The presentation was done as a part of joint research of conservation of heritage sites of Nepal i.e. Keshav Narayan Chowk of Patan by Durga Rai and Mayadevi Temple of Lumbini by Priyanka Karn from Department of Architecture , Purwanchal Campus, IOE, TU, Nepal. This research tells about the degrees of interventions and techniques that were adapted for the conservation of heritage sites of Nepal.

1. ARCHITECTURAL PRESENTATION
AT PURWANCHAL CAPMUS,DHARAN
PRACTICUM(IV YR-II PART)
IOE, PURWANCHAL CAMPUS ,DHARAN
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
DATE OF SUBMISSION:
SUBMITTED TO:
AR. SANJAYA MAHARJAN
SUBMITTED BY:
DURGA RAI (18), PRIYANKA KARN (31)

2. ARCHITECTURAL-
CONSERVATION
4
TH
YEAR
2
ND
PART
2022
KESHAVNARAYAN CHOWK, PATAN
MAYA DEVI TEMPLE, LUMBINI
ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION

3. ARCHITECTURAL
CONSERVATION ❑ LANDMARK OR AN AREA WITH LEGAL PROTECTION BY INTERNATIONAL
CONVENTION ADMINISTERED BY (UN Science Culture Organization)
TREATMENT APPROACH
❑ PRESERVATION
❑ REHABILITATION
❑ ADAPTIVE REUSE
❑ FACADISM
❑ RESTORATION
❑ RECONSTRUCTION
❑ PROCESS THROUGH WHICH THE
MATERIAL,HISTORICAL,& DESIGN
INTEGRITY OF BUILT HERITAGE ARE
PROLONGED THROUGH CAREFUL
PLANNED INTERVATION
SWAYMBHUNATH
STUPA
BHAKTAPUR DURBAR
SQUARE
BOUDHANATH
STUPA
KATHMANDU
DURBAR SQUARE
PATAN DURBAR
SQUARE
LUMBINI CHITWAN
NATIONAL PARK
PASHUPATINATH TEMPLE
WORLD HERITAGE SITES
❑ NATURAL/MAN-MADE SITE,AREA OR STRUCTURE RECOGNIZED AS OUTSTANDING
IMPORTANCE DESERVING A SPECIAL PROTECTION
❑ THE SITE MUST CONTAIN CULTURAL OR NATURAL HERITAGE SPECIAL AND
SIGNIFICANT ENOUGH THAT HAS VALUE TO HUMANITY

4. INTRODUCTION:
❑ KESHAV NARAYAN CHOWK IS, INSIDE THE PATAN
MUSEUM, TO THE NORTH OF THE MUL CHOWK
❑ AT THE CENTER OF THIS CHOWK, KESHAV NARAYAN
TEMPLE IS LOCATED
❑ MAIN PALACE BUILDING AND THE LAST OF THE
CURTYARD TO BE COMPLETED
❑ UNDER THE PATRONAGE OF SRINIVAS MALLA AND
BEING DEDICATED BY HIS SUCCESSOR,SRIVISHNU IN
1734
❑ KING YOGANARENDRA MALLA IN 1733/34
ARCHITECTURAL DESCRIPTION:
❑ ENTRANCE OF PALACE COMPLEX IS DECORATED BY ARTISTIC
GILDED DOOR AND TORANA ABOVE IT,REPRESENTS THE
IMAGE OF SHIVA PARBATI
❑ THE PALACE'S OUTWARD APPEARANCE HAD UNDERGONE
CONSIDERABLE VISUAL CHANGES IN RECENT TIMES, THE
PROJECT'S AIM WAS TO RESTORE THE PRINCIPAL ELEVATION
AND THE MAIN COURTYARD TO THEIR ORIGINAL AND
HISTORIC DESIGN OF 1734
❑ RESTORATION PROVED DIFFICULT IN THE CASE OF THE FOUR
FACADES OF THE MAIN COURTYARD, BECAUSE NO DRAWINGS
OR PHOTOGRAPHS EXISTED
TRIBHUWAN UNIVERSITY,INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
PURWANCHAL CAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
DHARAN ,SUNSARI
TITLE: CONSERVATION PROJECT
SUBJECT:ARCHITECTURE CONSERVATION SUBMITTED BY:
DURGA RAI
PRIYANKA KARN
SHEET NO:
4
CONSERVATION OF KESHAV NARAYAN CHOWK
FIGURE:LOCATION MAP OF PATAN DURBAR SQUARE
FIGURE:PHOTOS OF COURTYARD AND
INTERIOR OF KESHAV NARAYAN CHOWK
FIGURE:VICINITY MAP OF KESHAV NARAYAN CHOWK
CAUSES OF DETORIATION
❑ EARTHQUAKE :FREQUENT AND DEVASTATING EARTHQUAKE
CAUSED MOST OF THE DAMAGE AT PATAN DARBAR IN 1934
❑ WATER :RAIN SEEPING THROUGH LEAKING ROOFS AND TERRACES
OR GROUND MOISTURE RISING IN THE MASONRY WALLS CAUSES
PERMANENT RISK OF DETERIORATION FOR STRUCTURAL
MATERIALS LIKE TIMBER AND BRICK

5. AIMS OF CONSERVATION:
❑ TO REPAIR ALL DAMAGE
❑ AT THE SAME TIME PRESERVE THE BUILDING FROM THE FUTURE HAZARDS OF
DECAY AND DESTRUCTION
❑ TO RESTORE ITS HISTORIC DESIGN AS FAR AS POSSIBLE; AND TO KEEP TO A
MINIMUM ALL THE CHANGES AND ADDITIONS WHICH WERE NECESSARY FOR THE
BUILDING'S NEW FUNCTION AS A MUSEUM
RESTORATION:
❑ ADJACENT BUDDHIST MONASTRY ,REMOVED FOR
CONSTRUCTION OF THIS PALACE EXTENSION
❑ INNER COURTYARD FACADES HAVE BEEN MARRED BY
POOR ALTERATIONS AND RESTORATION
❑ EXTERNAL ROAD ELEVATION IS OF SUPREME QUALITY
❑ THIS COURTYARD AND BUILDINGS ARE OCCUPIED BY THE
PATAN MUSEUM
TRIBHUWAN UNIVERSITY,INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
PURWANCHAL CAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
DHARAN ,SUNSARI
TITLE: CONSERVATION PROJECT
SUBJECT:ARCHITECTURE CONSERVATION SUBMITTED BY:
DURGA RAI
PRIYANKA KARN
SHEET NO:
5
CONSERVATION OF KESHAV NARAYAN CHOWK
RESTORATION TO ORIGINAL FORM
❑ REMOVAL OF THE LAYER OF CONCRETE PLASTER FROM THE WALLS TO REVEAL
THE OLD BRICK FACE UNDERNEATH
❑ REPLACE THE LARGE INDUSTRIAL TILES WITH HANDMADE TRADITIONAL ONES
❑ FOR DESIGN OF THE BALCONY AND TO SOME OF THE MORE RECENTLY
INTRODUCED DOORS AND WINDOWS, ONE HAD TO FIND OUT WHAT WAS
'HISTORICALLY CORRECT', BY COMPARING SIMILAR STRUCTURES FROM THE SAME
PERIOD–THAT IS “BY CONJECTURE
❑ FRONT PORTION AND THE MAIN COURTYARD OF THE PALACE NOW LOOK VERY
MUCH LIKE THE WAY THEY DID SOME 200 YEARS AGO

6. ADAPTIVE CHANGES
❑ PHYSICAL CHANGES WERE MADE IN ORDER TO ADAPT IT TO ITS NEW
FUNCTION AS A MUSEUM
❑ CHANGING AND ADDING STAIRCASES(A MORE EFFICIENT CIRCULATION
OF VISITORS WAS ACHIEVED)
❑ NON-BEARING PARTITION WALLS WERE REMOVED,
❑ TRADITIONAL MUD FLOORS WERE REPLACED WITH HANDMADE
TERRACOTTA TILES,
❑ LIME PLASTER WAS USED ON THE WALLS INSTEAD OF THE OLD MUD
PLASTER (BEAUTIFUL BUT TOO SOFT FOR THE WEAR AND TEAR OF A
MUSEUM)
FIGURE: COURTYARD OF PATAN MUSEUM
TRIBHUWAN UNIVERSITY,INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
PURWANCHAL CAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
DHARAN ,SUNSARI
TITLE: CONSERVATION PROJECT
SUBJECT:ARCHITECTURE CONSERVATION SUBMITTED BY:
DURGA RAI
PRIYANKA KARN
SHEET NO:
6
CONSERVATION OF KESHAV NARAYAN CHOWK
REPAIR UNDER THE DEPARTMENT OF ROAD CONSTRUCTION
❑ THE OPEN BALCONY RUNNING AROUND THE WHOLE COURTYARD
RECEIVED A VERTICAL WOODEN SAFETY GRILL FROM FLOOR TO ROOF
HEIGHT
❑ EXPOSED BRICKS OF THE WALLS WERE COVERED IN CEMENT PLASTER
WITH A FALSE 'BRICK' RENDERING
❑ ROOFS WERE LAID WITH MODERN FACTORY TILES
❑ THESE CHANGES HAD SOME PRACTICAL VALUE, YET WERE OF LITTLE
AESTHETIC OR HISTORICAL VALUE

7. WEST WING
❑ AFTER THE EARTHQUAKE OF 1934 THE TWO TOWER PAVILIONS, THE TOP FLOOR
GALLERY IN BETWEEN THEM, HAD BEEN REPAIRED
❑ DURING THE SECOND PHASE OF THE PROJECT (1986-1987), THEY WERE
RECONSTRUCTED TO THEIR ORIGINAL SHAPE WITH THE AID OF PRE-EARTHQUAKE
PHOTOGRAPHS
❑ THE BELL IN THE TOWER PAVILION TO THE RIGHT, AND THE GILDED FIGURE OF
HANUMAN ON THE RIDGE, WERE FOUND AND RE-INSTALLED AFTER MORE THAN 50
YEARS
❑ THE ROOFS WERE REBUILT WITH THEIR ORIGINALLY WIDE EAVES, AND THE
FACTORY PRODUCED ROOF TILES WERE REPLACED WITH THE TRADITIONAL HAND
CRAFTED (JHINGATI) TILES EMBEDDED IN CLAY
❑ THE CHRONICLES OF THE TIME CORROBORATE BHUPATINDRA’S EVIL DESIGNS ON
PATAN WITH ANOTHER SCHEME RELATED TO THE PALACE
❑ IN TIMES WHEN DROUGHT AND DISASTER PREVAILED, THE BELL OF THE
SOUTHERN TOWER PAVILION USED TO BE RUNG INCESSANTLY IN A RITUAL OF
PROPITIATION, PERFORMED ON THE OPEN TERRACE NEARBY UNTIL THE RAINS
WOULD FALL AGAIN.
❑ IN ORDER TO DEFEAT THIS PURPOSE, BUT UNDER THE PRETEXT OF PROTECTING
THE PALACE, BHUPATINDRA MALLA HAD NOT ONLY COVERED THE TERRACE WITH
A ROOF (AND WITH “HANUMAN” ON ITS RIDGE) BUT HE ALSO HAD THE BELL
WALLED UP SO IT COULD NOT RING ANYMORE
THE DECORATIVE CRAFTS OF NEPAL AT THEIR ARTISTIC PEAK IN THE LATE 17TH
CENTURY (LEFT ABOVE) CARVED PILLARS OF THE COURTYARD ARCADE; (RIGHT
ABOVE) DETAILS OF THE GILT REPOUSSE SHEATHING OF THE GOLDEN DOOR.
KESHAV NARAYAN CHOWK-WEST WING
TRIBHUWAN UNIVERSITY,INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
PURWANCHAL CAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
DHARAN ,SUNSARI
TITLE: CONSERVATION PROJECT
SUBJECT:ARCHITECTURE CONSERVATION SUBMITTED BY:
DURGA RAI
PRIYANKA KARN
SHEET NO:
7

8. EAST WING
RECONSTRUCTION - AN ECLECTIC COMPROMISE
❑ AFTER ITS COLLAPSE IN THE EARTHQUAKE OF 1934, THE EAST WING HAD BEEN
REBUILT HASTILY – AND WITH LITTLE CONCERN FOR ITS HISTORIC DESIGN
❑ BY 1990, IT WAS IN SUCH A POOR AND UNSAFE CONDITION THAT ITS DEMOLITION
AND COMPLETE RECONSTRUCTION BECAME NECESSARY.
❑ THIS RESULTED IN THE CHALLENGE TO CREATE A TOTALLY NEW INTERIOR ON ALL
THREE OF ITS FLOORS, WITH A MODERN STEEL FRAME ROOF STRUCTURE VISIBLE
FROM INSIDE, WHILE RECONSTRUCTING THE TRADITIONAL SHAPE AND TILE
COVER OF THE ROOF, AS WELL AS THE HISTORICAL MALLA PERIOD ELEVATION
FACING THE COURTYARD
EAST WING ELEVATION (AS SEEN FROM THE COURTYARD)
BEFORE AND AFTER RECONSTRUCTION
THE 1989 PHOTOGRAPH (ABOVE) SHOWS THE VERTICAL GRILLS OF THE BALCONY AS
WELL AS THE CENTRAL WINDOW AND THE SMALL DOOR BELOW AS OBVIOUSLY NOT
ORIGINAL ONES AND ALIEN TO THE HISTORIC ENSEMBLE. THE RECONSTRUCTION OF
THE BALCONY TOOK UP THE TYPICAL SLANTING DESIGN OF SIMILAR BALCONIES OF
THE PERIOD ,WHILE THE WINDOW AND DOOR WERE REPLACED WITH AUTHENTIC
MASTERPIECES OF 18TH CENTURY NEPALESE WOOD-CRAFT. THE DOOR ITSELF (RIGHT)
MAY HAVE BEEN IN THIS POSITION ORIGINALLY, BUT HAD BEEN USED FOR AN
INTERIOR PARTITION AFTER THE EARTHQUAKE.
KESHAV NARAYAN CHOWK-EAST WING
TRIBHUWAN UNIVERSITY,INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
PURWANCHAL CAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
DHARAN ,SUNSARI
TITLE: CONSERVATION PROJECT
SUBJECT:ARCHITECTURE CONSERVATION SUBMITTED BY:
DURGA RAI
PRIYANKA KARN
SHEET NO:
8

9. ❑ ROOF COVER OF MODERN TILES WAS REPLACED WITH THE TRADITIONAL
HANDMADE ROOF TILES WHICH ARE LAID IN A CLAY BED WITH AN
AWATERPROOFING MEMBRANE BENEATH
❑ ROOF OVERHANG WAS INCREASED TO ITS ORIGINAL DEPTH ALLOWING
RAINWATER TO FALL INTO THE TRADITIONAL SURFACE DRAINS (NALI)
❑ CONTINUOUS BALCONY UNDER THE EAVES WAS RESTORED ACCORDING
TO HISTORICAL PATTERNS
❑ PILLARS OF THE BALCONIES ARE INCLINED LIKE ROOF ,ADDED AFTER
THE 1934 EARTHQUAKE
EAST WING ELEVATION (AS SEEN FROM THE GARDEN), BEFORE AND
AFTER RECONSTRUCTION
❑ THIS ELEVATION, FACING THE GARDENS, WAS ADDED TO THE EAST WING AFTER ITS
COLLAPSE IN THE 1934 EARTHQUAKE, DESIGNED IN THE "RANA STYLE" STILL
PREVALENT AT THE TIME
❑ BASIC FEATURES OF ITS NEO-CLASSICAL CHARACTER HAVE BEEN RETAINED IN THE
1990 RECONSTRUCTION: THE SIMPLE A-B-A RHYTHM OF ALTERNATING LARGE AND
SMALL WINDOWS AND DOORS, AS WELL AS THE MAIN MATERIALS OF EXPOSED
BRICK, AND OF WHITE CORNICES, PILASTERS AND PLASTER SURROUNDS
❑ EXTERNAL STAIRS LEADING TO THE FIRST FLOOR WERE SHIFTED TO THE LEFT-
HAND CORNER OF THE BUILDING, NEW ARCADE (DALAN), TOGETHER WITH A
DOUBLE-STOREY BAY WINDOW ABOVE IT, NOW GIVE ACCESS AND LIGHT TO THE
MAIN STAIRCASE BEHIND
❑ GALLERIES ON THE SECOND FLOOR REQUIRED THE CLOSING OF WINDOWS AGAINST
GLARING LIGHT FROM OUTSIDE,FEW OF THE WINDOWS WERE REPLACED BY
ALCOVES PROTRUDING FROM THE FACADE - FOR THE DISPLAY OF EXHIBITS
INSIDE,THESE ARE WELL LIT BY REFLECTED DAYLIGHT THROUGH INVISIBLE
LATERAL SLITS
TRIBHUWAN UNIVERSITY,INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
PURWANCHAL CAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
DHARAN ,SUNSARI
TITLE: CONSERVATION PROJECT
SUBJECT:ARCHITECTURE CONSERVATION SUBMITTED BY:
DURGA RAI
PRIYANKA KARN
SHEET NO:
9
KESHAV NARAYAN CHOWK-EAST WING

10. EAST WING ELEVATION (AS SEEN FROM THE GARDEN),
BEFORE AND AFTER RECONSTRUCTION
THE RECONSTRUCTED EAST WING TO THE LEFT AND
THE RESTORED NORTH-EAST WING IN THE BACK
❑ NECESSARY FOR CONVENIENT VISITOR
CIRCULATION WITHIN THE MUSEUM, THE
SPACIOUS NEW STAIRWELL IN THE EAST WING
ALSO SERVES TO EXHIBIT SOME ANCIENT WOODEN
ROOF STRUTS
❑ PECULIAR ANGLE AND DESIGN OF THE HAND-BARS
IS INSPIRED BY THE TYPICAL STAIRS OF
IMPORTANT BUILDINGS IN TIBET, MEANT TO BE A
SUBTLE HOMAGE TO ARTISTIC AND RELIGIOUS
RELATIONS BETWEEN THE TWO COUNTRIES
EAST WING COURTYARD ELEVATION
BEFORE AND AFTER RECONSTRUCTION
TRIBHUWAN UNIVERSITY,INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
PURWANCHAL CAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
DHARAN ,SUNSARI
TITLE: CONSERVATION PROJECT
SUBJECT:ARCHITECTURE CONSERVATION SUBMITTED BY:
DURGA RAI
SHEET NO:
10
KESHAV NARAYAN CHOWK-EAST WING

11. BREAM, BRACKET AND PILLAR
TYPICAL DESIGN MOTIFS FROM THE MALLA PERIOD (EXAMPLE ON THE RIGHT) HAVE INSPIRED TWO
MODERN INTERPRETATIONS AT THE PATAN MUSEUM: IN TIMBER FOR THE GARDEN PAVILIONS
(LEFT); IN STEEL SECTIONS AND TIMBER FOR THE EAST WING ARCADE (CENTRE).
THE BEAM: IN CONTRAST TO BRACKETS AND PILLARS, THE HORIZONTAL
BEAMS ABOVE ARE TRADITIONALLY NOT ADORNED. THEY WERE ALSO
LEFT PLAIN FOR THE TWO MODERN ADAPTATIONS
THE BRACKET
❑ THIS TYPE OF HISTORICAL BRACKET (WITH ITS PECULIAR "ROLLS") CAN BE SEEN ON
SOME OF THE OLDEST BUILDINGS IN KATHMANDU VALLEY. ITS ARCHETYPICAL
MOTIFS ARE INTERPRETED IN SIMPLIFIED MODERN SHAPE.
THE PILLAR
❑ THE HISTORICAL PILLAR DESIGN IS BASED ON A COMBINATION OF SQUARE, ROUND,
AND OCTAGONAL CROSS-SECTIONS. THE TWO MODERN INTERPRETATIONS PLAY
WITH THE SAME GEOMETRICAL FORMS. THE TRANSFORMATION FROM CIRCLE TO
SQUARE IN THE CENTRAL EXAMPLE IS IN QUOTATION OF THE AUSTRIAN SCULPTOR
WALTER PICHLER.
LEFT: EAST WING ARCADE: BEAMS, BRACKETS AND PILLAR CROSS SECTION CRAFTED FROM
INDUSTRIAL STEEL MEMBERS; RIGHT: ONE DOOR ON THE GROUND FLOOR WAS CLOSED BY A
SEMI-CYLINDRICAL NICHE WHICH DISPLAYS THE STONE PINNACLE OF A PREVIOUS TEMPLE
TRIBHUWAN UNIVERSITY,INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
PURWANCHAL CAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
DHARAN ,SUNSARI
TITLE: CONSERVATION PROJECT
SUBJECT:ARCHITECTURE CONSERVATION SUBMITTED BY:
DURGA RAI
PRIYANKA KARN
SHEET NO:
11
KESHAV NARAYAN CHOWK-ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS

12. MAYA DEVI TEMPLE,
LUMBINI

13. LOCATION
DEVDAHA
RAMGRAM
LUMBINI
KAPILVASTU
CAPITAL OF SAKYAS
BIRTHPLACE OF BUDDHA
MATRERNAL HOME OF BUDDHA
RELICS OF BUDDHA

14. LUMBINI- RUMMINDEI
• LUMBINI ASLO KNOWN AS “RUMMINDEI” OR “RUPAN DEVI” MEANING
BEAUTIFUL LADY QUEEN OF KING ANJANA OF DEVDAHA
• ON THE REQUEST OF QUEEN RUMMINDEI LUMBINI WAS BUILT AS A
BEAUTIFUL GARDEN OF SAL TREES BETWEEN TWO CITIES ( KAPILVASTU
AND DEV DAHA) ON THE BANK OF TELAR ( OIL) RIVER.
(ARCHELOGICAL ACTIVITIES IN LUMBINI, TARA NANDA MISHRA)
• WORKED AS A RESORT FOR RECREATION FOR BOTH THE KING DOMS I.E
SHAKYAS OF KPILVAST AND KOLIYAS OF DEVDAHA
• AFTER BIRTH OF LORD BUDDHA REGARDED AS A SACRED HOLY
PILIGRIMAGE SITE BECAUSE BUDDHA HAS GUIDED HIS PUPILS ON THE
DEATH BED TO VISIT FOUR MAJOR HOLY SITE
1. LUMBINI
2. BODHGAYA
3. SARANATH
4. KUSHINARA
TRIBHUWAN UNIVERSITY,INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
PURWANCHAL CAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
DHARAN ,SUNSARI
TITLE: CONSERVATION PROJECT
SUBJECT:ARCHITECTURE CONSERVATION SUBMITTED BY:
DURGA RAI
PRIYANKA KARN
SHEET NO:
14

15. • BIRTH OF BUDDHA- A PLACE OF PILGRIMAGE
FOR BUDDHISTS AS WELL AS OTHERS WHO SEEK
PEACE AND UNIVERSAL UNDERSTANDING
• THE LATEST STRUCTURE OF MAYADEVI TEMPLE
ABOVE GRADE BELONGS TO LATE-RANA PERIOD
• DISCOVERY OF A SERIES OF STRUCTURES UNDER THE LATEST TEMPLE MARKS SITE HAS BEEN OF GREAT
IMPORTANCE THROUGHOUT THE HISTORY POSSIBLY STARTING WITH TRACE CONSTRUCTION VERY SOON AFTER
THE LIFE TIME OF THE LORD. THE MAYADEVI IMAGE AND THE TEMPLE, THUS, ARE IN THEIR RIGHTFUL PLACE
AND HAS TO BE CONSERVED.
▪ BASED ON FOCAL LOCATION OF THE STONE -DIFFERENT STRUCTURAL LAYERS SPANNING OVER 2000 YEARS
OF CONSTRUCTION AND RECONSTRUCTION HISTORYAND THE ASHOKAN PILLAR INSCRIPTIONAL WORDING
” SILA VIBADA VICHA” (WHICH MEANs AT THE CENTRE OF THE MARKING STONE SLAB”) CONCLUDED THAT
THE EXACT SPOT OF THE BIRTH OF LORD BUDDHA IS DIRECTLY BELOW THE CENTER OF THE MAYADEVI
IMAGE.
TRIBHUWAN UNIVERSITY,INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
PURWANCHAL CAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
DHARAN ,SUNSARI
TITLE: CONSERVATION PROJECT
SUBJECT:ARCHITECTURE CONSERVATION SUBMITTED BY:
DURGA RAI
PRIYANKA KARN
SHEET NO:
15

16. • EARLIER USED AS A RECREACTION SPOT AS A SACRED GARDEN BY SHAKYAS AND KOLIYAS
• AFTER BIRTH OF GAUTAM BUDDHA IN 623 BC REGARDED AS A SACRED PILIGRIMAGE SITE
• VISIT OFASHOKA IN 249 BC AND ESTABLISHMENT OF ASHOKAN PILLAR WITH INSCRIPTION ‘ HI BUDDHA JAATE LUMBINI
GAAME” WORKED AS AN EVIDENCE OF BIRTHPLACE OF BUDDHA
ATTEMPT TO PRESERVE THE EXACT SPOT OF BIRTHPLACE OF BUDDHA INSPIRED TO BUILT A TEMPLE OF MAYA DEVI HAVING
“MARKER STONE”
• VISIT OF CHINESE TRAVELLER IN 4TH 5TH AND 7TH AD AND THEIR DESCRIPTION OF LUMBINI AS A BIRTH PLACE OF BUDDHA
• VISIT OF KHASIYA ( JUMLA) KING RIPU MALLA IN 14TH AD
• AFTER THAT LUMBINI WAS LOST IN JUNGLE FOR 500 YEARS
• IN 1896 GENERAL OF PALPA KHADGHA SHUMSHER ALONG WITH GERMAN ARCHEOLOGIST SEARCHED FOR LUMBINI AGAIN
• IN 1899, AN INDIAN ARCHEOLOGIST P.C. MUKHARJEE EXCAVATED AND FOUND THE MAYADEVI TEMPLE, ANCIENT STATUE OF
BUDDHA, ETC.
• IN 1939, KAISER SHUMSHER MADE SOME EXCAVATIONS THAT ACTUALLY DESTROYED ARCHITECTURAL REMAINS AND HE
ENLARGED THE SACRED POND BY 16 FEET WITH BRICKWORK
• IN 1956, FIRST BUDDHA WORLD MEETING WAS HELD WHERE KING MAHENDRA ORDERED TO BUILT VIHARA, A GUEST HOUSE
AND DEVELOP ROAD NETWORK AND PLANT 6 LAKHS TREES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF LUMBINI AS THE SCARED GARDEN
• IN 1968, AFTER THE VISIT OF UN SECRETARIATE U. THANTE, UNITED NATIONS TOOK INTEREST IN LUMBINI DEVELOPMENT
• IN 1972, RENOWNED JAPANESE ARCHITECT KENZO TANGE PROPOSED A DEVELOPMENT PLAN
• IN 1988, KING MAHENDRA ALLOTED 1150 BIGGHA LAND FOR DEVELOPMENT OF LUMBINI
TRIBHUWAN UNIVERSITY,INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
PURWANCHAL CAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
DHARAN ,SUNSARI
TITLE: CONSERVATION PROJECT
SUBJECT:ARCHITECTURE CONSERVATION SUBMITTED BY:
DURGA RAI
PRIYANKA KARN
SHEET NO:
16

17. THE LUMBINI MASTER PLAN
• VISIT OF THE THEN UN SECRETARY GENERAL, U. THANT’S
PILGRIMAGE TO LUMBINI IN 1967
• JAPANESE ARCHITECT PROF. KENZO TANGE DESIGNED A
MASTER PLAN FOR THE SYSTEMATIC DEVELOPMENT OF
LUMBINI IN 1978.
• LUMBINI MASTER PLAN, SPREAD IN AN AREA OF 1×3
SQUARE MILE,
• ORIENTED ALONG THE NORTH-SOUTH AXIS, BASED ON
THE NOTION OF THE PATH TO ENLIGHTENMENT.
EACH OF THE ZONES COVERS AN AREA OF A SQUARE MILE.
ENCOMPASSES THREE ZONES
(1) THE SACRED GARDEN,
(2) THE MONASTIC ZONE,
(3) THE NEW LUMBINI VILLAGE,
TRIBHUWAN UNIVERSITY,INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
PURWANCHAL CAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
DHARAN ,SUNSARI
TITLE: CONSERVATION PROJECT
SUBJECT:ARCHITECTURE CONSERVATION SUBMITTED BY:
DURGA RAI
PRIYANKA KARN
SHEET NO:
17

18. JAPANESE WORLD
PEACE PAGODA
LUMBINI MUSEUM
LUMBINI DEVELOPMENT TRUST EAST MONASTIC ZONE
CIRCULAR LEEVE
ASHOKAN PILLAR
MAYA DEVI TEMPLE
WEST MONASTIC ZONE
• SPREAD IN AN AREA OF 1×3 SQUARE
MILE,
• ORIENTED ALONG THE NORTH-SOUTH
AXIS, BASED ON THE NOTION OF THE
PATH TO ENLIGHTENMENT.
TRIBHUWAN UNIVERSITY,INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
PURWANCHAL CAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
DHARAN ,SUNSARI
TITLE: CONSERVATION PROJECT
SUBJECT:ARCHITECTURE CONSERVATION SUBMITTED BY:
DURGA RAI
PRIYANKA KARN
SHEET NO:
18

19. 2003
• ORIGINAL MAYA DEVI TEMPLE WAS BUILT- ASHOKA IN 249 BC, USING
BURNT BRICKS TO SAFEGUARD THE NATIVITY SCULPTURE AND MARKER
STONE
• THE MOUND OF THE ORIGINAL TEMPLE WAS EXCAVATED FURTHER BY SIR
KAISER SHUMSHER, RECONSTRUCTING THE TEMPLE IN 1939.
• ENLISTED AS WORLD HERITAGE SITE IN 1997 A.D.
• THE PRESENT MAYA DEVI TEMPLE WAS BUILT IN 2003 BY THE LUMBINI
DEVELOPMENT TRUST.
NOW
TRIBHUWAN UNIVERSITY,INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
PURWANCHAL CAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
DHARAN ,SUNSARI
TITLE: CONSERVATION PROJECT
SUBJECT:ARCHITECTURE CONSERVATION SUBMITTED BY:
DURGA RAI
PRIYANKA KARN
SHEET NO:
19
WHS SITE OF LUMBINI

20. • SACRED POND, BODHI TREE, GROUP OF STUPAS
• 4 VIHARAS I A ROW IN E-W DIRECTIONS
• BASEMENT OF TWO GUPTA TEMPLES
• VIHARA IN THE NORTH- 19 SMALL/ BIG STUPAS DIFFERENT
SHAPES AND DIFFERENT PERIODS
MAYADEVI
TEMPLE
ASHOKA
PILLAR
WORLD
HERITAGE
SITE
TRIBHUWAN UNIVERSITY,INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
PURWANCHAL CAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
DHARAN ,SUNSARI
TITLE: CONSERVATION PROJECT
SUBJECT:ARCHITECTURE CONSERVATION SUBMITTED BY:
DURGA RAI
PRIYANKA KARN
SHEET NO:
20

21. INSIDE MAYA DEVI TEMPLE
I) THE MARKER STONE
• STONE MARKING THE BIRTH OF GAUTAM BUDDHA
III) STRUCTURAL RUINS INSIDE THE MAYADEVI
TEMPLE-
ATTEMPTS OF CONSTRUCTION & RECONSTRUCTION FOR
PROTECTION OF MAYA DEVI TEMPLE
II) THE NATIVITY
SCULPTURE
DEPICTS THE BIRTH SCENE
OF PRINCE SIDHARTHA.
MAYADEVI IS DEPICTED
HOLDING A BRANCH OF A
SAL TREE
TRIBHUWAN UNIVERSITY,INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
PURWANCHAL CAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
DHARAN ,SUNSARI
TITLE: CONSERVATION PROJECT
SUBJECT:ARCHITECTURE CONSERVATION SUBMITTED BY:
DURGA RAI
PRIYANKA KARN
SHEET NO:
21

22. THE FIRST STAGE: THE SMALL BRICK PLATFORM WITH
'STONE' ON TOP:
THE SECOND STAGE: THE LARGE PLATFORM WITH PAVING:
THE THIRD STAGE: THE RECTANGULAR BUILDING
• LOWEST ELEMENT, CUBIC BRICK BOX 1.22M SQUARE WITH HEIGHT OF
70 CM, WITH 6 LAYERS OF SYSTEMATICALLY LAID BRICKWORK TOPPED
BY THE SEVENTH COURSE WITH A 'NATURAL STONE' (70 CM NS* 40 CM
EW* 10 CM THICK) ON TOP.
SHOWS SYMBOLIC RELATION WITH THE SEVEN STEPS TAKEN BY LORD
BUDDHA IS HINTED BY THE STRUCTURE. THE STONE IS CLEARLY NOT
AN ASHOKAN SANDSTONE.
PURPOSE- SHRINE CONSTRUCTION AS THE BONDING PATTERN IS
PRIMITIVE IN COMPARISON TO THE FOUNDATION PIT WALLS.
[POSSIBILTY 1: THE RECTANGLE
INSCRIBED IN A CIRCLE
POSSIBILITY 2: USE OF
BASE SQUARE MANDALA
TRIBHUWAN UNIVERSITY,INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
PURWANCHAL CAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
DHARAN ,SUNSARI
TITLE: CONSERVATION PROJECT
SUBJECT:ARCHITECTURE CONSERVATION SUBMITTED BY:
DURGA RAI
PRIYANKA KARN
SHEET NO:
22

23. CONSTRUCTION AND CONSERVATION SEQUENCE
TRIBHUWAN UNIVERSITY,INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
PURWANCHAL CAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
DHARAN ,SUNSARI
TITLE: CONSERVATION PROJECT
SUBJECT:ARCHITECTURE CONSERVATION SUBMITTED BY:
DURGA RAI
PRIYANKA KARN
SHEET NO:
23

24. CONSTRUCTION AND CONSERVATION SEQUENCE
STAGE FOUR: RAISING THE CIRCUMAMBULATORY.
VI) STAGE SIX: THE SECOND THREE FOUNDATION PITS
SHRINE
VII) STAGE SEVEN: THE THIRD THREE FOUNDATION PITS
SHRINE
V) STAGE FIVE: THE FIRST THREE FOUNDATION PITS
SHRINE
VIII) STAGE EIGHT: LAST ONE HUNDRED YEARS
TRIBHUWAN UNIVERSITY,INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
PURWANCHAL CAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
DHARAN ,SUNSARI
TITLE: CONSERVATION PROJECT
SUBJECT:ARCHITECTURE CONSERVATION SUBMITTED BY:
DURGA RAI
PRIYANKA KARN
SHEET NO:
24

25. CONSTRUCTION AND CONSERVATION SEQUENCE
TRIBHUWAN UNIVERSITY,INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
PURWANCHAL CAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
DHARAN ,SUNSARI
TITLE: CONSERVATION PROJECT
SUBJECT:ARCHITECTURE CONSERVATION SUBMITTED BY:
DURGA RAI
PRIYANKA KARN
SHEET NO:
25

26. ACTIVITY 1. RESTORATION OF STRUCTURES INSIDE THE
MAYADEVI TEMPLE
• THE NUMEROUS LAYERS OF BRICK STRUCTURES DATING FROM AS
EARLY AS THE (3RD BCE TO 9TH AD) UP TO THE PRESENT DAY
IDENTIFIED WITHIN THE MAYADEVI TEMPLE.
• ARCHAEOLOGICAL REMAINS THREATENED BY DEGRADATION DUE TO
THE FLUCTUATING WATER LEVELS AND BIOLOGICALATTACK
CONSTRUCTION AND CONSERVATION SEQUENCE BY UNESCO
• STRENGTHENED AND PROTECTED
BY APPLYING WATER PROOFING
MATERIALS AND PROTECTION
MEASURES
TRIBHUWAN UNIVERSITY,INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
PURWANCHAL CAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
DHARAN ,SUNSARI
TITLE: CONSERVATION PROJECT
SUBJECT:ARCHITECTURE CONSERVATION SUBMITTED BY:
DURGA RAI
PRIYANKA KARN
SHEET NO:
26

27. BIOCIDE TREATMENT OF MARKER STONE
CONSTRUCTION AND CONSERVATION SEQUENCE BY UNESCO
ACTIVITY 2. THE MARKER STONE
• APPEARED WET AND BROWN-GREENISH IN COLOUR
DUE TO THE PATINA THAT HOMOGENEOUSLY COVERED
THE SURFACE
• CLEANED WITH A CHEMICAL SOLUTION (AMMONIUM
CARBONATE SOLUTION) THEN WASHED WITH FRESH
WATER AND DRIED WITH A SOFT SYNTHETIC SPONGE
TO REMOVE DANGEROUS RESIDUAL CHEMICAL
PRODUCTS.
• THE NEW BOX ORDERED FROM ITALY CONSISTING OF
THREE COMPARTMENTS MADE OF A METALLIC FRAME
AND COVERED BY A BULLETPROOF GLASS
CONNECTED BY IRON PINS, SEALED WITH LIME
MORTAR TO PREVENT OFFERINGS PLACED BY
PILGRIMS ENTERING THE PROTECTED AREA.
TRIBHUWAN UNIVERSITY,INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
PURWANCHAL CAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
DHARAN ,SUNSARI
TITLE: CONSERVATION PROJECT
SUBJECT:ARCHITECTURE CONSERVATION SUBMITTED BY:
DURGA RAI
PRIYANKA KARN
SHEET NO:
27

28. SIZES OF BRICKS OF DIFFERNET TIME PERIODS FOUND DURING EXCAVATION
• GUPTA( 3RD – 9TH AD) - LITTLE REDUCED SIZE BUT
IMPROVEMENT IN FIRING QUALITY, SMOOTHER
AND RED COLOUR
• MAURYAN(3RD BC)- THICKER AND RED IN
COLOUR WITH GOOD QUALITY OF
FIRING( MADE WITH PADDY HUSKS,
FINE CLAY)
• SUNGA ( 2ND – 1ST BC) - WELL BAKED
YELLOISH IN COLOUR
• KUSHAN (1ST – 2ND AD)- SIZE REDUCED BOTH IN LENGTH AND
BREADTH, INFERIOR QUALITY OF BRICKS IN ASHY COLOUR
TRIBHUWAN UNIVERSITY,INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
PURWANCHAL CAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
DHARAN ,SUNSARI
TITLE: CONSERVATION PROJECT
SUBJECT:ARCHITECTURE CONSERVATION SUBMITTED BY:
DURGA RAI
PRIYANKA KARN
SHEET NO:
28

29. ACTIVITY 4. RESTORATION OF THE ASHOKA PILLAR
• THREATENED BY PILGRIM’S OFFERINGS SUCH AS MILK,
VERMILLION, WATER, HONEY, OIL, FLOWERS AND COINS
DEPOSITED DIRECTLY ON THE SURFACE OF THE STONE WHICH
CHANGED THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, CAUSING DAMAGE TO
THE SURFACE OF THE STONE.
• EXTERNAL SURFACE OF PILLAR WAS CLEANED USING ACETONE
AND AN ALCOHOL SOLUTION WITH COTTON.
• THE PLASTER WAS THEN COVERED WITH A TRADITIONAL
HYDRAULIC MORTAR MADE OF LIME, SAND, BRICK POWDER AND
YELLOW COLOUR, WHOSE FUNCTION WAS TO PROTECT THE
EPOXY FROM THE UV RAYS
ACTIVITY 3. RESTORATION OF THE NATIVITY SCULPTURE
• SEVERAL RED COLOURED LAYERS, IDENTIFIED ON THE STONE SURFACE.
SUGAR THROWN AS AN OFFERING BY THE PILGRIMS STAINED THE
SURFACE WITH WHITE SPOTS.
• THE CHEMICAL CLEANING (AMMONIUM CARBONATE) WAS
SUCCESSFUL EXCEPT FOR THE EPOXY PLASTER APPLIED TO GLUE THE
SEPARATED PART OF THE STATUE.
• AFTER CLEANING, A FINAL WATER PROOFING LAYER WAS APPLIED AS A
PROTECTIVE TREATMENT AND STRENGTHENED BY THE POLYMERS
CONSTRUCTION AND CONSERVATION SEQUENCE BY UNESCO
TRIBHUWAN UNIVERSITY,INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
PURWANCHAL CAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
DHARAN ,SUNSARI
TITLE: CONSERVATION PROJECT
SUBJECT:ARCHITECTURE CONSERVATION SUBMITTED BY:
DURGA RAI
PRIYANKA KARN
SHEET NO:
29

30. TRIBHUWAN UNIVERSITY,INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
PURWANCHAL CAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
DHARAN ,SUNSARI
TITLE: CONSERVATION PROJECT
SUBJECT:ARCHITECTURE CONSERVATION SUBMITTED BY:
DURGA RAI
PRIYANKA KARN
SHEET NO:
30
THE MAYADEVI TEMPLE STRUCTURE BUILT IN 2002 A.D. HAS BEEN CONSTRUCTED WITH THICK
WALLS, THICK ROOF, SMALL DOORS AND SMALL WINDOW, WORKS AS A BOX ON THE TOP OF
THE WET STRUCTURE.
THESE CONDITIONS REDUCES THE DETERIORATION EFFECTS, AS IT CREATES A HUMID AND
FAIRLY CONSTANT MICROCLIMATE, THUS REDUCING THE EVAPORATION OF WATER AND THE
CONSEQUENT CRYSTALLIZATION OF SOLUBLE SALTS, WHICH ARE THE MAIN CAUSE OF
DEGRADATION OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL BRICKS.
PUMPING OF WATER FROM TEMPLE
CONSERVATION OF MAYA DEVI TEMPLE

31. TRIBHUWAN UNIVERSITY,INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
PURWANCHAL CAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
DHARAN ,SUNSARI
TITLE: CONSERVATION PROJECT
SUBJECT:ARCHITECTURE CONSERVATION SUBMITTED BY:
DURGA RAI
PRIYANKA KARN
SHEET NO:
31
RECENT FINDINGS AND ACTIVITIES
• IN 2013, EXCAVATION HAS RELVEALED WOODEN STRUCTURES
BENEATH THE BRICK TEMPLE BUILT BY THE INDIAN EMPEROR
ASHOKA IN 249 B.C., NOW CONSIDERED AS EARLIEST BUDDHIST
SHRINE IN THE WORLD
• POSTHOLES SUGGEST THAT THE EARLIER SHRINE
CONSISTED OF A WOODEN RAILING SURROUNDING A TREE
WHOSE MINERALIZED ROOTS WERE ALSO UNCOVERED.
• STRUCTURE HAD CLAY FLOORS AND WAS OPEN TO THE SKY.
KNOWN AS BODHIGARA.
• BY 2019, MORE THAN 82% OF THE MASTERPLAN HAS BEEN
ACCOMPLISHED.

32. REFERENCES
• https://www.asianart.com/associations/patan-museum/report/page4.html
• http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ancientnepal/pdf/ancient_nepal_139_04.pdf
• http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ancientnepal/pdf/ancient_nepal_30-39_13.pdf
• http://lumbinidevtrust.gov.np/en
• http://www.kailashkut.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/mayadevitemple.pdf
TRIBHUWAN UNIVERSITY,INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
PURWANCHAL CAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
DHARAN ,SUNSARI
TITLE: CONSERVATION PROJECT
SUBJECT:ARCHITECTURE CONSERVATION SUBMITTED BY:
DURGA RAI
PRIYANKA KARN
SHEET NO:
32