Established in 2004 as an initiative to respond to the dearth of knowledge on global regional integration initiatives
worldwide, this non-profit blog features regional integration initiatives on MERCOSUR/EU/Africa/Asia and many
others. You can reach him on ekbensah@ekbensah.net / Mobile: 0268.687.653.