1. The document discusses temperature regulation in the human body. It covers topics like normal body temperature, factors that promote heat gain and loss, temperature regulatory mechanisms, and the effects of hot and cold environments.
2. The core body temperature is normally maintained at 98.6°F through thermoregulatory responses. When exposed to heat, the body responds through vasodilation, sweating, and increased respiration to lose heat. When cold, it causes vasoconstriction, shivering, and increased metabolism to produce heat.
3. The hypothalamus acts as the thermostat, receiving input from thermoreceptors and initiating effector responses to maintain temperature homeostasis. Disruptions can lead to
“Cardiac output refers to the volume of blood pumped out per ventricle per minute.”
Cardiac output is the function of heart rate and stroke volume.
STROKE VOLUME:
The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one compression is called the stroke volume.
Heart Rate
The cardiac output increases with the increase in heart rate.
Cardiac cycle refers to a complete heartbeat from its generation to the beginning of the next beat.
Cardiac events that occur from –
beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next are called the cardiac cycle.
Heart rate is the number of heartbeats per unit of time, usually per minute.
The heart rate is based on the number of contractions of the ventricles (the lower chambers of the heart).
“Cardiac output refers to the volume of blood pumped out per ventricle per minute.”
Cardiac output is the function of heart rate and stroke volume.
STROKE VOLUME:
The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one compression is called the stroke volume.
Heart Rate
The cardiac output increases with the increase in heart rate.
Cardiac cycle refers to a complete heartbeat from its generation to the beginning of the next beat.
Cardiac events that occur from –
beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next are called the cardiac cycle.
Heart rate is the number of heartbeats per unit of time, usually per minute.
The heart rate is based on the number of contractions of the ventricles (the lower chambers of the heart).
Here's a Presentation made by GROUP F on CORONARY CIRCULATION. This slide was created for Problem Based Learning (PBL) wrap up session Held At Kathmandu University- Birat Medical College Teaching Hospital (BMCTH).
feel free to Download and share this slide. You can leave comments for further improvement on other presentations. Thankyou. Cheers!
it contains all the physiology of lung volume and capacity.
in this we study:-
introduction
lung volume
lung capacities
measurements of lung volume and capacities.
measurement of FRC and RV.
vital capacity.
FEV
RMV
MBC
PEFR
restrictive and obstructive respiratory disease.
Temperature practical cum theory part by Pandian M, From DYPMCKOP. This PPT f...Pandian M
INTRODUCTION
HOMEOTHERMIC ANIMALS
POIKILOTHERMIC ANIMALS
BODY TEMPERATURE
Normal Body Temperatures
VARIATIONS OF BODY TEMPERATURE
Pathological Variations
HEAT GAIN OR HEAT PRODUCTION IN THE BODY
HEAT LOSS FROM THE BODY
Regulation of Body Temperature
Hypothalamus has two centers which regulate the body temperature:
Applied
Exercising in hot and cold environments can have different effects on the body. It's important to consider factors like hydration, clothing, and duration of exercise when working out in extreme temperatures.
Here's a Presentation made by GROUP F on CORONARY CIRCULATION. This slide was created for Problem Based Learning (PBL) wrap up session Held At Kathmandu University- Birat Medical College Teaching Hospital (BMCTH).
feel free to Download and share this slide. You can leave comments for further improvement on other presentations. Thankyou. Cheers!
it contains all the physiology of lung volume and capacity.
in this we study:-
introduction
lung volume
lung capacities
measurements of lung volume and capacities.
measurement of FRC and RV.
vital capacity.
FEV
RMV
MBC
PEFR
restrictive and obstructive respiratory disease.
Temperature practical cum theory part by Pandian M, From DYPMCKOP. This PPT f...Pandian M
INTRODUCTION
HOMEOTHERMIC ANIMALS
POIKILOTHERMIC ANIMALS
BODY TEMPERATURE
Normal Body Temperatures
VARIATIONS OF BODY TEMPERATURE
Pathological Variations
HEAT GAIN OR HEAT PRODUCTION IN THE BODY
HEAT LOSS FROM THE BODY
Regulation of Body Temperature
Hypothalamus has two centers which regulate the body temperature:
Applied
Exercising in hot and cold environments can have different effects on the body. It's important to consider factors like hydration, clothing, and duration of exercise when working out in extreme temperatures.
Regulation of temperature of Human bodyRanadhi Das
Homoeothermic (WARM blooded)- Humans capable of maintaining their body temperatures within narrow limits inspite of wide variations in environmental (ambient) temperature.
Poikilothermic- (Cold blooded) eg.-fish, reptiles
Neutral zone temperature/ Comfortable temperature/Critical / ambient temperature- at which there is no active heat loss and heat gain mechanism operated by body.
So it is the lowest ambient temperature at which mammals can maintain its body temperature at the basal metabolic rate.
Normally it is 27 ± 2º C
Living tissues can function optimally only within a very narrow range of temperature. Therefore accurate regulation of body temperature is a great boon: it enables the animal to be physically active all round the year, and in different geographical locations.
Role of hypothalamus in regulation of body temperatureSaad Salih
Thermoregulation is a process that allows your body to maintain its core internal temperature. All thermoregulation mechanisms are designed to return your body to homeostasis. This is a state of equilibrium.
A healthy internal body temperature falls within a narrow window. The average person has a baseline temperature between 98°F (37°C) and 100°F (37.8°C). Your body has some flexibility with temperature. However, if you get to the extremes of body temperature, it can affect your body’s ability to function. For example, if your body temperature falls to 95°F (35°C) or lower, you have “hypothermia.” This condition can potentially lead to cardiac arrest, brain damage, or even death. If your body temperature rises as high as 107.6°F (42 °C), you can suffer brain damage or even death.
Many factors can affect your body’s temperature, such as spending time in cold or hot weather conditions.
Factors that can raise your internal temperature include:
fever
exercise
digestion
Factors that can lower your internal temperature include:
drug use
alcohol use
metabolic conditions, such as an under-functioning thyroid gland
Your hypothalamus is a section of your brain that controls thermoregulation. When it senses your internal temperature becoming too low or high, it sends signals to your muscles, organs, glands, and nervous system. They respond in a variety of ways to help return your temperature to normal.
https://physioaadhar.com/
Thermoregulation is a process that allows your body to maintain its core internal temperature. All thermoregulation mechanisms are designed to return your body to homeostasis. This is a state of equilibrium. A healthy internal body temperature falls within a narrow window.
Thermoregulation is a process that allows your body to maintain its core internal temperature. All thermoregulation mechanisms are designed to return your body to homeostasis. This is a state of equilibrium. A healthy internal body temperature falls within a narrow window.
Body temperature by Pandian M, Tutor Dept of Physiology, DYPMCKOP, this PPT f...Pandian M
BODY TEMPERATURE
HEAT BALANCE
Mechanisms of heat gain
Mechanisms of heat loss
VARIATIONS OF BODY TEMPERATURE
REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE
Thermoreceptors
Hypothalamus: the thermostat
Thermoregulatory effector mechanisms
ABNORMALITIES OF BODY TEMPERATURE
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
2. Lecture-1 :Topics
Core and Shell body temp.
Heat Balance
Factors promoting -
a) Heat gain
b) Heat loss
Temp. regulatory mechanisms
3. Learning Objectives
Normal Body Temperature
Ways of measuring Body Temp
List the mechanisms of heat
production & heat loss
Regulation of Body Temp.
4. Body Temperature
Normal Body Temperature (NBT) –
98.60F(370C)
Range of NBT ----- (970F to 990F)
Rectal Temp ----- (0.50F to 10F) above
the Oral
Rectal Temp reflects the internal body
Temp (Core Body Temp)
Core Body Temp remain almost constant
Skin Temp (Shell Temp)-----Variable
5. Temperature Homeostasis
Keep the body temp within a very narrow
range
Range of NBT (970F to 990F)
Temperatures above this:
denature enzymes and block metabolic
pathways
Temperatures below this:
slow down metabolism and affect the brain.
6. Heat Balance
Heat balance maintains the body temp
Balance between heat production &
heat loss (Heat Balance)
Heat Balance
Heat production= Heat loss
Heat production is called
thermogenesis
Heat loss is called as thermolysis
7.
8. Heat Production (Thermogenesis)
BMR
Specific Dynamic Action of food
Activity of skeletal muscle
Shivering
Exercise
Chemical Thermogenesis
Epinephrine &Norepinephrine
Thyroxine
Brown Fat-
Source of considerable heat production
Abundant in infants
9. Heat Loss (Thermolysis)
Radiation
Conduction
Convection
Evaporation
Perspiration
Respiration
Loss through urine & feces
14. Thermoregulation
Temperature is regulated by nervous
feedback mechanisms
Thermoregulatory center located in the
Hypothalamus
Thermoregulatory regulatory responses
include
Autonomic
Somatic
Endocrine
Behavioural changes
15. Feedback system
1) Receptor
◦ Sensor that responds to changes (stimuli)
2) Control Center
◦ Sets range of values
◦ Evaluates input and
◦ Sends output
3) Effector-
◦ Receives output from control centre
◦ Produces a response
16. Body Temperature Control System
Hypothalamus
◦ Acts as a thermostat
◦ Receives nerve impulses
from cutaneous
thermoreceptors
◦ Thermoreceptors Cold
&Heat
Hypothalamus- also has
thermoreceptors called
central thermoreceptors
These detect changes in
blood temperature
17.
18. Thermoregulatory regulatory responses
Activated by Exposure to Cold
1. Shivering
2. Increase voluntary activity
3. Increase TSH secretion
4. Increase Catecholamines
5. Vasoconstriction
6. Horripilation
7. Curling up
19. Thermoregulatory regulatory responses
Activated by Exposure to Heat
1. Vasodilatation
2. Sweating
3. Increase in Respiration
4. Anorexia
5. Apathy
6. Decrease TSH secretion
20. Thermoregulatory regulatory responses
Exposure to Cold
Shivering
Increase voluntary activity
Increase TSH secretion
Increase Catecholamines
Vasoconstriction
Horripilation
Curling up
Exposure to Heat
Vasodilatation
Sweating
Increase in Respiration
Anorexia
Apathy
Decrease TSH secretion
21. 1-A major source of heat
production in infants is
A. Increased muscular activity
B. Brown fat
C. Increased sympathetic activity
D. Specific dynamic action of food
22. 2-At normal room temperature
most body heat loss is by-
A. Convention
B. Conduction
C. Radiation
D. Sweating
23. 3-Constituents of secreted sweat are similar
to plasma except for
A. Proteins
B. Chloride
C. Bicarbonate
D. Potassium
24. 4-The only available mechanism of heat transfer
when the environmental temperature is greater than
the body temperature is
A. Radiation
B. Conduction
C. Convection
D. Evaporation
25. 5-Cause of thermogenesis in the
body is
A. Skeletal muscle relaxation
B. Assimilation of food
C. Decreased cardiac metabolism
D. Hypothyroidism
26. 6-A major factor resulting in increase
in body temperature during exercise
is-
A. Heat dissipating mechanisms
inefficient
B. Enormous thermogenesis
C. Vasoconstriction on non-working
muscles
D. Resetting of thermostat
27. 7-Site which reflects the true
value of core temperature
A. Oesophagus and rectum
B. Tympanic membrane
C. Vagina
D. All of the above
28. 8-BMR is dependent on
A. Body weight
B. Surface area
C. Amount of lean body mass
D. Height
29. 9-One feels hotter on a humid day
because-
A. Rate of sweating increases
B. Surrounding temperature is more
C. Heat loss by the body via process of
radiation decreases
D. Rate of evaporation of water from
body decreases
30. 10-A major factor resulting in increase
in body temperature during exercise
is-
A. Heat dissipating mechanisms
inefficient
B. Enormous thermogenesis
C. Vasoconstriction on non-working
muscles
D. Resetting of thermostat
33. Lecture-2 :Topics
Life in Hot environment
-Effect of acute heat
Thermoregulatory responses
Heat syndrome
-Heat cramps
-Heat exhaustion
-Heat stroke
34. Contd…
Life in cold environment
-effect of acute & long term
cold exposure on body
Applied
-Hypothermia
-Harmful effects of extreme
cold
35. Learning Objectives
Effect of Hot & Cold environment on
the body.
Thermo-receptors
Regulation of Body Temperature
36. Life in Hot environment
Hot climates- These are two types
a) Hot-dry
b) Warm-humid
Hot-dry climate-
Found in deserts
Temp >500 C
Not humid
Warm-humid climate –
Found in tropical forest
Temp usually<350 C
Humidity >75%
37. Contd----
Effects of acute heat -
Effects of acute exposure to heat
are divided into-
a) Thermoregulatory responses
b) Other effects
39. Contd----
Other effects of acute heat exposure on-
Cellular metabolism
Rate of respiration
Work of breathing
Pulse rate
Dehydration
Urinary volume
41. Life in cold environment
Effect of cold exposure on body-
a) Acute cold exposure
b) Long term cold exposure
Applied
-Hypothermia
-Harmful effects of extreme
cold
42. Contd----
Effect of acute cold exposure on body
Shivering
Increase voluntary
activity
Increase TSH secretion
Increase Catecholamines
Vasoconstriction
Horripilation
Curling up
43. Contd----
Effect of long term cold
exposure
Metabolic Responses
Insulative Responses
Hypothermic Responses
44. Contd----
Hypothermia –Body temp below
the normal lower limit (<970F)
Thermoregulatory responses
Greatly impaired at (<940F)
Lost at body temp(<850F)
45. Contd----
Frostbite
Occurs at very low temp
Surface area freezes
Ice crystals formed
Common sites-
Lobes of the ears
Digits of hands
Digits of feet
Cold induced vasodilatation-
Final protection against frostbite
47. 1- Thermal sweating differs from non-
thermal sweating in that
A. Eccrine glands are responsible for it
B. Occurs due to activation of sympathetic
cholinergic nerves
C. Found mainly over palm, sole and axilla
D. All of the above
48. Core temperature of 260C leads to death
due to:
a) Brain damage
b) Respiratory insufficiency
c) Cardiac failure
d) All of the above
49. 2- Which area of hypothalamus
functions as thermostat?
A. Preoptic
B. Paraventricular
C. Dorso medial
D. Lateral
50. 3- Insensible water loss (perspiration) will
be absent if humidity is
A. 50%
B. 70%
C. 90%
D. 100%
51. 4- Pyrogens raises body temperature
by
A. Setting the thermostat to higher level
B. Releasing interleukins
C. Decreasing peripheral heat liberating
mechanism
D. Causing peripheral vasoconstriction
52. 5- Heat loss process of the body not
directly under physiological control is
A. Radiation from body
B. Conduction and convection to
surroundings
C. Vaporization of sweat
D. Warming of inspired air
53. 6- Fever is usually caused by
A. Interleukin-1
B. Substance- p
C. Endorphins
D. Encephalin
54. 7- During exposure to cold, body
temperature is raised by
A. Vasoconstriction in the skin
B. Horripilation
C. Thermogenesis
D. All of the above
55. 8- Profound hypothermic signs include
all except
A. Show breathing
B. Bradycardia
C. Hypotension
D. Hyperactivity
56. 9- Aspirin decreases the body
temperature by
A. Inhibiting interleukin-1
B. Inhibiting pyrogens release
C. Killing fever producing organisms
D. Inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis
57. 10- When the core temperature of the body falls
below the hypothalamic set-point temperature
A. The blood vssels of the skin constrict
B. Heat production increases within
minutes
C. The basal metabolic rate increases
D. All of the above
