A TERM PAPER ON A TYPICAL MYCOSIS (HISTOPLASMOSIS) which include Introduction
Etiology
Symptomatology
Pathogenecity
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Treatment and also the exisitence of the disease in three forms which are:
Acute or Primary Pulmonary Histoplasmosis
Chronic Pulmonary Histoplasmosis
Extra pulmonary-Dissemination Histoplasmosis
Data is collected and this ppt is Created by Sweta Chaudhary. All rights are reserved to her. Contact vivekchaudhary.707@gmail.com for more inquiry. Thank you ...
Black fungus how its happen in covid-19 pandemicjayalakshmi311
black fungus its known as a mucormycosis. now a days is considered as serious pandemic because of the serious situvation its affiliated with an covid-19. in this slide we see about clinical features and treatment and causes of black fungus.. some times it consider and causes a lethal dead and other eye related diseases also
Data is collected and this ppt is Created by Sweta Chaudhary. All rights are reserved to her. Contact vivekchaudhary.707@gmail.com for more inquiry. Thank you ...
Black fungus how its happen in covid-19 pandemicjayalakshmi311
black fungus its known as a mucormycosis. now a days is considered as serious pandemic because of the serious situvation its affiliated with an covid-19. in this slide we see about clinical features and treatment and causes of black fungus.. some times it consider and causes a lethal dead and other eye related diseases also
are disorders in which tissue damage or dysfunction is produced by microorganisms.
very prevalent worldwide and
major cause of morbidity and mortality.
US: two of top 10 COD are infectious diseases
Pneumonia
Septicemia .
Developing countries:
Respiratory and diarrheal disease amongst the common COD.
Medically Important Histoplasma species .pptxNawangSherpa6
The Presentation here is about Medically important Histoplasma species. How does it infect the Human host? What are it's clinical manifestations and How can we diagnose for their infection and potential application for other studies.
are disorders in which tissue damage or dysfunction is produced by microorganisms.
very prevalent worldwide and
major cause of morbidity and mortality.
US: two of top 10 COD are infectious diseases
Pneumonia
Septicemia .
Developing countries:
Respiratory and diarrheal disease amongst the common COD.
Medically Important Histoplasma species .pptxNawangSherpa6
The Presentation here is about Medically important Histoplasma species. How does it infect the Human host? What are it's clinical manifestations and How can we diagnose for their infection and potential application for other studies.
A short class presentation I gave in college detailing some opportunistic pathogens which attempt infection in HIV along with commonly used drugs for treatment.
References available in slides.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
1. KWARA STATE UNIVERSITY,
MALETE
COLLEGE OF PURE AND APPLIED
SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY
MCB 301: MYCOLOGY
A TERM PAPER ON A TYPICAL MYCOSIS
(HISTOPLASMOSIS)
ABIOYE MAYOWA JOHNSON
MATRIC NO.: 14D/57MB/446
SUBMITTED TO:
3. HISTOPLASMOSIS
INTRODUCTION
Histoplasmosis (also known as cave disease, Darling's disease, and Ohio valley disease).
Histoplasmosis is a primary pulmonary infections disease caused by inhaling dusts containing
microconidia of the soil-dwelling mold Histoplasma capsulatum. The causative fungus occurs in
soil mixed with bird droppings or bat guano and can persist in such sites for months or years.
Accumulation of bird droppings or bat guano also occurs in attics and belfries of old buildings
and can cause outbreaks during their renovation or demolition. Histoplasmosis has a well-
defined endemic area in the United States and smaller foci worldwide. The U.S. endemic area for
Histoplasmosis is in the eastern and Midwestern states, especially along the upper Mississippi,
Ohio, and Missouri river valleys extending north along the St. Lawrence River valley and south
the Rio Grande River in Texas
When H. capsulatum microconidia are inhaled, they lodge in the lungs, germinate, convert to
yeast forms, and cause lesions. Anyone can contract histoplasmosis, but especially persons
whose occupation or recreational pursuits bring them in contact with dusts mixed with bird
droppings of bat guano. Histoplasmoses, and all systemic mycoses caused by dimorphic fungal
pathogens, are not contagions.
The disease exists inthree major forms.
• Acute or Primary Pulmonary Histoplasmosis. This form most often causes
influenza-like symptoms. Most persons who are infected recover without medical
4. intervention. Residual pulmonary foci can persist, however, leaving open the
possibility of later endogenous reactivation.
• Chronic Pulmonary Histoplasmosis. This is most often seen in the setting Of
COPD
• Extra pulmonary-Dissemination Histoplasmosis. This form affects multiple
organs and can be fatal, especially to immunosuppressed persons, including those
living with AIDS. (Medical Mycology, 2012a)
ETIOLOGY
Histoplasma capsulatum, a soil-dwelling mold, grows in soil mixed with bird droppings or bat
guano, for example, soil of chicken house, blackbird roosts, and pigeon- or bat-occupied
buildings and caves. Birds are not infected because of their high body temperatures but bat have
a lower body temperature and can be infected. Infected bats can excrete the organism in their
droppings. Histoplasma capsulatum demonstrate temperature-sensitive dimorphism, growing as
a mold in the soil, and in the laboratory on artificial medium at ambient temperature. It converts
to a yeast form infection and at 370C on enriched laboratory medium. Histoplasma capsulatum
var. duboisii has a colony and microscopic morphology similar to H. capsulatum. Yeast forms
are larger, 8-15 micrometer in diameter, lemon-shaped with a narrow isthmus between mother
and daughter cells. The mold form of H. capsulatum and var. duboisii are indistinguishable.
Variety duboisii causes systemic mycoses endemic to sub-Saharan, western and central Africa. It
5. is classically associated with cutaneous nodules and ulcers and osteolytic bone lesions, especially
affecting the skull, ribs, and vertebrae. Histoplasma capsulatum var. farciminosum is the cause
of epizootic lymphangitis in horses and also is endemic to Africa. (Medical Mycology, 2012b)
SYMTOMATOLOGY
Most infection are asymptomatic fever, cough and chest pain are the most common symptoms, or
with shortness of breath. Mouth sore may develop especially in children (Eugene W. Nester et al,
2009).
Some people experience mild symptoms such as ashes, pains, and coughing, but a few develop
more severe symptoms, including fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Primary cutaneous
histoplasmosis, in which the agent enters via the skin, is very rare.
Symptoms usually are mild and nonspecific, resembling a cold or influenza; fever, chills, dry
cough, myalgia, headache, pleuritis chest pain, enlarged lymph glands, and fatigue.
From 5% to 10% of patients with self-limited histoplasmosis may experience other sysmtoms:
• Arthritis and arthralgias
• Mediastinal lymphadenopathy
• Cutaneous symptoms including erythema nodosum or maculopapular rash.
PATHOGENICITY
6. Histoplasma present a formidable arrays of manifestations. It can show pulmonary, systemic or
cutaneous lesions.
Inhaling a small dose of microconidia into the deep recesses of the lung establishes a primary
pulmonary infection that is usually asymptomatic. Its primary location of growth is in the
cytoplasm of the phagocytes such as mycrophages. Within these cells, it flourishes and is carried
to other sites.
The most serious systemic forms of the Histoplasmosis occur in patients with defective cell-
mediated immunity such as AIDS patients. In Children, this can lead to liver and Spleen
enlargement, anemia, circulatory collapse, and death. Adults with systemic disease can acquire
lesions in the brain, intestine, adrenal gland, heart, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and
skin. Persistent colonization of patient with emphysema and bronchitis cause Chronic pulmonary
histoplasmosis, a complication that has sign and symptoms similar to those of tuberculosis.
(Kathleen park Talaro and Barry Chess, 2012)
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
Acute Pulmonary Histoplasmosis
About 950%of persons infected with H. capsulatum experience inapparent, subclinical, or mild
self-limited benign disease. When symptoms occur, they appear 3-17 days after exposure
(average time is 10 days).
Pediatric Histoplasmosis
7. Children having a high rate of asymptomatic or mild infections. Immune-normal children with
symptomatic acute histoplasmosis present with fever, malaise, mild cough, and nonpleuritic
chest pain. This sysmtoms usually subside in 2-3days.
Central Nervous System Histoplasmosis$
It may present as chronic meningitis, intracranial mass lesions (Histoplasmonas). Symtoms may
include headache, altered state of consciousness, and cranial nerve deficits. (Medical
Microbiology, 2012c)
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Histoplasma capsulatum is endemically distributed in eastern and central regions of the United
State (the Ohio Valley). This fungus appears to grow most abundantly in moist soils high in
nitrogen content especially those supplementary by bird and bat guano.
A useful tool for determining the distribution of H.capsulatum is to inject a fungal extract called
histoplasmin into the skin and monitor for allergic reactions. An application of this test has
verified the extremely widespread distribution of the fungus. In high prevalence areas such as
Southern Ohio, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Michigan, Georgia, and Arkansas, 80%
to 90% of the population show signs of prior infection by the age of 20. Histoplasmosis
incidence in the United State is estimated at about 500,000 cases per year, with several thousands
of them requiring hospitalization and a small number resulting in death.
8. The Spore of the fungus is probably dispersed by the wind and, to a lesser extent, animals. The
most sticking outbreaks of histoplasmosis occur when concentration of spores have been
dislocated by humans working in parks, bird roosting areas, and olds buildings. People of both
sexes and all ages incur infection but adult males experience the majority of cases. The oldest
and youngest members of a population are most likely to develop serious disease.
DIAGNOSIS
Direct Examination
In acute pulmonary histoplasmosis, H. capsulatum may be seen microscopically in sputum or
bronchial washings as very small ovoid yeast forms with dimensions of 2-4 micrometer. When
cells are buddings, buds have a narrow base. Direct smears of sputum are stained with Wright’s
GMS, or PAS stains.
Histopathology
The yeast form of H.capsulatum usually can be found in tissue removed from the diseased site,
often within macrophages in granulomas. GMS or PAS stains are best for fixed, embedded
tissues. The yeast forms stains brown to black with GMS stain.
Bone Marrow Aspirate
Bone marrow aspirates or peripheral blood smears stained with Wright’s stain display
intracellular yeast forms.
Colony Morphology
9. On Saboroud Dexrouse Agar or other nonenriched medium, the colony usually is white and
cottony, becoming tan with age.
Microscopic Morphology
The H. capsulatum mold form grows as hyaline and septate, with branching hyphae that produce
two types of conidia. Tease mounts are examined first; then if there is insufficient sporulation, a
slide culture is prepared. Viewed microscopically, tease mounts and slides cultures illustrate
tuberculate macroconidia and microconidia. (Medical Mycology, 2012d)
TREATMENTAND PREVENTION
Mild forms of Histoplasmosis do not generally require treatment. Moderate severe forms of
Histoplasmosis, such as acute pulmonary disease, or chronic pulmonary cavitary disease, and
treated with oral ITC, 200-600mg/day. Severe forms of Histoplasmosis generally are treated
initially with either AmB-deoxycholate at 1 mg/kg/day or a lipid preparation of AmB at 3.0-5.0
mg/kg/day. Other azole drugs including fluconazole (FLO), voriconazole (VRC), and
posaconazole (PSC). Resistance to FLC may develop during therapy, and there are reports of
VRC failing in patient who have previously failed FLC. Therefore, PSC may be a better
alternative to ITC than either FLC or VRC. The echinocandin class of antifungal agents does not
have activities against H. capsulatum.
The following guideline reduce exposure to H. capsulatum
• Avoid contaminated sites; bird roosts, caves, chicken coops.
• Control aerosolized dusts by the use of water sprays.
• Avoid activities such as cave exploring and the demolition of old building.
10. • Decontaminate with disinfectants (e.g formaldehyde solutions).
CONCLUSION
Histoplasmosis, like Coccidioidomycosis is usually, is usually benign but occasionally mimics
tuberculosis. Rare, serious forms of the disease suggest that AIDS or another immune deficiency
may also be present. The distribution is more widespread than that of Coccidioidomycosis and is
associated with different soil and climate. It is similar to tuberculosis, in that it is intracellular
pathogen that evokes a granulomatous host response. Inhaled conidia germinate undergoing a
dimorphic shift to the yeast form, which initially resist lysis by alveolar macrophages,
neutrophils, and natural killer lymphpcytes. Once phagocytosed, yeast forms divides into
alveolar macrophages and are carried to lymph nodes draining the lings, and then via the blood
to tissues of the monocytic-phagocyte system: the spleen, liver, and bone marrow
REFRENCES
Medical Microbiology,2012a
Medical Microbiology,2012b
Engene W.Nesteretal, 2009. Human perspective,6th
edition,McGraw-Hill ,New York,NY10020, 526p.
KathleenParkTalaroandBarry Chess,2012, FoundationinMicrobiology,8th
edition,McGraw-Hill,New
York, NY 10020, 666p.
Joanne M. Willeyetal,2011, Prescott’sMicrobiology,8th
edition,McGraw-Hill,New York,NY10020,
986p.