There is a heightened awareness in the academic controls community about the need to attract the best and brightest students to the discipline. To achieve this end, change is needed in the standard approaches to educating, recruiting and training students. In this paper, the “Temperature Box” experiment is presented. This experiment involves the design and implementation of a feedback temperature control system.
The main objective of this experiment is to construct a closed loop control system that regulates the temperature inside a box. Comparator compress to feedback to the pre-defined temperature level and gives output accordingly.
"Limitless opportunities exist in every industry... where there is an open mind, there will always be a new frontier."
- Charles Kettering
INTRODUCTION:
What is Electric Vehicle Regenerative Acceleration?
Electric Vehicle Regenerative Acceleration is a new US patented EV Traction Motor innovation that allows electric vehicles to recharge as they drive without the deceleration effects associated with regenerative braking. The innovation accelerates the EV while recharging the vehicles batteries in
Regenerative Acceleration Mode and is the exact opposite of regenerative braking.
How does it do that?
Electric Vehicle Regenerative Acceleration introduces a Load Current Delay into the generator coil's operation which reverses the electric vehicle regenerative braking paradigm.
How long has it been around?
The original discovery was made in 2007, the backing theory was developed at the University of Ottawa from 2007 – 2010.5 and the innovation has been under development since then.
3 US patents have been granted and 4 more are pending.
Commercially manufactured EV Regenerative Acceleration coils now exist which can deliver in excess of 60 Amps (1000 Watts) of recharge current per coil with vehicle acceleration.
What does the innovation mean for electric vehicles?
The EV Regenerative Acceleration innovation now allows electric vehicles to begin recharging their own batteries during vehicle acceleration and during coasting above 30 km/hr without the parasitic vehicle deceleration effects currently associated with EV regenerative braking.
The more recharge current sent to the EV's batteries, the more the EV is accelerated, the more the EV's range is increased and the less plug-in recharging is required.
Many of the problems associated with EVs and EV adoption are reduced such as:
● Limited EV range and range anxiety.
● Plug-in recharge time.
● Plug-in recharge cost.
● Plug-in recharge infrastructure cost (est. $5.6 Trillion globally).
● EV battery cost.
● EV cost due to expensive batteries.
● EV battery weight.
● Pending lithium shortages.
● Future energy requirements to the grid required for electric transportation.
Thane C. Heins
President and CEO, Potential +/- Difference Inc.
Ottawa, Canada
Email: thaneh@potentaldifference.ca
Cell: 1.613.898.1131
Potential +/- Difference Inc. - Pioneering Electric Vehicle Regenerative Acceleration Technology
& Charging Ahead...
“He who dares to ask a question is a fool for 5 minutes.
He who dares not remains a fool forever."
Ancient Chinese Proverb
"Limitless opportunities exist in every industry... where there is an open mind, there will always be a new frontier."
- Charles Kettering
INTRODUCTION:
What is Electric Vehicle Regenerative Acceleration?
Electric Vehicle Regenerative Acceleration is a new US patented EV Traction Motor innovation that allows electric vehicles to recharge as they drive without the deceleration effects associated with regenerative braking. The innovation accelerates the EV while recharging the vehicles batteries in
Regenerative Acceleration Mode and is the exact opposite of regenerative braking.
How does it do that?
Electric Vehicle Regenerative Acceleration introduces a Load Current Delay into the generator coil's operation which reverses the electric vehicle regenerative braking paradigm.
How long has it been around?
The original discovery was made in 2007, the backing theory was developed at the University of Ottawa from 2007 – 2010.5 and the innovation has been under development since then.
3 US patents have been granted and 4 more are pending.
Commercially manufactured EV Regenerative Acceleration coils now exist which can deliver in excess of 60 Amps (1000 Watts) of recharge current per coil with vehicle acceleration.
What does the innovation mean for electric vehicles?
The EV Regenerative Acceleration innovation now allows electric vehicles to begin recharging their own batteries during vehicle acceleration and during coasting above 30 km/hr without the parasitic vehicle deceleration effects currently associated with EV regenerative braking.
The more recharge current sent to the EV's batteries, the more the EV is accelerated, the more the EV's range is increased and the less plug-in recharging is required.
Many of the problems associated with EVs and EV adoption are reduced such as:
● Limited EV range and range anxiety.
● Plug-in recharge time.
● Plug-in recharge cost.
● Plug-in recharge infrastructure cost (est. $5.6 Trillion globally).
● EV battery cost.
● EV cost due to expensive batteries.
● EV battery weight.
● Pending lithium shortages.
● Future energy requirements to the grid required for electric transportation.
Thane C. Heins
President and CEO, Potential +/- Difference Inc.
Ottawa, Canada
Email: thaneh@potentaldifference.ca
Cell: 1.613.898.1131
Potential +/- Difference Inc. - Pioneering Electric Vehicle Regenerative Acceleration Technology
& Charging Ahead...
“He who dares to ask a question is a fool for 5 minutes.
He who dares not remains a fool forever."
Ancient Chinese Proverb
Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) DC and AC AnalysisJess Rangcasajo
BJT AC and DC Analysis
This slide condenses the two ways analysis of BJT (AC and DC).
At the end of the slide, it has review question answer with answer key as providing.
Laman Lakeside homes are designed with an open plan concept, allowing families to integrate and bond, the perfect setting to create special moments.
The homes in Laman Lakeside come with a wide opening at the living and dining areas, affording stunning views of the lake that fringes the neighbourhood. There is nothing quite as calming as coming home to luxuriate in a magnificent lakeside view, right in the comfort of your spacious and airy home.
New Physics for a New Era of Electric Mobility and Clean Power GenerationThane Heins
Thane C. Heins
President and CEO
Potential +/- Difference inc.
Pioneering Electric Vehicle Regenerative Acceleration and Charging Ahead...
“You never change things by fighting the existing reality.
To change something, build a new model that makes the existing model obsolete.”
― Buckminster Fuller
Introduction to Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs)Mugisha Oma.docxmariuse18nolet
Introduction to Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs)
Mugisha Omary
Introduction to Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs)
Laboratory Report for EENG 3306
College of Engineering and Computer Science
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Texas at Tyler
Houston, TX
December 8, 2014
Mugisha Omary
Group Members
Hamza Ahmad
Shamir Mohammed
I. Project description
The purpose of this lab is to take measurement of the common-emitter characteristics (collector current IC vs collector-to-emitter voltage VCE of small-signal NPN and PNP bipolar transistors and also simulate IC vs VCE characteristics of 2N4401 and 2N3906 transistors.
A BJT is a semiconductor device that uses a small current to control a larger current. This property makes it essentially a current amplifier. In this lab the student will build a simple test circuit to evaluate a transistor’s current and voltage relationships and then use this data to determine the transistors DC value and plot the collector characteristic curve.
II. Theoretical background
A BJT is a three terminal two – junction semiconductor device in which the
conduction is due to both the charge carrier. Hence it is a bipolar device and it
amplifier the sine waveform as they are transferred from input to output. BJT is
classified into two types – NPN or PNP. A NPN transistor consists of two N
types in between which a layer of P is sandwiched. The transistor consists of
three terminal emitter, collector and base. The emitter layer is the source of the
charge carriers and it is heartily doped with a moderate cross sectional area.
The collector collects the charge carries and hence moderate doping and large
cross sectional area. The base region acts a path for the movement of the
charge carriers. In order to reduce the recombination of holes and electrons the
base region is lightly doped and is of hollow cross sectional area. Normally the
transistor operates with the EB junction forward biased. In transistor, the current is same in both junctions, which indicates that there is a transfer of resistance between the two junctions. One to this fact the transistor is known as transfer resistance of transistor.
The symbol of an NPN BJT. The symbol is "not pointing in."
The symbol of a PNP BJT. The symbol "points inproudly."
When a transistor’s base current (IB) is set to a certain value and left unchanged while the collector current is swept through a range of values and IC and VCE are recorded and then graphed, a collector characteristic curve is produced for that particular IB. If IB is now changed, and again the collector current is swept through a range of values, and IC and VCE are plotted, another collector characteristic curve for this different IB value is produced. Repeating this process for several IB values results in a family of curves referred to as the transistors collector characteristic curves. Figure 2 shows the characteristics for a notional transistor.
Figure 1. Transistor.
This paper presents a step up DC-to-DC converter with hybrid switch capacitor technique having high voltage conversion ratio with small switch voltage stress . The converter is suitable for the applications where high voltage conversion is required. The proposed DC-DC converter has low voltage ratted MOSFET switch and is connected to PV array to get high output voltage at small duty ratios. Hence it has high efficiency. The principles of operations and the theoretical analysis are presented in this paper. All the simulations are done in MATLAB- SIMULINK Environment and results were obtained with voltage conversion ratio of 4.9.
Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) DC and AC AnalysisJess Rangcasajo
BJT AC and DC Analysis
This slide condenses the two ways analysis of BJT (AC and DC).
At the end of the slide, it has review question answer with answer key as providing.
Laman Lakeside homes are designed with an open plan concept, allowing families to integrate and bond, the perfect setting to create special moments.
The homes in Laman Lakeside come with a wide opening at the living and dining areas, affording stunning views of the lake that fringes the neighbourhood. There is nothing quite as calming as coming home to luxuriate in a magnificent lakeside view, right in the comfort of your spacious and airy home.
New Physics for a New Era of Electric Mobility and Clean Power GenerationThane Heins
Thane C. Heins
President and CEO
Potential +/- Difference inc.
Pioneering Electric Vehicle Regenerative Acceleration and Charging Ahead...
“You never change things by fighting the existing reality.
To change something, build a new model that makes the existing model obsolete.”
― Buckminster Fuller
Introduction to Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs)Mugisha Oma.docxmariuse18nolet
Introduction to Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs)
Mugisha Omary
Introduction to Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs)
Laboratory Report for EENG 3306
College of Engineering and Computer Science
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Texas at Tyler
Houston, TX
December 8, 2014
Mugisha Omary
Group Members
Hamza Ahmad
Shamir Mohammed
I. Project description
The purpose of this lab is to take measurement of the common-emitter characteristics (collector current IC vs collector-to-emitter voltage VCE of small-signal NPN and PNP bipolar transistors and also simulate IC vs VCE characteristics of 2N4401 and 2N3906 transistors.
A BJT is a semiconductor device that uses a small current to control a larger current. This property makes it essentially a current amplifier. In this lab the student will build a simple test circuit to evaluate a transistor’s current and voltage relationships and then use this data to determine the transistors DC value and plot the collector characteristic curve.
II. Theoretical background
A BJT is a three terminal two – junction semiconductor device in which the
conduction is due to both the charge carrier. Hence it is a bipolar device and it
amplifier the sine waveform as they are transferred from input to output. BJT is
classified into two types – NPN or PNP. A NPN transistor consists of two N
types in between which a layer of P is sandwiched. The transistor consists of
three terminal emitter, collector and base. The emitter layer is the source of the
charge carriers and it is heartily doped with a moderate cross sectional area.
The collector collects the charge carries and hence moderate doping and large
cross sectional area. The base region acts a path for the movement of the
charge carriers. In order to reduce the recombination of holes and electrons the
base region is lightly doped and is of hollow cross sectional area. Normally the
transistor operates with the EB junction forward biased. In transistor, the current is same in both junctions, which indicates that there is a transfer of resistance between the two junctions. One to this fact the transistor is known as transfer resistance of transistor.
The symbol of an NPN BJT. The symbol is "not pointing in."
The symbol of a PNP BJT. The symbol "points inproudly."
When a transistor’s base current (IB) is set to a certain value and left unchanged while the collector current is swept through a range of values and IC and VCE are recorded and then graphed, a collector characteristic curve is produced for that particular IB. If IB is now changed, and again the collector current is swept through a range of values, and IC and VCE are plotted, another collector characteristic curve for this different IB value is produced. Repeating this process for several IB values results in a family of curves referred to as the transistors collector characteristic curves. Figure 2 shows the characteristics for a notional transistor.
Figure 1. Transistor.
This paper presents a step up DC-to-DC converter with hybrid switch capacitor technique having high voltage conversion ratio with small switch voltage stress . The converter is suitable for the applications where high voltage conversion is required. The proposed DC-DC converter has low voltage ratted MOSFET switch and is connected to PV array to get high output voltage at small duty ratios. Hence it has high efficiency. The principles of operations and the theoretical analysis are presented in this paper. All the simulations are done in MATLAB- SIMULINK Environment and results were obtained with voltage conversion ratio of 4.9.
A High Step Up Hybrid Switch Converter Connected With PV Array For High Volt...ijitjournal
T
his paper
presents
a
ste
p up DC
-
to
-
DC converter with
hybrid switch capacitor technique having
high
voltage conversion ratio with small
switch voltage stress
. The converter is suitable for the applications
where high voltage conversion is required. The proposed
DC
-
DC converter
has low voltage ratted
MOSFET switch and is connected to PV array to get high output voltage at small duty ratios.
Hence it has
high efficiency.
The principles of operations and the theoretical analysis are presented in this paper.
All the
simulations are
done in MATLAB
-
SIMULINK Environment and
results were obtained with voltage
conversion ratio of 4.
Sesión de Laboratorio 3: Leyes de Kirchhoff, Circuitos RC y DiodosJavier García Molleja
Laboratory session in Physics II subject for September 2016-January 2017 semester in Yachay Tech University (Ecuador). Topic covered: electricity, electrical circuits, resistances, capacitances, diodes
Based on Bruna Regalado's work
Metal Halide HID lamps are becoming popular because of its high efficacy. The
operating characteristic of Metal Halide (MH) HID lamps is complex as it has several stage
of operation. The objective of this paper is to design an electric control system for metal
halide high intensity discharge (HID) lamps using half bridge inverter. The LCC resonant
mode is used to provide the sufficient voltage and current to the MH lamp during its
ignition and normal running condition. An adaptive control method is used to regulate the
lamp power. A close loop current control method is used. In this close loop Type-3 regulator
is used as a compensator. The variation in lamp power with and without loop is discussed.
The stability of the close loop is also analysed. PSIM Simulation Software is used to do this
analysis.
Filters are electric circuits those separate electrical signals on the basis of their frequency content. Filters are characterized by their frequency response as well as phase relation between input & output signals.
The OPerational AMPlifier or OPAMP is a versatile analog Integrated Circuit (IC) that is capable of producing a very high gain.
An amplifier is a circuit that receives a signal at its input and delivers an undistorted larger
version of the signal at its output. The operational amplifier is a high gain amplifier to which feedback is added to control its overall response characteristic.
In closed loop connection, an external resistance is connected between the output and the negative (inverting) input terminal as a negative feedback. Here, the gain can be controlled by changing the values of the resistors.
Any periodic variation of current or voltage where the current (or voltage), when measured along
any particular direction goes positive as well as negative, is defined to be an AC quantity.
Sinusoidal AC wave shapes are the ones where the variation (current or voltage) is a sine function
of time.
Physical exercise must be made mandatory in schools and collegesMD TOUFIQ HASAN ANIK
physical exercise must be made mandatory in schools and colleges to fight obesity, to sharpen physical-mental capability along with the opportunities to create future career.
Natural destruction is the matter of concern all over the world nowadays. Recent conference of World Health Organization on health concern from natural destruction was focusing on the causes made by the humans. Humans had a good relationship with nature before but with the modernization of humans, the relationship has been broken down. The nature is turning into the destruction by humans undoubtedly. So, humans are definitely always responsible for natural destruction because of unorganized urbanization, industrialization and greenhouse gases.
1. Learning the transmission of the message signal with ASK and FSK modulation.
2. Learning how to demodulate the received signal and reconstruct the message signal.
Pharmaceutical is a booming sector in the country today. Foreign investments have flowed into the country over the past few years in huge amounts. Bangladesh, with a population base of 160m provides a very prospective environment for foreign Pharmaceutical to invest. Who are increasingly becoming more capable of purchasing consumer goods, and this class is growing says a study by World Bank.
The Company started its operations as Pfizer (Bangladesh) Limited in 1972. For the next two decades it continued as a highly successful subsidiary of Pfizer Corporation. However, by the late 1990s the focus of Pfizer had shifted from formulations to research. In accordance with this transformation, Pfizer divested its interests in many countries, including Bangladesh. Specifically, in 1993 Pfizer transferred the ownership of its Bangladesh operations to local shareholders, and the name of the company was changed to Renata Limited.
In this report, we have tried to find out how Renata Limited maintains its Financial Accounting policies and develops its businesses in this one of the most competitive Pharmaceutical markets in the world. ACI Ltd, Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Essential Drugs Company Ltd, Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd etc are competitors of Pharmaceutical markets. The objective of this assignment is to begin to integrate the many concepts we have studied and to give an opportunity to apply our financial accounting in a real-world setting. Renata Limited performs this hard job through applying our studied strategies. Renata Limited is earning Goodwill and Customer Satisfaction through providing quality services and maintaining up-to-date business strategies. And after analyzing the reports and studying the market it is quite clear that they are fairing quite well according to their company objectives.
Take a 1 KHz sinusoidal modulating signal and modulate it with a carrier frequency of 1 MHz to perform DSB-SC modulation. Then detect the original signal from the DSB-SC waveform.
An acid–base titration is the process which determines the concentration of an acid or base .Which exactly neutralize the acid or base with an acid or base of known concentration. Through acid base reactions Acid-Base titrations usually find the amount of a known acidic or basic substance. This enables the quantitative analysis of the concentration of an unknown acid or base solution. It work with following the neutralization reaction that occurs between acids and bases. To find percent purity of chemicals Acid–base titrations can also be used.
Banglalink as a novice cellular company has improved its condition within a very short time. The marketing plan of the company has proven right for the organization because it’s spreading its business gradually. But still it’s not the biggest cellular company in the country. GP is the leader in the market and Banglalink has got lot of aspect to improve the situation. So to be the market leader Banglalink must be very careful in the field of marketing plan and the success of the company is a matter of subject that how they are implementing the plan. As a result the Business Development and Customer Retention Policies implementation consumers’ behavior towards Banglalink is very positive and their satisfaction level is very high. The consumers of sim connection are preferred The Banglalink most. The consumers believe that Banglalink provides high quality product, but the call rate, connection rate are not so high. Consumers are mainly got information from television ads. So, at the end we can conclude that Banglalink is one of the finest companies in Bangladesh. They provide high quality of product and consumers are satisfied with Banglalink’s products they bought, especially postpaid sim connection. Consumers are satisfied by Banglalink sim category.
The success of a commercial bank depends largely in the quality of service rendered to the regulars. Quality of service depends on the capability and the quality of the employees of the organization. Therefore, the authority of PBL has to be more careful in recruiting the right person for each job. As has been seen, the recruitment and assortment process of PBL has rooms for improvements. The policy and process should be revised and rechecked. So although the process they have been adopting so far has been somewhat effective, to adapt to the changing times, the process should be revised and modernized.
Statistics is a critical tool for robustness analysis, measurement system error analysis, test data analysis, probabilistic risk assessment, and many other fields in the engineering world. These basic applications are related to our basic engineering problems which help us to solve the problems and gives us the better solution and brings the efficiency to work with our real life engineering problems.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdf
Temperature box
1. 4/6/2016
The Temperature Box
Introduction to the control System project
Submitted By:
1. Md. Mamunur rahaman 13321051
2. Benazir Mustafa- 13321026
3. MD. Toufiq Hasan Anik 13121157
4. Farzana Nayeem- 13321047
5. Sumaiya Mustafa- 13221044
6. Mahmudul Islam- 13121133
Submitted to:
Dr. A.K.M Abdul Malek Azad
Professor
Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, BRAC University, Dhaka,
Bangladesh.
2. Abstract:
There is a heightened awareness in the academic controls community about the need to attract
the best and brightest students to the discipline. To achieve this end, change is needed in the
standard approaches to educating, recruiting and training students. In this paper, the
“Temperature Box” experiment is presented. This experiment involves the design and
implementation of a feedback temperature control system. At the BRAC University, the
Temperature Box is used to motivate the material in an introductory system engineering course.
Objective:
The main objective of this experiment is to construct a closed loop control system that regulates
the temperature inside a box. Comparator compress to feedback to the pre-defined temperature
level and gives output accordingly.
The Temperature Box Experiment:
Comparison circuit Logic Gates Relay, Bulb and Plant
High Temperature
Low Temperature
Temperature
Scale and Shift circuit Sensor
Figure: Block diagram of the Temperature Box.
3. The Temperature sensor:
We use LM35 temperature sensor which gives the Calibration directly in Celsius
(Centigrade).Output of this sensor varies by 0.01V per degree Celsius. It can sense from -55 to
150 degree Celsius. The relationship between temperature and voltage is linear for a wide range
of temperatures and is given by
Vs=0.01*Tc
First we Place a bulb near the sensor and increase the temperature. Then corresponding
temperature and voltage readings were collected using thermometer and multi-meter
respectively. We see the linear relationship between temperature and voltage. The readings
were then tabulated and a best fit line was plotted using MS EXCEL
Temperature(oC) 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 40
Input Voltage(V) 0.22 0.24 0.27 0.28 0.31 0.32 0.35 0.36 0.40
Graph 1: Shows the voltage vs. temperature linear relationship
Scale and shift
As earlier we saw that the output of the temperature sensor is very low and it is very difficult
to use this values as on comparator circuit. So on this scale and shift circuit our main objective
was to increase the sensitivity as a higher voltage range to work properly and easily with the
comparator circuit. So we wanted to increase the gain as about 11 times as early stage.
This circuit first Scale and shift the input to output. This circuit is also called adder circuit.
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
voltage(Vs)
temperature(Tc)
V VS T
4. As we know, VT= α+βVs
So, At 28 Degree Vs=0.28v and VT=2.9v so, 2.9=α+0.28β……(1)
At 35 Degree Vs=0.35v and VT=3.72v so, 3.72=α+0.35β…… (2)
From equation (1) and (2)
We got α=-0.3785 and β=11.71
So, α=-0.378=-5*R/R2 and β=11.71=R/R1
We took, R=10KΩ So, R1=.85 KΩ and R2= 132.1K Ω
We used Variable resistance Pot as resistors.
This same thing can be done by using proportional controller. Which will just increase the gain
by varying resistance.
Comparator Circuit:
This circuit is used to compare shift and scale circuit output voltage, VT with higher
temperature voltage VH and lower temperature voltage VL. To make decision whether A and
B is active or inactive to turn the relay on and off.
5. PROCEDURE:
1. Set higher voltage VH and lower voltage VL using pot
2. Higher voltage and lower voltage acts as reference.
3. Scale and shift output voltage compared with reference.
4. A and B output obtained and make decision which situation A and B active or inactive
CONDITION:
VT<VL<VH A=1, Active B=0, inactive
VT>VH>VL A=0 , inactive B=1 ,inactive
VL<VT<VH A=1 active B=1 active
ANALYSIS:
VH(35’C) VT VL(28’C) A B
3.72 2.2 2.9 1 0
3.72 4.5 2.9 0 1
3.72 3.1 2.9 1 1
Here, we noticed that when we set shift and scale output voltage 2.2(VT<VL) then we got A
active and B inactive. It means that relay is on. On the other hand, when we put VT
4.5(VT>VH) then we got A inactive and B active. It means that relay is off. We got both active
and relay unchanged when VT was set (VL<VT<VH).
D Flip-Flop:
D stands for data. This type of flip-flop stores the data that is on the data line. It captures the
value of D- input at a definite portion of the clock cycle and it becomes the output Q.
From the comparison circuit we get the value of A and B. We used the digital logic circuit to
implement the comparison circuit. This digital logic circuit is consists with two NAND gates,
one clock generator and a D Flip-Flop.
6. The Karnaugh map for comparison circuit is given below-
AB𝑅 𝑘 0 1
0 0 X X
0 1 0 0
1 1 0 1
1 0 1 1
From this we can get a logical expression, 𝑅 𝑘+1= B’+A𝑅 𝑘
⇒ 𝑅 𝑘+1= (B (A𝑅 𝑘)’)’ [DeMorgan’s Law]
Where 𝑅 𝑘 and 𝑅 𝑘+1 represents the present state and next state respectively.
This logical expression is implemented using two NAND gates, one D Flip-Flop and a clock.
Fig: sequential digital logic for comparison block
The truth table of D Flip-Flop is given below-
Clock:
A clock generator circuit produces the time signal. The D Flip-Flop tries to follow the input
D but it cannot make the transitions unless it is enabled by the clock. We get the clock signal
from the signal generator.
Where, frequency =1 KHz; Amplitude = 5V and the pulse input is square wave.
7. BJT(Bipolar Junction Transistor):
Bipolar transistors consists of either p-n-p or n-p-n semiconductor. The three parts of BJT are
emitter, base and collector. In this circuit we used a n-p-n transistor.
The output we get from the D Flip-Flop is passed through a BJT to the relay. We used a BJT
here because if the output from a D Flip-Flop is less than 6V it cannot turn the relay ON and
the light will be in OFF state. As we get 4.1V output from the D Flip-Flop it is not possible to
turn on the light.
For this reason we connected a BJT here. When the voltage is 0.7 or greater than that the emitter
and the collector get shorted and then the relay will be ON.
After connecting the BJT with the output Q, we get 0.8 V in base. As a result the relay will be
ON and the light as well.
In this circuit we connected the base of the BJT with the output of the D Flip-Flop through a
10K resistor, the collector with the relay and grounded the emitter.
RELAY CONNECTION:
A relay is basically a switch that operates electrically which contains a sensing unit, the electric
coil, which is powered by AC or DC current. When the applied current or voltage exceeds a
threshold value, the coil activates the armature, which operates either to close the open contacts
or to open the closed contacts. In general, the current flowing in one circuit causes the opening
or closing of another circuit
.
8. Figure: Circuit Diagram of a Relay
In our project, the relay is used to switch on or off a bulb for a particular range of temperature.
The relay is turned on when the D flip-flop provides 5 volts to the relay and it is turned off
when it gets 0 volt from the D flip-flop. Here, the important point is that the relay switching
should be based on 3 rules discussed in the comparison circuit section and they are: (1) VT <=
VL < VH (Relay turns on) (2) VT >= VH > VL (Relay turns off) (3) VL < VT < VH (Relay state
unchanged)
The complete relay circuit is given below:
Figure: Relay Circuit with internal connections
Another important thing is that the connection between BJT and the relay. As the BJT is
connected with the D flip-flop, it carries the voltage to the relay and acts as a switching device.
To control a load, first it is needed to know what sort of load is used. In our case it is a 6 volt
9. relay. From the datasheet given below, we can acquire the resistance of the relay's solenoid
which is 400 Ohms for the 6 volt version that we use. We can calculate the current that flows
through the solenoid (coil) of the relay using Ohm’s Law, I = V / R => I = 6 / 400 => I = 0.015
A = 15 mA. The transistor must be able to provide enough current for the relay load which is
15 mA. Besides, the transistor must be able to switch 6 volts of voltage across its collector-
emitter leads.
Figure 1: Datasheet
Conclusion:
The ‘Temperature Box’ project gives an insight on closed loop configuration and feedback
systems which has enhanced the understanding of the course material. It can be said that PBL
(Project Based Learning) is better than traditional subject based learning. The project work has
put us in a position of real life problem solving situation in which we needed discussions,
improvisations and most importantly group work to complete it.
Referance:
Richard T. O’Brien , Jr . and John M. Watkins , Conference on Decision & control , Phoenix,
Arizona USA.December 1999