The document discusses top-down and bottom-up processing in listening. Top-down processing uses background knowledge and context clues to derive meaning, while bottom-up processing derives meaning from incoming language data like sounds and words. Listening to spoken discourse is more challenging than written as it is instantaneous with no chance to re-listen. Listening provides essential input for language learning. Common difficulties in listening include not understanding every word, getting distracted, lacking stamina, and not recognizing familiar words. The document recommends some books and resources for improving listening skills.

1. Ika Farihah Hentihu

2.  Top-down process refers to using schemata to
derive meaning from and interpret the
message. It refers to the attribution of
meaning, drawn from one’s own knowledge
to language input. It requires the prediction
of meaning by using context clues and
combining them with background knowledge.
 Bottom-up process refers to deriving the
meaning of the text based on the incoming
language data, from
sounds, words, grammatical relationships, to
meaning.

3. Listening is a spoken discourse and spoken
discourse has very different characteristics
from written discourse, and these
differences can add a number of dimensions
to our understanding of how we process
speech. For example, spoken discourse is
usually instantaneous. The listener must
process it “online” and there is often no
chance to listen to it again (Richard,2008)

4. Listening is vital in the language classroom
because it provides input for the learner.
Without understanding input at the right
level, any learning simply cannot begin.
Listening is thus fundamental to speaking
(Nunan,1997)

5.  They are trying to understand every word
 They get left behind trying to work out what a
previous word meant
 They just don't know the most important words
 They don't recognize the words that they know
 They have problems with different accents
 They lack listening stamina/ they get tired
 They are distracted by background noise
 They can't cope with not having images
 They have hearing problems

6.  Question and Answers by LG Alexander
 Practice and Progress by LG Alexander
 Listen In by David Nunan
 Listening by Adrian Doff
 www.esl-lab.com

7. Inspectur Robert Jones is a detective. He lives near a
library. Inspectur Jones is in the library now. He is
talking to Miss Green. Miss Green is the Librarian.
Inspectur Jones : Good Morning, Miss Green
Miss Green : Good Morning, Inspector. Can I help you?
Inspector Jones : Yes you can. I am looking for a good
book.
Miss Green : This is a good book, Inspector.
Inspector Jones : What is it?
Miss Green : It’s a detective story
Inspector Jones : Good! I like detective stories. What’s
the murderer’s name?
Miss Green : I can’t tell you that, Inspector. I am a
librarian. I am not detective

8. Last week I went to the theatre. I had a very
good seat. The play was very interesting. I
did not enjoy it. A young man and a young
woman were sitting behind me. They were
talking loudly. I could not hear the actors. I
turned round. I looked at the man and the
woman angrily. They did not pay any
attention. In the end, I could not bear it. I
turned round again. I can’t hear a word! I
said angrily.
It’s none of your business, the young man said
rudely. This a private conversation.

9.  You will hear a piece of music. What images
come into your mind as you listen to it?
 Write down the word that represent what
you see in your mind.

10.  Um.. an old man is __________ at the table and
on the table and on the table there are five or
six __________ and er… there’s a small boy at
the far side on the table, um, who is p_________
s_________, not __________, but __________
and looking up __________ the table but we can
only see __________ of his face and he’s looking
at the old man, um. The old man is __________
a __________ and he’s __________ himself to
some rice which is in a __________ which he is
__________ and in the __________ on the table
there is also some rice. The old man is, is er .. is
__________ a hat, r_________ l_________
hat, black, um, and, er, a __________, of some
sort. I think this is in
__________, Chine, __________, um, _________
_ or somewhere like that.

11.  Give me freedom, give me fire, give me
reason, take me higher
See the champions, take the field now, you
define us, make us feel proud
In the streets are, exaliftin , as we lose our
inhabition,
Celebration its around us, every nation, all
around us
 When I get older I will be stronger
They’ll call me freedom Just like a wavin’
flag
And then it goes back
And then it goes back

12.  Thank you
 ikafarihah@yahoo.com