This document provides information about Team 9's cholera response plan for Haiti. It includes an overview of their estimated budget for various response activities under low, moderate, and high scenarios. It considers costs for compensation, water and sanitation interventions, oral cholera vaccines, identification cards, oral rehydration solution distribution, mobile banking, refugee programs, and a global sanitation initiative. The total estimated budget ranges from $2.2 billion under the low scenario to nearly $3 billion under the high scenario. It also outlines considerations for monitoring, evaluating and adjusting the response over time.
This document summarizes a study on humanitarian financing for older people. The key findings are that very few humanitarian projects (less than 2%) specifically target or mention the needs of older people, despite older people being disproportionately affected in crises. The response to Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines was more inclusive of older people's needs than other appeals, likely due to advocacy efforts. Funding gaps for projects addressing older people are larger than overall humanitarian funding gaps, with critical implications for impartial response. The report calls for donors and humanitarian organizations to more fully identify, fund, and address the needs of older people.
Diseases do not respect boundaries Once diseases spread beyond a localized region, their expansion becomes exponential and difficult to contain. Early detection and containment by effective disease surveillance networks are critical to arresting pandemics in their early stages. Cross-country disease surveillance networks are a mechanism that encompass human resources deployment, rapid communication, and transparent collaboration for early detection and response to emerging diseases and pandemics.
The Neglected Dimension of Global Security: A Framework to Counter Infectious...The Rockefeller Foundation
The Ebola crisis in West Africa was both a tragedy and a wakeup call, revealing dangerous deficiencies across global systems to prevent, prepare, and respond to infectious disease crises. To address these shortcomings and inform a more effective response in the future, the National Academy of Medicine convened the Commission on a Global Health Risk Framework for the Future (GHRF Commission)—an independent, international group of experts in finance, governance, R&D, health systems, and the social sciences.
The Commission’s report highlights the essential role of pandemic preparedness in national security and economic stability—a critical but often under-examined dimension of the global conversation post-Ebola. Importantly, the report demonstrates that the impact of infectious disease crises goes far beyond human health alone—and that mitigation, likewise, requires the mobilization and long-term commitment of multiple sectors.
This document provides an introduction and background for a 3-day training curriculum on community preparedness for reproductive health and gender. It acknowledges funding support from UNFPA and collaborations with organizations in the Philippines. It describes the development of the curriculum through pilot trainings conducted across 5 diverse settings. Key concepts for the training around contingency planning, disasters, disaster risk management, and disaster risk reduction are defined. The document provides an overview of the facilitator's guide and training agenda.
The document provides guidelines for HIV/AIDS interventions in emergency settings published by the Inter-Agency Standing Committee. It aims to help organizations and individuals develop responses to HIV/AIDS during crises. The guidelines cover topics such as prevention, food aid, healthcare, and discrimination. A matrix presents the response information in a simplified chart for easy reference in emergency situations. The guidelines also include a companion CD-ROM with electronic versions of the content for ease of use.
Ghana faces a dual burden of both communicable and non-communicable diseases. While malaria and diarrhea remain problems, non-communicable diseases like hypertension, stroke and diabetes are increasingly common causes of death. Ghana's health system struggles to address this growing disease burden due to underfunding and understaffing of the National Health Insurance system. Policy changes are needed to improve sanitation, health education, and ensure universal access to healthcare through increased funding from taxes and the formal sector.
The Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission on Planetary Health: Safeguardin...The Rockefeller Foundation
The document summarizes the key findings of The Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission on planetary health. It finds that:
1) While human health has greatly improved, this has come at the cost of degrading natural systems that support human civilization. Continued environmental damage threatens future health gains.
2) Challenges include conceptual failures to value nature, knowledge failures around environmental drivers of disease, and governance failures to recognize threats in a timely manner.
3) Solutions require new policies that balance social progress, sustainability, and economic growth, supported by improved governance and transdisciplinary research.
Reducing Harm from Falls NZMJ final paper 2 DecemberCarmela Petagna
This document summarizes the Health Quality & Safety Commission's three-year program to reduce harm from falls, with an initial focus on reducing falls in hospitals. It discusses the serious consequences of falls, especially hip fractures, for older people. It describes the Commission's "adaptive approach" of promoting evidence-based interventions for providers to choose from, rather than imposing a single bundled approach. It outlines how targeted measurement of risk assessment and care planning practices led to significant nationwide reductions in hip fractures from falls and falls reported as serious adverse events.
This document summarizes a study on humanitarian financing for older people. The key findings are that very few humanitarian projects (less than 2%) specifically target or mention the needs of older people, despite older people being disproportionately affected in crises. The response to Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines was more inclusive of older people's needs than other appeals, likely due to advocacy efforts. Funding gaps for projects addressing older people are larger than overall humanitarian funding gaps, with critical implications for impartial response. The report calls for donors and humanitarian organizations to more fully identify, fund, and address the needs of older people.
Diseases do not respect boundaries Once diseases spread beyond a localized region, their expansion becomes exponential and difficult to contain. Early detection and containment by effective disease surveillance networks are critical to arresting pandemics in their early stages. Cross-country disease surveillance networks are a mechanism that encompass human resources deployment, rapid communication, and transparent collaboration for early detection and response to emerging diseases and pandemics.
The Neglected Dimension of Global Security: A Framework to Counter Infectious...The Rockefeller Foundation
The Ebola crisis in West Africa was both a tragedy and a wakeup call, revealing dangerous deficiencies across global systems to prevent, prepare, and respond to infectious disease crises. To address these shortcomings and inform a more effective response in the future, the National Academy of Medicine convened the Commission on a Global Health Risk Framework for the Future (GHRF Commission)—an independent, international group of experts in finance, governance, R&D, health systems, and the social sciences.
The Commission’s report highlights the essential role of pandemic preparedness in national security and economic stability—a critical but often under-examined dimension of the global conversation post-Ebola. Importantly, the report demonstrates that the impact of infectious disease crises goes far beyond human health alone—and that mitigation, likewise, requires the mobilization and long-term commitment of multiple sectors.
This document provides an introduction and background for a 3-day training curriculum on community preparedness for reproductive health and gender. It acknowledges funding support from UNFPA and collaborations with organizations in the Philippines. It describes the development of the curriculum through pilot trainings conducted across 5 diverse settings. Key concepts for the training around contingency planning, disasters, disaster risk management, and disaster risk reduction are defined. The document provides an overview of the facilitator's guide and training agenda.
The document provides guidelines for HIV/AIDS interventions in emergency settings published by the Inter-Agency Standing Committee. It aims to help organizations and individuals develop responses to HIV/AIDS during crises. The guidelines cover topics such as prevention, food aid, healthcare, and discrimination. A matrix presents the response information in a simplified chart for easy reference in emergency situations. The guidelines also include a companion CD-ROM with electronic versions of the content for ease of use.
Ghana faces a dual burden of both communicable and non-communicable diseases. While malaria and diarrhea remain problems, non-communicable diseases like hypertension, stroke and diabetes are increasingly common causes of death. Ghana's health system struggles to address this growing disease burden due to underfunding and understaffing of the National Health Insurance system. Policy changes are needed to improve sanitation, health education, and ensure universal access to healthcare through increased funding from taxes and the formal sector.
The Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission on Planetary Health: Safeguardin...The Rockefeller Foundation
The document summarizes the key findings of The Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission on planetary health. It finds that:
1) While human health has greatly improved, this has come at the cost of degrading natural systems that support human civilization. Continued environmental damage threatens future health gains.
2) Challenges include conceptual failures to value nature, knowledge failures around environmental drivers of disease, and governance failures to recognize threats in a timely manner.
3) Solutions require new policies that balance social progress, sustainability, and economic growth, supported by improved governance and transdisciplinary research.
Reducing Harm from Falls NZMJ final paper 2 DecemberCarmela Petagna
This document summarizes the Health Quality & Safety Commission's three-year program to reduce harm from falls, with an initial focus on reducing falls in hospitals. It discusses the serious consequences of falls, especially hip fractures, for older people. It describes the Commission's "adaptive approach" of promoting evidence-based interventions for providers to choose from, rather than imposing a single bundled approach. It outlines how targeted measurement of risk assessment and care planning practices led to significant nationwide reductions in hip fractures from falls and falls reported as serious adverse events.
This research grant proposal seeks funding to evaluate the effects of a randomized microcredit lending and health education program on malaria preventative behavior in Mali. The program, run by Medicine for Mali, will offer microfinance loans and health education to villages in Mali. Some villages will receive both interventions, some only microfinance, and some only health education. The researchers hypothesize that offering both microfinance and health education will lead to higher uptake of insecticide-treated bednets compared to the other conditions. The goal is to study how microfinance and health education individually and jointly impact malaria preventative knowledge and behaviors.
The document discusses the importance of addressing gender equality in Global Fund proposals and responses to HIV, TB, and malaria. It notes that women often have less access to health services and information than men due to social and economic inequalities. It provides examples of how diseases like HIV, malaria, and TB disproportionately impact women. The document advises applicants to involve gender experts and conduct a gender analysis to ensure their proposals address the specific needs of women, men, girls and boys. It also recommends integrating gender-sensitive and transformative interventions that promote human rights and reduce health inequalities.
THE ROLE OF YOUTH IN IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT AND INCOME: A CASE STUDY OF DAVAN...AkashSharma618775
India is the agriculture based country in the world and most of the people were depend on agriculture
mode of life. The major livelihoods in this area of the study are related to irrigation based agricultural practices.
How far irrigation has influence on income of youth cultivators? What is the other non-water related factors
influencing income level of youth cultivators? The paper addresses these questions. Irrigation plays an important
role in improving production and productivity of agriculture.
The present research study try to highlight the involvement of youth in agricultural activities and income impact
of irrigation study has been done in Nalluru village of Davanagere district, Karnataka. Consisting of 150
households, having different livelihoods, a set of 55 respondents have been found out whose main occupation is
cultivation and annual income comes under below poverty line (BPL). Among these 55 cultivators a sample of 20
youth cultivators has been selected by using simple random sampling without replacement (SRSWOR) method
and further required data have been collected for this sample group using a pre-tested questionnaire consisting of
both quantitative and qualitative variables. Finally, conclude the findings of study.
This document summarizes a study on the cost of malaria morbidity in Uganda. The study found that:
1) In 2003, malaria cost the Ugandan economy a total of about US$658.2 million (US$24.8 per capita) due to over 12 million cases.
2) Total costs consisted of US$49.1 million (7%) in direct costs and US$609.1 million (92%) in indirect costs from lost productivity.
3) Total spending on malaria treatment was US$46.1 million, with 90% spent by households. Spending on prevention was only US$3 million, with 81% by the Ministry of Health and development partners.
Vulnerable Groups and Communities in The Context of Adaptation and Developmen...Tariq A. Deen
Participants will be taken through the identification and targeting of vulnerable communities, groups and ecosystems at different scales, best available methods and data, best practices, in the context of adaptation and development planning and implementation. It will include introductory presentations on the topic and will engage participants in breakout group discussions.
The document proposes a strategic plan for a $3 billion UN Haiti Cholera Settlement Fund. The plan has three main components: 1) Compensation for cholera victims, 2) Improving water and sanitation infrastructure, and 3) Expanding access to medical services. For compensation, the plan proposes registering victims biometrically and providing direct financial payments. For infrastructure, it focuses on improving rural sanitation, training local leaders, and coordinating NGO efforts. For healthcare, the plan aims to expand community health worker programs, deploy mobile clinics, and increase the number of medical professionals. The overall goals are to eliminate cholera within 10 years and ensure universal access to clean water, sanitation, and basic healthcare for all
SCIP_Factors Associated with Mosquito Bed Net Use_Malaria JMelanie Lopez
- The document summarizes two cross-sectional household surveys conducted in Zambézia Province, Mozambique in 2010 and 2014 to assess mosquito bed net possession and factors associated with their use.
- The surveys found that 64.3% of households possessed at least one mosquito bed net in 2010 and 2014, with higher possession in Namacurra district (90% in 2014) compared to Alto Molócuè (77%) and Morrumbala (34%).
- Use of mosquito nets increased from 2010 to 2014 among pregnant women (58.6% to 68.4%) and children under 5 (50% to 60%), but intensified focus is still needed to improve equity
Access to Sanitation Facilities in a Predominantly Rural District in Ghana: S...Premier Publishers
Access to sanitation services is generally poor in developing countries including Ghana. Whereas works on the effect of sanitation on health have been interrogated, those on the relationship of socio-economic and demographic factors and access to sanitation services are limited. Besides, the issue of equity in access to sanitation services is least explored. The main objectives of this research were to explore the relationship between background characteristics of respondents and access to sanitation services and to examine whether there is equity in access to sanitation facilities in the Pru district of the Brong Ahafo region (Now Bono East Region) of Ghana. The integrated behavioural theory underpinned the study whilst the mixed methods approach was used as a research approach. A combination of simple random, systematic and accidental sample techniques was used to derive a sample of 380 based on the statistical table designed by Krejcie and Morgan (1970). Results show that, first and foremost, education and income levels had a positive effect on access to sanitation services. Secondly, women had better access to sanitation services than men largely due to the cultural factor of the recognition of the sacredness of the nude of women. Secondly, there is no equity in access to sanitation services since urban areas have better access than rural areas and the rich access safe sanitation services more. The propositions that there is inequity in access to sanitation services in the study area, and that the rich and affluent have better access to such services have been vindicated. Besides, the integrated behavioural theory has been justified.
The document discusses the history and current state of the AIDS epidemic in Africa. It begins by tracing HIV back to chimpanzees in Cameroon in the 1930s and its spread to humans. By the 1980s, AIDS cases rose sharply across Eastern Africa due to factors like labor migration. Treatment was not widely available until the 1990s. Currently, South Africa has the most HIV cases but prevalence has declined by a third over the past decade due to treatment programs. However, the number of people needing treatment is expected to exceed resources by 2020 without increased prevention and sustainable treatment options. More work is still needed to curb the epidemic.
The document discusses Bangladesh's early warning system for cyclones and analyzes whether the country has normalized the crisis of recurring natural disasters through improved preparedness. It reviews Bangladesh's progress in developing its early warning capabilities over the past 50 years which has significantly reduced cyclone deaths, but questions whether more can still be done to help vulnerable coastal communities given thousands still remain at risk. Interviews with disaster management officials explore how well Bangladesh's system incorporates risk knowledge, monitoring, warning dissemination, and response capabilities based on the UNISDR early warning framework.
This document summarizes the key points from an inaugural conference on engaging ageing. It discusses maintaining functional ability and intrinsic capacity across the lifespan. This includes supporting behaviors that enhance capacity, ensuring dignified aging, and aligning health systems to meet the needs of older populations. The goals are to foster healthy aging in all countries by creating age-friendly environments, developing long-term care systems, and improving understanding of aging trajectories and needs.
Zika Virus: analysis, discussions and impacts in BrazilAJHSSR Journal
The ZikaDesease is increasing in Brazil since 2014. The causative vector is Aedesaegypti, which
through its bite can transmit the virus, causing microcephaly, it can causes consequences thought life. Beyond
the number of microcephaly cases growth, the Zika virus generates major problems involving the whole society
and economy of the country, such as the cost of medical treatment of the microcephalic child and his family that
will stop working to support and follow the treatment, and also to the cost of basic sanitation, as a prime factor
for mosquito control and the elaboration of public policies. Thus, the present work analyzed economic and
environmental aspects for the understanding the virus’ factors that provided the vector growth. A bibliographic
research carried out to understand the effects of the Zika virus and its economic, social and environmental
impacts. In this study, the costs related to microcephaly, the loss of income of microcephalic child’s relatives
and the country’s investment in basic sanitation were estimated
Achievements and Implications of HIV Prevention Programme among Female Sex wo...QUESTJOURNAL
Background: Plateau State, Nigeria with HIV prevalence rate of 7.7% as at 2010 had among the highest HIV and syphilis levels in Nigeria, earning itself a reputation of being one of the 12 + 1 states contributing the highest HIV prevalence in Nigeria and described as “hot zone” of HIV infections. Factors responsible for this were not unrelated to the high-risk activities of Female Sex Workers (FSWs). This paper therefore presents achievements and implications HIV prevention among FSWs in Plateau State, Nigeria Methods: This project was an intervention effort focused on delivering evidence-based HIV prevention activities among FSWs in 3 local government areas within the State. The estimated target population for the study was 460 and this project used the minimum prevention package intervention (MPPI). Peer educators were selected and trained among the FSWs to reach out to their peers using cohort session. Data were documented using various monitoring and evaluation tools, entered on the District Health Information Software version 2 and analyzed using Microsoft Excel. Results: A total of 68 community dialogues were held with 1,466 influencers participating in the process. In addition, 601 peers were registered, while 18 persons benefitted from 27 income generation activities aimed at capacity building for FSWs. A total of 642 persons were counseled, tested and shown their results, with 15 persons tested positive resulting in HIV prevalence of 2.3%. Although 10,560 condoms were distributed however, these numbers was below the number of condoms required during the intervention. Conclusion: This intervention was a success. However, more needs to be done with regards to condom distribution and supply among FSWs since there is a crucial role for FSWs to play in the plot of taking the HIV prevalence of Plateau State even further down
India being a developing country with growing population has been traditionally vulnerable to natural and man made disasters.
Development cannot be sustainable unless disaster mitigation is built into developmental process.
Disaster could be a nature calamity, outbreak of disease, bioterrorism, etc.
New Delhi, Feb 23. The health ministry has proposed a bill that seeks to empower state and local authorities to take appropriate actions to tackle public health emergencies like epidemics and bio-terrorism.
Attitude of the youth towards voluntary counselling and testing (vct) of hiv ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the attitudes of youth in Accra, Ghana toward voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) for HIV/AIDS. The study found that while knowledge of HIV/AIDS was high, awareness and use of VCT services was low. Most respondents were unaware that VCT services existed or where they could access them. Of those aware of VCT, very few had utilized the services themselves. Fear of knowing their HIV status appeared to be a major barrier preventing youth from seeking VCT. The study concluded that efforts must be made to increase awareness and use of VCT, especially among youth, through expanded information and education campaigns.
Monitoring household coping strategies during complex crises finalUN Global Pulse
Executive summary of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) research: “Monitoring Household Coping Strategies during Complex Crises,” conducted as part of UN Global Pulse’s Rapid Impact and Vulnerability Assessment Fund (RIVAF). For more information: http://www.unglobalpulse.org/projects/rapid-impact-and-vulnerability-analysis-fund-rivaf
醫藥人 楊幽幽 Physician Pharmacist People Health Magazine Cecilia Young Tau Yau - ...ceciliayoungyau
Patient Perception from Internet on Adverse Effects vs Benefits of Vaccination written by Dental Consultant Physician Pharmacist People 醫藥人 楊幽幽 (Cecilia Young Tau Yau)
COVID-19: What went right, what went wrong and how do we learn from this? John Middleton
Look at UK English and European experience during the COVID-19 pandemic. Successes and failures. Presentation for a meeting of the Centre for Health and Development (CHAD) University of Staffordshire. Centre via recorded lecture, Thursday, 28 October 2021 12:00 211027 4 definitive middleton chad conference final
Video presentation also to be available online
Patient perception from internet on adverse effects vs benefits of vaccination Cecilia Young 楊幽幽
Patient Perception from Internet on Adverse Effects vs Benefits of Vaccination -
An Internet Message from a Public Figure in Hong Kong
Cecilia Young* and TH Tai
Independent Researcher, Kowloon, Hong Kong
*Corresponding Author: Cecilia Young, Independent Researcher, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
Received: March 07, 2018; Published: April 30, 2018
“IFPRI Egypt Webinars” is a special edition of the IFPRI Egypt Seminar Series funded by USAID. This webinar took place under the title of “COVID-19 and social protection: from effective crisis protection to self-reliance”
This document contains a proposal from Perle and Co. to address the cholera epidemic in Haiti through multiple interventions over 10 years. The proposal includes strategies to control the cholera epidemic through water and sanitation improvements, strengthen the healthcare system through education and coordination, invest in the agricultural sector through reforestation and financing, use moringa to combat malnutrition, create a claims settlement for those affected by cholera, and enhance UN accountability. It provides implementation timelines, estimated budgets, and metrics to evaluate the success of reducing cholera incidence and increasing trained farmers by 2024. Limitations including natural disasters and political instability are also noted.
The document provides a feasibility study for establishing a branch of an Islamic bank in Estonia. It outlines the goals of facilitating financing for various economic sectors. Potential customers are identified as companies with over 2 million euro in annual turnover that have been operating for at least 3 years. Preconditions for success are analyzed, including Estonia's business friendly environment, skilled workforce, and proximity to Scandinavia. Risks are assessed in a SWOT analysis, finding the religious risk is low. Estimates show the branch could capture 0.5% of the market in the first year, growing to potential annual income of over 2 million euro in Estonia alone. The next steps proposed are to register the branch and begin operations.
This research grant proposal seeks funding to evaluate the effects of a randomized microcredit lending and health education program on malaria preventative behavior in Mali. The program, run by Medicine for Mali, will offer microfinance loans and health education to villages in Mali. Some villages will receive both interventions, some only microfinance, and some only health education. The researchers hypothesize that offering both microfinance and health education will lead to higher uptake of insecticide-treated bednets compared to the other conditions. The goal is to study how microfinance and health education individually and jointly impact malaria preventative knowledge and behaviors.
The document discusses the importance of addressing gender equality in Global Fund proposals and responses to HIV, TB, and malaria. It notes that women often have less access to health services and information than men due to social and economic inequalities. It provides examples of how diseases like HIV, malaria, and TB disproportionately impact women. The document advises applicants to involve gender experts and conduct a gender analysis to ensure their proposals address the specific needs of women, men, girls and boys. It also recommends integrating gender-sensitive and transformative interventions that promote human rights and reduce health inequalities.
THE ROLE OF YOUTH IN IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT AND INCOME: A CASE STUDY OF DAVAN...AkashSharma618775
India is the agriculture based country in the world and most of the people were depend on agriculture
mode of life. The major livelihoods in this area of the study are related to irrigation based agricultural practices.
How far irrigation has influence on income of youth cultivators? What is the other non-water related factors
influencing income level of youth cultivators? The paper addresses these questions. Irrigation plays an important
role in improving production and productivity of agriculture.
The present research study try to highlight the involvement of youth in agricultural activities and income impact
of irrigation study has been done in Nalluru village of Davanagere district, Karnataka. Consisting of 150
households, having different livelihoods, a set of 55 respondents have been found out whose main occupation is
cultivation and annual income comes under below poverty line (BPL). Among these 55 cultivators a sample of 20
youth cultivators has been selected by using simple random sampling without replacement (SRSWOR) method
and further required data have been collected for this sample group using a pre-tested questionnaire consisting of
both quantitative and qualitative variables. Finally, conclude the findings of study.
This document summarizes a study on the cost of malaria morbidity in Uganda. The study found that:
1) In 2003, malaria cost the Ugandan economy a total of about US$658.2 million (US$24.8 per capita) due to over 12 million cases.
2) Total costs consisted of US$49.1 million (7%) in direct costs and US$609.1 million (92%) in indirect costs from lost productivity.
3) Total spending on malaria treatment was US$46.1 million, with 90% spent by households. Spending on prevention was only US$3 million, with 81% by the Ministry of Health and development partners.
Vulnerable Groups and Communities in The Context of Adaptation and Developmen...Tariq A. Deen
Participants will be taken through the identification and targeting of vulnerable communities, groups and ecosystems at different scales, best available methods and data, best practices, in the context of adaptation and development planning and implementation. It will include introductory presentations on the topic and will engage participants in breakout group discussions.
The document proposes a strategic plan for a $3 billion UN Haiti Cholera Settlement Fund. The plan has three main components: 1) Compensation for cholera victims, 2) Improving water and sanitation infrastructure, and 3) Expanding access to medical services. For compensation, the plan proposes registering victims biometrically and providing direct financial payments. For infrastructure, it focuses on improving rural sanitation, training local leaders, and coordinating NGO efforts. For healthcare, the plan aims to expand community health worker programs, deploy mobile clinics, and increase the number of medical professionals. The overall goals are to eliminate cholera within 10 years and ensure universal access to clean water, sanitation, and basic healthcare for all
SCIP_Factors Associated with Mosquito Bed Net Use_Malaria JMelanie Lopez
- The document summarizes two cross-sectional household surveys conducted in Zambézia Province, Mozambique in 2010 and 2014 to assess mosquito bed net possession and factors associated with their use.
- The surveys found that 64.3% of households possessed at least one mosquito bed net in 2010 and 2014, with higher possession in Namacurra district (90% in 2014) compared to Alto Molócuè (77%) and Morrumbala (34%).
- Use of mosquito nets increased from 2010 to 2014 among pregnant women (58.6% to 68.4%) and children under 5 (50% to 60%), but intensified focus is still needed to improve equity
Access to Sanitation Facilities in a Predominantly Rural District in Ghana: S...Premier Publishers
Access to sanitation services is generally poor in developing countries including Ghana. Whereas works on the effect of sanitation on health have been interrogated, those on the relationship of socio-economic and demographic factors and access to sanitation services are limited. Besides, the issue of equity in access to sanitation services is least explored. The main objectives of this research were to explore the relationship between background characteristics of respondents and access to sanitation services and to examine whether there is equity in access to sanitation facilities in the Pru district of the Brong Ahafo region (Now Bono East Region) of Ghana. The integrated behavioural theory underpinned the study whilst the mixed methods approach was used as a research approach. A combination of simple random, systematic and accidental sample techniques was used to derive a sample of 380 based on the statistical table designed by Krejcie and Morgan (1970). Results show that, first and foremost, education and income levels had a positive effect on access to sanitation services. Secondly, women had better access to sanitation services than men largely due to the cultural factor of the recognition of the sacredness of the nude of women. Secondly, there is no equity in access to sanitation services since urban areas have better access than rural areas and the rich access safe sanitation services more. The propositions that there is inequity in access to sanitation services in the study area, and that the rich and affluent have better access to such services have been vindicated. Besides, the integrated behavioural theory has been justified.
The document discusses the history and current state of the AIDS epidemic in Africa. It begins by tracing HIV back to chimpanzees in Cameroon in the 1930s and its spread to humans. By the 1980s, AIDS cases rose sharply across Eastern Africa due to factors like labor migration. Treatment was not widely available until the 1990s. Currently, South Africa has the most HIV cases but prevalence has declined by a third over the past decade due to treatment programs. However, the number of people needing treatment is expected to exceed resources by 2020 without increased prevention and sustainable treatment options. More work is still needed to curb the epidemic.
The document discusses Bangladesh's early warning system for cyclones and analyzes whether the country has normalized the crisis of recurring natural disasters through improved preparedness. It reviews Bangladesh's progress in developing its early warning capabilities over the past 50 years which has significantly reduced cyclone deaths, but questions whether more can still be done to help vulnerable coastal communities given thousands still remain at risk. Interviews with disaster management officials explore how well Bangladesh's system incorporates risk knowledge, monitoring, warning dissemination, and response capabilities based on the UNISDR early warning framework.
This document summarizes the key points from an inaugural conference on engaging ageing. It discusses maintaining functional ability and intrinsic capacity across the lifespan. This includes supporting behaviors that enhance capacity, ensuring dignified aging, and aligning health systems to meet the needs of older populations. The goals are to foster healthy aging in all countries by creating age-friendly environments, developing long-term care systems, and improving understanding of aging trajectories and needs.
Zika Virus: analysis, discussions and impacts in BrazilAJHSSR Journal
The ZikaDesease is increasing in Brazil since 2014. The causative vector is Aedesaegypti, which
through its bite can transmit the virus, causing microcephaly, it can causes consequences thought life. Beyond
the number of microcephaly cases growth, the Zika virus generates major problems involving the whole society
and economy of the country, such as the cost of medical treatment of the microcephalic child and his family that
will stop working to support and follow the treatment, and also to the cost of basic sanitation, as a prime factor
for mosquito control and the elaboration of public policies. Thus, the present work analyzed economic and
environmental aspects for the understanding the virus’ factors that provided the vector growth. A bibliographic
research carried out to understand the effects of the Zika virus and its economic, social and environmental
impacts. In this study, the costs related to microcephaly, the loss of income of microcephalic child’s relatives
and the country’s investment in basic sanitation were estimated
Achievements and Implications of HIV Prevention Programme among Female Sex wo...QUESTJOURNAL
Background: Plateau State, Nigeria with HIV prevalence rate of 7.7% as at 2010 had among the highest HIV and syphilis levels in Nigeria, earning itself a reputation of being one of the 12 + 1 states contributing the highest HIV prevalence in Nigeria and described as “hot zone” of HIV infections. Factors responsible for this were not unrelated to the high-risk activities of Female Sex Workers (FSWs). This paper therefore presents achievements and implications HIV prevention among FSWs in Plateau State, Nigeria Methods: This project was an intervention effort focused on delivering evidence-based HIV prevention activities among FSWs in 3 local government areas within the State. The estimated target population for the study was 460 and this project used the minimum prevention package intervention (MPPI). Peer educators were selected and trained among the FSWs to reach out to their peers using cohort session. Data were documented using various monitoring and evaluation tools, entered on the District Health Information Software version 2 and analyzed using Microsoft Excel. Results: A total of 68 community dialogues were held with 1,466 influencers participating in the process. In addition, 601 peers were registered, while 18 persons benefitted from 27 income generation activities aimed at capacity building for FSWs. A total of 642 persons were counseled, tested and shown their results, with 15 persons tested positive resulting in HIV prevalence of 2.3%. Although 10,560 condoms were distributed however, these numbers was below the number of condoms required during the intervention. Conclusion: This intervention was a success. However, more needs to be done with regards to condom distribution and supply among FSWs since there is a crucial role for FSWs to play in the plot of taking the HIV prevalence of Plateau State even further down
India being a developing country with growing population has been traditionally vulnerable to natural and man made disasters.
Development cannot be sustainable unless disaster mitigation is built into developmental process.
Disaster could be a nature calamity, outbreak of disease, bioterrorism, etc.
New Delhi, Feb 23. The health ministry has proposed a bill that seeks to empower state and local authorities to take appropriate actions to tackle public health emergencies like epidemics and bio-terrorism.
Attitude of the youth towards voluntary counselling and testing (vct) of hiv ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the attitudes of youth in Accra, Ghana toward voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) for HIV/AIDS. The study found that while knowledge of HIV/AIDS was high, awareness and use of VCT services was low. Most respondents were unaware that VCT services existed or where they could access them. Of those aware of VCT, very few had utilized the services themselves. Fear of knowing their HIV status appeared to be a major barrier preventing youth from seeking VCT. The study concluded that efforts must be made to increase awareness and use of VCT, especially among youth, through expanded information and education campaigns.
Monitoring household coping strategies during complex crises finalUN Global Pulse
Executive summary of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) research: “Monitoring Household Coping Strategies during Complex Crises,” conducted as part of UN Global Pulse’s Rapid Impact and Vulnerability Assessment Fund (RIVAF). For more information: http://www.unglobalpulse.org/projects/rapid-impact-and-vulnerability-analysis-fund-rivaf
醫藥人 楊幽幽 Physician Pharmacist People Health Magazine Cecilia Young Tau Yau - ...ceciliayoungyau
Patient Perception from Internet on Adverse Effects vs Benefits of Vaccination written by Dental Consultant Physician Pharmacist People 醫藥人 楊幽幽 (Cecilia Young Tau Yau)
COVID-19: What went right, what went wrong and how do we learn from this? John Middleton
Look at UK English and European experience during the COVID-19 pandemic. Successes and failures. Presentation for a meeting of the Centre for Health and Development (CHAD) University of Staffordshire. Centre via recorded lecture, Thursday, 28 October 2021 12:00 211027 4 definitive middleton chad conference final
Video presentation also to be available online
Patient perception from internet on adverse effects vs benefits of vaccination Cecilia Young 楊幽幽
Patient Perception from Internet on Adverse Effects vs Benefits of Vaccination -
An Internet Message from a Public Figure in Hong Kong
Cecilia Young* and TH Tai
Independent Researcher, Kowloon, Hong Kong
*Corresponding Author: Cecilia Young, Independent Researcher, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
Received: March 07, 2018; Published: April 30, 2018
“IFPRI Egypt Webinars” is a special edition of the IFPRI Egypt Seminar Series funded by USAID. This webinar took place under the title of “COVID-19 and social protection: from effective crisis protection to self-reliance”
This document contains a proposal from Perle and Co. to address the cholera epidemic in Haiti through multiple interventions over 10 years. The proposal includes strategies to control the cholera epidemic through water and sanitation improvements, strengthen the healthcare system through education and coordination, invest in the agricultural sector through reforestation and financing, use moringa to combat malnutrition, create a claims settlement for those affected by cholera, and enhance UN accountability. It provides implementation timelines, estimated budgets, and metrics to evaluate the success of reducing cholera incidence and increasing trained farmers by 2024. Limitations including natural disasters and political instability are also noted.
The document provides a feasibility study for establishing a branch of an Islamic bank in Estonia. It outlines the goals of facilitating financing for various economic sectors. Potential customers are identified as companies with over 2 million euro in annual turnover that have been operating for at least 3 years. Preconditions for success are analyzed, including Estonia's business friendly environment, skilled workforce, and proximity to Scandinavia. Risks are assessed in a SWOT analysis, finding the religious risk is low. Estimates show the branch could capture 0.5% of the market in the first year, growing to potential annual income of over 2 million euro in Estonia alone. The next steps proposed are to register the branch and begin operations.
This visual resume summarizes Britton Jones' background and career aspirations. It shows that he is a musician, producer and recording artist from Philadelphia who moved to Florida to pursue his passion in music. He later graduated from Full Sail University in audio engineering. His resume highlights his skills and experiences in mixing, tracking, engineering and producing music. He enjoys being a creative artist but also dreams of working as an audio engineer. His long term goals include working in artist management, promotions or touring, but feels the possibilities are endless for his career in the music industry.
The document is a Haiku Deck presentation containing photos credited to various photographers. It encourages the viewer to be inspired and create their own Haiku Deck presentation on SlideShare. The presentation contains repeating blocks of 3 photos with credits and ends by prompting users to get started making their own presentation.
Intro to Tools & Resources: UMSI Orientation Fall 2014Jackie Wolf
I ran a session during UMSI orientation that introduced incoming students to the tools we are accustomed to using as a Google Campus: Drive, Mail, Calendars, and other items.
The document summarizes a woman's experience attending a three-day wellbeing retreat in Otaki, New Zealand. Some key points:
1) The retreat focused on nourishing mind, body and soul through yoga, meditation, healthy eating, journaling and personal reflection.
2) Attendees came for various reasons like healing, moving forward, or reducing stress. The environment was peaceful and nurturing.
3) Some activities were challenging, like a silent dinner or expressive dance session. However, overall the retreat helped attendees relax, clear their minds, and make positive life changes.
4) The woman felt more rested, calm and centered after attending, and learned tools to cope with stress.
Dokumen tersebut membahas hukum gravitasi Newton dan percobaan Cavendish untuk mengukur konstanta gravitasi universal. Juga dibahas medan gravitasi, kuat medan gravitasi, percepatan gravitasi, dan hukum-hukum Kepler tentang gerak planet mengelilingi Matahari.
The document provides recommendations for how the UN should allocate $3 billion to address the cholera epidemic and build infrastructure in Haiti. It recommends:
1) Spending $1.3 billion on a World Bank sanitation initiative to provide clean water and sanitation to millions of people over 5 years and reduce childhood deaths.
2) Compensating cholera victims and their families through a $452 million legacy fund that would provide annual payments over 30 years.
3) Investing $576 million to construct a large teaching hospital, reimburse healthcare costs, and fund vaccination programs to prevent future cholera cases.
The focus group provided useful feedback on music videos:
- They enjoyed videos that told emotive stories or featured creative visuals like color.
- Their expectations for a music video included unique imagery that represented the artist and lyrics matching the visuals.
- They preferred a mix of narrative and live performance to showcase the band's personality.
- The Paramore video for "Now" was favored for its empowering metaphor portrayed through colorful visuals.
This 7 step design process outlines a method for creating designs. It breaks the process into 7 distinct stages: research, definition, ideation, prototyping, selection, implementation and feedback. The goal is to move from initial research to final implementation through a structured process of defining needs, generating ideas, testing prototypes, selecting the best option and incorporating feedback.
This document appears to be a timeline of historical events from 1960-1969. It lists significant events each year such as the 1960 Valdivia earthquake in Chile, John F. Kennedy being elected president in 1961, Marilyn Monroe and the Beatles forming in 1962, John F. Kennedy's assassination in 1963, Walter Disney's death in 1966, Martin Luther King Jr.'s assassination in 1968, and the Apollo 11 moon landing in 1969. The timeline provides brief descriptions of these major historical moments from that decade.
Web Design Principles - Jessica, Grant, and RachelRachelMcKinzie
This document discusses design principles for websites, including unity, variety, balance, scale and proportion, rhythm, emphasis, and simplicity. It notes that unity is achieved on a football website through consistent football-related content. Variety is provided through navigational options and mix of words and images. Balance exists through equal content on both sides of pages. Rhythm comes from repetitive images. Emphasis is brought to a teapot through high contrast. And simplicity is the goal of Facebook's login-focused home page.
The document provides an analysis of the music video for the song "Now" by Paramore. It discusses various visual and technical elements of the video including its use of color, imagery of war and love, and how it creates a metaphor for love overcoming war. It also analyzes how the video draws inspiration from the artwork of Banksy and differs from conventions through its narrative focus on a father-daughter relationship rather than a romantic one.
This document lists various vintage pins, beads, charms, and other jewelry-making supplies for sale. The seller offers items individually or in packs and strands priced between $0.50 and $5.25. Payment is due within 7 days and shipping is a flat rate of $2.35, which can be combined for multiple items purchased together. Contact information for the seller is provided with each listing.
This short document promotes creating presentations using Haiku Deck, a tool for making slideshows. It encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation and sharing it on SlideShare. In just one sentence, it pitches the idea of using Haiku Deck to easily create engaging slideshows.
The document provides an analysis of the student's media product, a psychological thriller film titled "The Run". It summarizes how the film uses conventions of the genre, such as including stereotypical characters, a storyline based on real events, and non-diegetic music to build suspense. It also discusses some ways the film challenges conventions, such as shooting scenes in broad daylight rather than at night. The target audience is identified as teenagers based on a questionnaire, and the film aims to appeal to both female viewers through the main character and male viewers through inclusion of action scenes. Distribution on YouTube is proposed due to the low budget.
SUPERBURN is driven by Micron RD, a micronized rapid delivery technology. High "jet-like" air pressures are used to gently reduce the average particle size of the SUPERBURN formula to less than 20 microns. This micronization process enhances the total reactive surface area, which in turn supports faster speeds of delivery and onset of results.
Dall'impiantistica alla tecnologia integrata per edifici: storia di una riorg...businessup
Presentazione di Dario Spinelli, presidente del CdA di Spinelli SA e di Ticicom SA, tenutasi il 12 Ottobre 2015 durante l'evento "Organizzazione e strategia aziendali vincenti e anticrisi". L'evento è stato organizzato da Business Up, AITI, Supsi e Gruppo Spinelli
6Malaria and Malnutrition NURS 4115Malaria an.docxblondellchancy
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Malaria and Malnutrition
NURS 4115
Malaria and Malnutrition in Climate Change
Climate change along with other natural and human-made health stressors influences human health and disease in numerous ways (CDC, 2018). Considerations include age, economic resources, and location. The United States will feel some strain from climate change, but under-developed countries will be affected even more. This paper will discuss the effects of malaria and malnutrition health care concerns in climate change in both developed and under-developed nations. It will also describe health promotion strategies that can be implemented to reduce these climate changes from occurring.
Malaria and Malnutrition
Climate changes can affect social and environmental determinates of health such as clean air, safe drinking water, adequate food and shelter (WHO, 2018). One concern that affects climate changes is the spread of malaria. Malaria is a life-threatening disease which is transmitted by the bites of the Anopheles mosquitoes and kills over 400,000 people every year (WHO, 2018). The population affected most by this disease is children under age 5 in developing countries such as Africa and some Philipines. Safe, effective, affordable vaccines could help in the spread of the disease. According to WHO, 2018, many more lives could be saved if more funds are secured. Countries with weak infrastructure like Africa are likely unable to cope or respond without assistance from other stronger nations who can offer support like the United Nations (UN) government agency. Partnerships with agencies like the UN help to establish awareness, scientific evidence and promote health interventions to reduce the spread of disease like malaria.
In the United States, malaria was officially eradicated in the 1950s. The role of the CDC became one of surveillance within the U.S. and of assistance in the worldwide efforts to eliminate or control malaria in the economically underdeveloped areas of the world. The 1,500 or so cases of the disease seen in the U.S. are due to overseas travel (CDC, 2012). Quick treatment, personal protective measures (such as screening houses) and vector control quickly control any outbreaks.
In countries like sub-Saharan Africa, malaria is the leading cause of death for children under five (WHO, 2018). Sub-Saharan Africa is a site of malaria transmission due to is the geographical location in the tropical zone. Tropical areas with large amounts of rainfall create vast breeding grounds for mosquitos carrying malaria. The focus must be put on prevention and providing the basic needs such as clean water, food, and shelter. Participation from all levels of the community and government, in Africa and non-local, will be needed for community programs that can benefit the communities' infrastructure and the well-being of the people.
In the Philippines, there is an 86% decrease in reported malaria cases since 2000 and procedures for evaluation and declaration ...
Prompted by the 20th anniversary of the 1993 World Development Report, a Lancet Commission revisited the case for investment in health and developed a new investment frame work to achieve dramatic health gains by 2035. Our report has four key messages, each accompanied by opportunities for action by national governments of low-income and middle-income countries and by the international community.
RUNNING HEAD DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO GROUP PAPER1Run.docxhealdkathaleen
RUNNING HEAD: DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO GROUP PAPER
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Running head: DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO GROUP PAPER
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The Democratic Republic of the Congo Group Paper
Bianca C. Burgos, Luis Caza, Christina R. Morales, Sara I. Vallazza & Jennifer Zunzunegui
NUR 4667 Global Healthcare Systems
Instructions
· Examine the role of local, state, national, and global regulatory and accreditation agencies in providing quality healthcare. Who are the key actors? (Sara)
· Explore organizational and political processes and grassroots legislative efforts to influence healthcare policy and advocate for the country’s diverse populations (Jenny).
· Discuss how the country’s healthcare system, education, and economy influence the main health effects (Luis).
· Analyze how the country’s cultural, societal, legal, and environmental factors contribute to health disparities (Bianca)
· Discuss the impact of science and technology on the country’s healthcare outcome (Christina).
Rubric
Democratic Republic of the Congo Group Paper
Health disparities are greatly prevalent in the DRC, affecting over three million people in a short time frame of fewer than five years. Over 1000 people pass away daily and 98% of these deaths are due to very treatable diseases that are easily prevented ("Democratic Republic of the Congo", 2012). Untreated diseases/conditions such as malaria, acute respiratory infections, diarrhea, measles, malnutrition, and many others, also accounting for the majority of childhood mortality ("Democratic Republic of the Congo", 2012). According to the World Health Organization, malaria is responsible for 45% of childhood death, while the remaining diseases account for the remaining majority of death in children (Fund, 2007). Keeping epidemics under control is the DRC’s greatest priority, as the country is at a very high risk of any possible outbreak, including (re)emerging pathogens such as Ebola (Fund, 2007). Several factors contribute to these unfortunate circumstances, such as environmental, societal, and political factors. In addition to volcanic eruptions in the East, the flooding of the Congo river and the droughts of the South, high levels of conflict make this country extremely vulnerable to poor conditions (Fund, 2007). During the 1990s, the DRC was involved in the African War, which brought about 80% of the country (77 million people) into extreme poverty (Project, 2019). The DRC has had a long history of political instability and violence such as the civil war, which in turn, has destroyed many infrastructures that communities relied on for sanitation and clean water. The DRC has relied heavily on wealth from the mining industry due to its transition from Marxist to a Free Market economy. Therefore, their economy has not been appropriately managed, as their wealth was spent on patronage for government officials instead of humanitarian needs. This transition has subjected the DRC to a plethora of ceaseless internal ...
Keynote address by Dr. Eric Goosby of UCSF, presented at CFAR HIV Research in International Settings (CHRIS) meeting in San Diego, October 1, 2014. Dr. Goosby discussed. "Global Health Delivery and Diplomacy: The Long Road to Sustainable Programs."
Entomological Monitoring, Environmental Compliance, and Vector Control Capaci...HFG Project
The assessment report provides an overview of the Zika situation and vector control capacity in the Dominican Republic. By May 2016, there were over 3,000 suspected and 73 confirmed cases of Zika reported in the country. The vector control program is situated within the Ministry of Health's National Center for Control of Tropical Diseases, and utilizes strategies such as larviciding, adulticiding, and community education. However, limited entomological surveillance and resources directed primarily towards case detection present challenges to effectively controlling the Zika virus and its vector, the Aedes mosquito. The report evaluates the country's capacity across several elements and provides recommendations to strengthen its response.
PLAN HUMANITAIRE 2014 DES NATIONS UNIES POUR HAITI Stanleylucas
1) An estimated 172,000 people remain displaced in 306 camps in Haiti almost four years after the 2010 earthquake, with basic services and living conditions deteriorating. Solutions are needed for the 145,000 remaining IDPs to avoid risks of forced evictions, environmental hazards, and protection issues.
2) Haiti continues to host the largest cholera epidemic in the Western Hemisphere, with over 54,000 suspected cases and 500 deaths reported in 2013. Rapid responses and prevention are required to reduce transmission and fatality rates as cholera remains a public health crisis.
3) Severe food insecurity affects 600,000 people in Haiti, and acute malnutrition rates in children under five have risen. Life
This document discusses health and nutrition in the Philippines. It provides an overview of healthcare in the Philippines, including key indicators, personnel and facilities, diseases, and the goal of universal healthcare. It also discusses nutrition issues like malnutrition rates, the Scaling Up Nutrition initiative, and the Task Force Zero Hunger program. The document emphasizes the importance of ensuring healthy lives and nutrition at all ages to build prosperous societies and economies.
HFG Rapid Assessment of TB Payment and PFM Systems in Cambodia: Lessons Learn...HFG Project
Despite substantial funding for tuberculosis (TB) prevention and treatment over the last 10 years, both by donors and governments, the worldwide incidence of TB remains troubling. Across lower- and middle-income countries, access to TB services is limited, and the quality of TB services is often substandard. Many countries face questions over the long-term financial sustainability of their efforts to prevent and treat the disease. Cambodia has one of the highest rates of TB in the world, with prevalence and incidence rates sitting at roughly 660 and 437 per 100,000 people, respectively (WHO 2015). Meanwhile, donor funding for TB is declining, the government is struggling to generate new resources for TB, and out-of-pocket spending still accounts for a significant share of health and TB expenditures. Cambodia needs to identify mechanisms to improve the efficiency of TB spending (i.e., mechanisms for spending money wisely). In the short term, this may mean finding ways to improve outputs – such as access, use of services, and quality – for a given level of spending on TB. In the long term, Cambodia and countries facing similar challenges may be interested in finding ways to achieve better outputs with fewer resources.
Cambodia was the subject of one of several country case studies linking strategic TB purchasing with improved efficiency and better outcomes. In May/June 2016, HFG conducted a brief but in-depth assessment of health purchasing/provider payment and PFM systems in Cambodia, to identify rigidities and barriers.
This document discusses the links between population dynamics, climate change, and sustainable development in Africa. It finds that Sub-Saharan Africa's population is growing rapidly, driven by high fertility rates, and is projected to double by 2050. Rapid population growth and climate change are exacerbating environmental degradation on the continent and undermining development efforts. The document examines these links through case studies of Kenya and Malawi and recommends that governments and donors invest more in integrated population, climate change, and development policies and programs. Addressing population challenges, such as by expanding access to family planning, can increase resilience to climate change impacts and help achieve sustainable development goals.
Alternative approaches for sustaining the HIV and AIDS response in Dominican ...HFG Project
The purpose of this report is to capture and consolidate the suggestions of the Sustainability Group for consideration by the Government of Dominican Republic (GODR) and other relevant stakeholders. GODR will be able to draw from this report when developing its HIV sustainability strategy, revising the National Strategic Plan for HIV (PEN), and developing other planning and policy documents.
This document discusses the growth and impact of NGOs in Kenya. It notes that since 1990, over 8,500 organizations have registered as NGOs in Kenya. NGOs contribute over 80 billion Kenyan shillings annually to the economy and employ over 200,000 people. However, accurate data on NGO funding and activities is still limited due to low compliance with reporting requirements. The document examines trends in NGO funding sources, expenditures, collaborations, and training to provide insight into the scale and focus of the NGO sector in Kenya.
The covid 19 crisis in nepal coping crackdown challengesNdrc Nepal
NDRC Nepal brings "The COVID-19 Crisis in Nepal: Coping Crackdown Challenges" issue 3, an occasional papers series on COOVID19 response in Nepal.
This study was carried out by Dr. Dhruba Gautam, Senior Research Fellow at National Disaster Risk Reduction Centre (NDRC) Nepal which had four interconnected objectives: (i) to assess existing policy provisions for relief management and distribution, (ii) to identify existing relief distribution mechanisms, (iii) to identify major gaps and challenges, and (iv) explore next steps and make recommendations. For secondary information, the study reviewed published documents, including government policies at the national and global levels, whereas primary information was gathered through virtual interviews and conferences with key informants in all provincial governments and in a few local governments. Among the mechanisms governments use to manage relief distribution are the management of relief funds, the selection of needy families, the development and distribution of relief packages, the adoption of a one-door policy, and the application of existing legal provisions. This study also explored gaps in these mechanisms and challenges faced during the relief management thoroughly. Some issues that raised questions included the criteria for selection and even the use of a targeted approach in principle and challenges included the procurement of relief materials and their quality and quantity as well as data management and monitoring. Once the data was on the table, this study made several key recommendations to each of the three tiers of Nepal’s government about how to systematize relief management now as well as how to carry over good practices into the future.
Public-private delivery of insecticide-treated netsSusan Burns
During a one-year pilot program in Ghana's Volta Region, over 25,000 vouchers were issued to pregnant women attending antenatal clinics to subsidize the purchase of insecticide-treated bed nets. This accounted for about 50% of antenatal registrants during the period. Approximately 67% of the issued vouchers were redeemed by distributors to purchase more nets from suppliers. Interviews found that initially some midwives did not issue vouchers due to their own eligibility criteria, but later it was often due to the women's own decisions or lack of available nets. Factors like existing net ownership and competing delivery programs influenced both voucher issuance and redemption. Monitoring of the program provided useful data on barriers
The document summarizes findings from impact evaluations of social protection programs conducted by J-PAL MENA. It discusses how randomized evaluations are used to understand the impact of social programs and policies. It then reviews evidence on the impact of different social protection programs, including cash transfers versus in-kind transfers, conditional versus unconditional cash transfers, and the effects of program design features like targeting methods and transfer modalities. Key findings discussed include that in-kind transfers can impact prices, labeling programs can be as effective as formal conditionality, and conditional cash transfers may have unintended consequences like increasing child marriage.
Effectiveness of Community based Interventions in Reducing Maternal Mortality...ObinnaOrjingene1
Background & Aim: Maternal mortality ratio for sub-Saharan Africa in 2010 was estimated to be about 600 per 100,000 live births, which is approximately higher than what is obtainable in advanced countries. To this end, several community-based interventions have been put in place by governments and developmental partners in the region to address the situation. This review aimed to seek evidence from existing literature on the level of effectiveness of these interventions in improving maternal health outcomes in the region. The literature search process resulted in retrieval of six full text studies that were written in English, published between 2000 and 2019 and were focused on intervention based at the community level which resulted in the reduction of maternal deaths in some sub-Saharan African countries. The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) tool was used to critically review retrieved literature.
Findings: Findings from the articles reviewed show that community-based interventions with a direct reduction in maternal mortality were implemented in Ethiopia and Nigeria and were effective since maternal mortality declined by 64% and 43.5% respectively. Other community based interventions did not directly address the reduction in maternal mortality but rather addressed leading causes of maternal mortality such as home and unskilled birth attendance, low Ante-Natal Care (ANC) & Post-Natal Care (PNC) services utilization, Eclampsia, delay in accessing care and Postpartum Hemorrhage (PPH). Such interventions were implemented in Nigeria, Zambia, Tanzania, and the Democratic Republic of Congo and were proved to be effective in reducing maternal mortality.
Conclusions and Recommendations: Based on the literatures reviewed, it was concluded that community based interventions were effective in reducing maternal mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa. The following recommendations were made based on gaps observed in the implementation of some interventions. Introduction of emergency transport scheme in countries where they do not exist as despite the existence of maternity waiting homes and dedicated maternity ambulances in Zambia, many expectant mothers still had difficulty reaching the health facilities in time to deliver, Engagement and training of more health workers so as to avoid human resources challenges that may be associated with increased demand for health facility deliveries.
The document discusses a multi-year, multi-sector program in Wolayta, Ethiopia that aimed to build resilience among vulnerable households receiving support from the Productive Safety Net Program. The program provided integrated support including health, nutrition, livelihoods, and disaster risk reduction. Results showed that households receiving long-term, multi-sector support improved more on welfare indicators than those receiving single interventions. The program demonstrated the value of consortium approaches and integrating sectors to build resilience.
Integrating Financing of Vertical Health Programs: Lessons from Kyrgyzstan an...HFG Project
This document summarizes case studies on transitions in financing vertical health programs in Kyrgyzstan and the Philippines. In Kyrgyzstan, tuberculosis services transitioned from being financed vertically to being integrated under mandatory health insurance. In the Philippines, family planning services transitioned from vertical financing to being covered by national health insurance. Key reasons for the transitions included aligning financing with universal health coverage goals and reducing fragmentation. Operationalizing the transitions involved defining benefit packages, adjusting provider payment methods, and coordinating stakeholders. The case studies provide lessons on successfully transitioning from vertical to integrated financing models.
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Disaster Management, Developing Country
Communities & Climate Change:
The Role of ICTs
NONITA T. YAP
University of Guelph, Canada
Edited by:
Richard Heeks and Angelica Ospina
2011
Centre for Development Informatics
Institute for Development Policy and Management, SED
University of Manchester, Arthur Lewis Building, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
Tel: +44-161-275-2800/2804, Web: http://www.manchester.ac.uk/cdi
The research presented in this publication is the result of the "Climate Change, Innovation and ICTs"
project funded by Canada's International Development Research Centre (http://www.idrc.ca). This
publication and other project outputs can be found at: http://www.niccd.org
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Table of Contents
Executive Summary………………………………………………………………………………3
1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………..4
2. The Community in Disaster Management……………………………………..7
2.1 Other Actors………………….…………………………………………………………………8
3. Use of ICTs in Climate-Related Disaster Management…………………..9
3.1. Timely and Effective Delivery of Early Warnings to the ‘Last Mile’…………13
3.1.1 Radio and Television…………………………………………………………………………………....13
3.1.2 Satellite Radio………………………………………………………………............................14
3.1.3 Telephones (Fixed and Mobile)…………………………………………………………………….14
3.1.4 Cell Broadcasting..………………………………………………………………………………………..15
3.1.5 Satellite Remote Sensing and Other Technologies………………………………….....16
3.2. Rapid, Realiable Two-way Communication in Challenged Environments...17
3.2.1 Mobile Phones.……………………………………………………………………………………………….17
3.2.2 Wireless Ad-hoc Mesh Networks with GPS….……………………………………………….17
3.2.3 Internet and e-Mail.……………………………………………………………………………………….18
3.2.4. Radio……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….18
3.3. Creating a Common Operational Picture.…………………………………………….19
3.3.1 Geographic Information Systems (GIS)…….…………………….……………….………...…19
3.3.2 GIS, Satellite Remote Sensing, GPS……..……………………….…………………………...19
3.4. Establishing Transparency and Accountability…………………………………….20
3.5. Strengths, Weaknesses and Emerging Trends…………………………………….21
3.5.1 Advantages and Disadvantages…………………………….………………………………………22
3.5.2 Emerging Trends……………….………………………………………..………………………………..24
4. ICT Use, Disasters and Developing Countries: Some Reflections..…27
4.1. Institutional and Cultural Barriers.……………………………………………………27
4.2. Data Standardisation and Quality Issues..………………………………………….27
4.3. ICT Capacity Deficits.……………………………………………………………………….28
4.4. Grounds for Optimism.……………………………………………………………………..28
5. Strategic Recommendations……………………………………………………..30
5.1. Ensuring Continuity in Challenged Environments.……………………………….30
5.2. Bringing about Inter-agency Coordination and Cooperation.………………..30
5.3. Maintaining Transparency and Accountability.……………………………………31
5. ...
Emergency care systems in low and middle income countries are inadequate, leading to high rates of preventable death and disability. Limited access to emergency services is a global problem that disproportionately impacts the poor and vulnerable. While some solutions have aimed to improve transportation, communication, and training, overall emergency care remains underprioritized and underfunded. Systemic issues across health systems including inadequate resources, coordination challenges, and low prioritization of emergency care collectively contribute to gaps in emergency access. Improving emergency care requires addressing challenges across multiple levels from improving awareness and affordability for individuals to strengthening national health systems.
Universal health coverage (UHC)—ensuring that everyone has access to quality, affordable health services when needed—can be a vehicle for improved equity, health, financial well-being, and economic development. In its 2013 report, Global Health 2035, the Commission on Investing in Health (CIH) made the case that progressive (“pro-poor”) pathways towards UHC, which target the poor from the outset, are the most efficient way to achieve both improved health outcomes and increased financial protection (FP). Countries worldwide are now embarking on health system changes to move closer to achieving UHC, often with a clear pro-poor intent. While they can draw on guidance related to the technical aspects of UHC (the “what” of UHC), such as on service package design, there is less information on the “how” of UHC—that is, on how to maximize the chances of successful implementation.
Motivated by a shared interest in helping to close this information gap, a diverse international group of 21 practitioners and academics, including ministry of health officials and representatives of global health agencies and foundations, convened at The Rockefeller Foundation’s Bellagio Center for a three-day workshop from July 7–9, 2015. The participants shared their experiences of implementing UHC and discussed the limited evidence on how to implement UHC, focusing on a set of seven key “how” questions from across five domains of UHC.
This strategic plan outlines a framework to address the harms caused by the UN-linked cholera outbreak in Haiti through three pillars: a claims process, guidelines to prevent future outbreaks, and building Haitian institutional capacity. The claims process includes administrative compensation for death and injury claims (Categories A and B) as well as communal claims (Category C) determined by an independent commission. A $2.3 billion cholera elimination plan aims to strengthen water, sanitation and healthcare systems through partnerships. New UN guidelines emphasize sanitation standards to mitigate future risks. The plan also creates a Haiti Corps leadership program to develop national expertise and empower local communities in the response. The three pillars aim to redress past harms,
The document outlines a strategic plan to eliminate cholera in Haiti within 10 years. It proposes using funds for treatment, education, and long-term infrastructure development. Key aspects include settling UN claims, improving waste treatment, increasing access to clean water and healthcare, and coordinating with neighboring countries. The goal is to end deaths from cholera and prevent future outbreaks through sustainable solutions.
- The plan aims to eliminate cholera in Haiti through a multi-pronged approach across four domains: environment, social, health systems, and biological.
- Key interventions include WASH innovations, an integrated media campaign, increasing primary care access, and immediate vaccination.
- The plan also establishes a Cholera Recovery Payment Program to provide settlements to victims' families and establish a community sustainability fund.
- Implementation barriers like a lack of coordination, inefficient funding streams, and lack of political credibility are addressed through mechanisms like a Sector-Wide Approach program.
The document discusses a proposal to address cholera in Haiti through strengthening unity and aligning incentives. It outlines the problem of the ongoing cholera epidemic and lack of access to water/sanitation. The objectives are to eliminate cholera by 2022, improve access to water/sanitation, set precedents for UN compensation, and prevent future incidents.
The proposal details strategies for treatment and prevention of cholera through education, infrastructure development, and building human/physical capacity. It discusses guidelines for compensation disbursement and oversight. Metrics for evaluation focus on cholera prevalence, water/sanitation access, coordination among actors, and strengthened governance. The proposal aims to reduce mortality while improving quality of life in Haiti
The document presents a plan called EDE for Haiti that aims to support the country's economic development, disease intervention, and education over 5 years with $3 billion in funding. The plan addresses key issues like Haiti's large affected population, inadequate infrastructure, and political pressure. It proposes allocating funds to economic support, disease intervention through community clinics, and education to build health expertise. The plan aims to help Haiti develop self-sufficiency, prepare for future health crises, and use education as a bridge to prosperity. Implementation depends on trust and local management participation in change.
The document discusses cholera in Haiti, providing statistics on cases and deaths since 2010. It was likely introduced by UN peacekeepers and spread due to weak health systems and lack of clean water/sanitation. Key problems included poor disease surveillance, healthcare systems, access to clean water, and health awareness. Proposed strategies included settling lawsuits, improving UN procedures, increasing health education, and establishing comprehensive long-term healthcare and sanitation infrastructure over a 10 year period with a proposed budget distribution. Evaluation of outcomes was suggested over short, mid, and long-term periods.
This document provides a detailed proposal and framework for addressing the harms caused by the 2010 cholera outbreak in Haiti introduced by UN peacekeepers, and building sustainable infrastructure and capacity in the country. It outlines objectives of righting wrongs, supporting development, and preventing future harm. Major components include a compensation scheme for individuals and communities, national programs for volunteers and university training, and priority infrastructure improvements for housing, water, sanitation and health. Metrics, timelines, budgets and stakeholders are defined to monitor progress over the coming decade and ensure accountability and sustainability.
The document proposes a program to eradicate cholera in Haiti through a holistic, multi-pronged approach over 10 years at a cost of $2.8 billion. The program will have 4 goals: establish emergency response teams by 2014, settle all claims by 2018, remediate sanitation/water by 2018, and eradicate cholera by 2023. It will be implemented in 3 phases and involve treatment, surveillance, prevention, and infrastructure projects managed through a clear hierarchy to balance efficiency and local control.
This document proposes the establishment of a settlement fund to address claims against the UN for its role in introducing cholera to Haiti. The fund would have two main missions: providing resources to eradicate cholera in Haiti and prevent future disease spread by UN forces. It outlines a framework for disbursing funds through impact investments in Haitian initiatives that further national health goals. Metrics would measure initiatives' impact on increasing access to water, sanitation, and healthcare. Guidelines for future peacekeeping operations aim to prevent disease introduction and recurrence through health monitoring, education and appropriate equipment.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
24. The global burden of cholera
Mohammad Ali, Anna Lena Lopez, Young Ae You,
Young Eun Kim, Binod Sah, Brian Maskery &
John Clemens
Volume 90, Number 3, March 2012, 209-218A
24
26.
Development Gateway announced the AMP to Haiti in November
2012
Began with:
◦ Geocoding the activities of several
donors in Haiti (USAID, World Bank, IADB, Canada, EU, etc.)
◦ Enabled an analysis of aid flows in each sector
◦ Trainings of staff and donors
26
27.
Goals:
◦ Increase potable water
access to 85%
◦ Increase assess to improved
sanitary and hygiene facilities
to 90% of population
◦ Strengthen healthcare
facilities to care for 80% of the
population
◦ Increase solid waste
collection to 90% in Port-AuPrine and 80% in secondary
cities
Short Term:
◦ Emergency measures: ORT
◦ Community health agents
◦ Vaccinations
The annual cholera
incidence rate in Haiti is
reduced from 3% to 0.5%
80% of the population
washes their hands after
defecating and before
eating
27
28.
Synergistic effect
Prevents transmission of
other diarrheal diseases
◦ Leading cause of under 5
mortality
Already endorsed in
National Plan for
Eliminating Cholera
Benefits
OCV not 100% effective
Time needed to build
WASH infrastructure
Not enough OCV supplt
to vaccinate entire
Haitian population
Impact of target
immunization campaigns
not studied
Limitations
28
29.
The Inter-agency Real-Time Evaluation of the
Humanitarian Response to the Darfur Crisis
◦ launched by the United Nations Emergency Relief Coordinator
◦ found that the 2004 crisis response in Darfur was delayed and
inadequate mainly due to the inability of aid agencies to
mobilize and coordinate
Improve internal perceptions of aid
◦ . A randomized study of 3,600 Ugandan citizens found that
nearly 80% of respondents reported that they had not directly
benefited from aid, and nearly two-thirds of participants
believed that more than half of aid dollars were not spent as
intended. United Nations Office for the Coordination of
Humanitarian Affairs.
29
30.
Need for:
◦ Transparency
Preserve integrity of aid
◦ Reduce duplication of projects
Vertically and geographically
◦ Minimize cross-purposes
purposes that undermine the objectives of other projects
◦ Increase value of projects
Prevent fragmentation of aid
30
31.
Double-edged sword of transparency
◦ Privacy
Slow down provisioning process
Monopolization of aid
Group dynamic issues
◦ No one suddenly stepping up to the plate
Donor fatigue from extra work burden
Cumulative power gained by aid organizations
31
33. create permanent Haitian Development Authority
to coordinate, set country-wide strategie
pool funding within existing Haitian gov budget
mechanisms
regulate & provide oversight of NGOs
align NGO projects to government priorities and
guidances
33
35. The rate of new infections has decreased by 94
percent, from 11,985 cases in week 25 of 2011 to
around 645 cases in week 25 of 2013.
UN Cholera Factsheet:
http://www.un.org/News/dh/infocus/haiti/Haiti%20Cholera%20Factsheet%20July2013.pdf
35
36. Price of Vaccine is $1.85 per dose, 2 doses
needed, gives 67% efficacy for about 3 years.
http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/SAGE_April
_2011_cholera_investment_case.pdf
36
37. Barzilay, et. al. (2013, February 14).
Cholera Surveillance during the Haiti
Epidemic – The First 2 Years. The
New England Journal of Medicine.37
2
38. “Community-based studies in North Jakarta and Kolkata found that
cholera cases cost between US$28 and US$206, depending on
hospitalization. Patients' cost of illness as a percentage of average
monthly income were 21% and 65% for hospitalized cases in
Kolkata and North Jakarta, respectively.”
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21554781
38
39. -Model of most effective combinations of WASH and OCV- yay!
-“The rate of intervention coverage extension had the largest effect on cases of
cholera averted”
-”If in this scenario, effective OCV coverage were allowed to reach 50% at year 5, and
then decrease at a constant rate to 5% at year 20, an additional 23,933 (95,519
cases) would be averted (Table 5).”
“Over the next two decades, scalable WASH interventions could avert 57,949–78,567
cholera cases, OCV could avert 38,569–77,636 cases, and interventions that
combined WASH and OCV could avert 71,586–88,974 cases. Rate of
implementation is the most influential variable, and combined approaches
maximized the effect.”
Fung and Fitter et. al
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24106189
Murray Model Shows that in refugee camps cost-effective methods would be to use
Treatment instead of Vaccine.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2305758/pdf/bullwho00004-0026.pdf
39
42. -67% efficacy for 5 years
-Does not require a buffer and thus much simpler to
administer in refugee and post-disaster situations
http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(13)702731/abstract
42
43. Aibana et al. 2013
“Cholera vaccination campaign contributes to improved
knowledge regarding cholera and improved practice
relevant to waterborne disease in rural Haiti.”
-Oral cholera vaccination campaigns have been associated with
increased awareness and hand washing/ water treating in Haiti.
OCV can be paired with education and have increased benefits.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24278498
43
44. Ivers et al. 2012:
-OCV rollout has benefits to infrastructure : “The capacity of the health system in the region is being
reinforced by the cholera vaccination programme through the promotion of the national childhood
immunisation campaign; community health workers have been trained to better prevent and, failing that,
refer cases; cold chain capacity has been expanded; and a new vaccine has been delivered through the
public sector vaccination programme.”
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673612608320
The WASH infrastructure provides a long-term, sustainable solution for prevention of cholera.12 Evidence
from Europe and North America over the past two centuries, and more recently from Latin America,
demonstrate that as water and sanitation coverage improves, the risk of epidemic or endemic cholera
transmission is greatly reduced.12,14,15 WASH also prevents the transmission of many other diarrheal
diseases, which in Haiti, as in many developing countries, is a leading killer of children less than five
years of age.32,33 The overall benefit of expanding WASH coverage extends far beyond its effect on
cholera alone.
http://www.ajtmh.org/content/89/4/633.long#T3
44
45. The OCVs should help reduce the burden of cholera while WASH coverage is expanded, given the
considerable amount of time required to improve WASH infrastructure (e.g., piped water and
sewers). However, an OCV program should not be considered as a long-term alternative
substitute for WASH. Implementation of OCVs will present its own challenges. Currently
available OCVs are not 100% efficacious, induced immunity wanes over time thereby requiring
periodic booster dosing, and today's globally available OCV supply is not sufficient to vaccinate
the entire Haitian population with the required two-dose regimen. In addition, evidence from the
routine childhood expanded program for immunizations and recent nationwide vaccine
campaigns in Haiti has demonstrated varying ranges of coverage.34–37
http://www.ajtmh.org/content/89/4/633.long#T3
45
46. “For every $1 U.S. dollar invested, an estimated $5–46 U.S.
dollars in economic benefits results, depending on the particular
WASH intervention.34 Haiti's National Plan to eliminate cholera
provides an outline of how such health and economic benefits might
be achieved: investment, coordination, and capacity
building.”
http://www.ajtmh.org/content/89/4/665.long
46
47. Hill and Baldwin et. al
Vermicomposting toilets, an alternative to
latrine style microbial composting toilets,
prove far superior in mass reduction,
pathogen destruction, compost quality,
and operational cost. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22658870
47
48. “Oral rehydration, intravenous rehydration and antibiotic therapy were given to 99.5%, 85% and
97.77% of patients, respectively. Only one hospital death was noted. The low case fatality rate
was mainly due to the following factors: the high quality of care provided in a center with qualified
personnel and available and free of charge treatment kits, protocols based on massive
rehydration and appropriate hygiene measures, and patient compliance with the treatment plan.
The response was also characterized by good coordination, wide mass and local health
promotion, and selective antibiotic prophylaxis, which contributed significantly to reducing the
spread of the infection.”
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22177702
48
49. - “The factors responsible for rapid spread in Haiti include: longstanding water and sanitary inadequacies in Haiti; the further
disruptions to water and sanitary systems imposed by the
earthquake; above average rainfall; high water and ambient
temperatures; and insufficient capacity of the government
infrastructure to respond to the crisis.”
Etienne 2013
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24106186
49
50. -“As a result of the 2011 earthquake in Haiti, almost 280,000 internally
displaced people (IDPs) remain in camps and another 200,000 are living
with host families or in informal settlements. Many of the IDPs in these
informal settlements have been forcibly evicted from camps. This
situation is likely to continue in 2014, while the precarious conditions in
the existing IDP camps are bound to pose significant protection risks,
particularly sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV).”
-as many as 2 million Haitians lack documentation (personal ID papers) and
are at risk of becoming stateless upon leaving Haiti
UNHCR
http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/page?page=49e491766
50
51. The ten-year cholera eradication plan also envisions a strengthening of the public
health sector and of the coordination between NGOs and the government. To
this end, the government plans to “integrate their support into the national
health system.” Through investments in training, capacity building and by
channeling funds through the domestic institutions in charge of each sector, the
plan aims to create a stronger public sector overall. This could be especially
significant given that aid for the cholera response (and for the overall relief and
reconstruction effort) has largely bypassed the Haitian government. According
to data from the U.N. Special Envoy, only 2.5 percent of humanitarian
spending for cholera went through the Haitian government. As noted in the
plan, the “lack of investment coming directly from the country’s fiscal budget
represents a threat to the stability of the” water and sanitation sector.
http://www.cepr.net/index.php/blogs/relief-and-reconstruction-watch/choleraeradication-plan-announced-but-funding-still-in-question
51
52. AMP software works by replacing the Ethiopian government’s cumbersome collection of
faxes,
spreadsheets and emails with a virtual workspace where the government, its donors and its
agents in the field can share
information on aid flows and the activities they support – from planning through
implementation,
to monitoring and reporting. With simple, web-based technology, AMP also establishes a
process for standardizing the data that is loaded into the system and retrieved from it.
The consolidated information is managed by the government, enabling detailed analysis
and reporting, as well as scenario-building, scheduling and knowledge management.
http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/other/unpan022092.pdf
http://www.undp.org/content/nepal/en/home/operations/projects/democratic_governance/d
ceamc/
52
53. Use digicel, Haitel, and Comcel to host a program like M-Pesa.
http://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/december-2011/dialing-cash-mobile-transfersexpand-banking
6.095 million people currently use Mobile Phones This would be
expanded by the families of those affected by the outbreak. Source:
CIA World Factbook, 2014
53
54. •
Responding to a request from the UN Special
Envoy to Haiti, the Development Gateway has
partnered with other organizations to build a
system to help with Hatian reconstruction. The
joint system, which partially adapts Aid
Management Platform technology, will track
damage reports and donor funding as well as
pledges to Hait
•
Development Gateway announced extending the
AMP to Haiti in November 2012
•
They began with:
o Geocoding the activities of several donors
in Haiti (USAID, World Bank, IADB,
Canada, EU, etc.), enabling an analysis of
where aid is flowing within Haiti alongside
needs in each sector
o
Training government staff and donors on
the Aid Management Platform
http://www.developmentgateway.org/news/developm
ent-gateway-extends-support-haiti
54
56. The U.N. historically has addressed the scope of
its liability in peacekeeping operations
through Status of Forces Agreements (SOFAs)
signed with host countries.
The Haitian government signed such an
agreement with MINUSTAH in 2004. In this
SOFA, the U.N. explicitly promises to create
a standing commission to review third party
claims of a private law character.
-Yale Global Health Justice Partnership
56
Editor's Notes
What? Evidence-based, cost-effective combination of prevention and treatment interventions to avert the highest number of cases
Why? Simultaneously stems cholera spread1, improves awareness2, and builds infrastructure3
How? Immediate scale-up of most effective programs
Coordinated, progressive implementation of prevention and treatment interventions
http://haiti.ngoaidmap.org/
-Use “InterAction’s Haiti Aid” map to Assess current areas of greatest need
-Identify existing services
-Identify which organizations/infrastructures are currently most effective and support their rapid expansion
-Involve communities in intervention placement decisions to ensure investment choices are practical and useful
-what are rural/urban – decide how
- Change OCV, L, C, maybe order?
Aid coordination for our long-term infrastructure development (which is in conjunction w/ WASH+Vaccine)
community involvement?
-Aid Management Platform
-Integration with surveillance system
-Performance based financing to NGOs? based on surveillance from GIS
Aid coordination for our long-term infrastructure development (which is in conjunction w/ WASH+Vaccine)
community involvement?
-Aid Management Platform
-Integration with surveillance system
-Performance based financing to NGOs? based on surveillance from GIS
Fix ids
Infrastructure decisions – should be done in a way that benefits the community
Include appendix on the specific data
Building off Aid Coordination
Delivery difficulties associated with 2 doses of vaccine.
Finite funds indicates cutoff necessary for individual compensation.
Lack of infrastructure in Haiti can interfere with the rollout of the intervention
Challenges of coordinating various stakeholders given the current and ongoing reconstruction and stability efforts
2008: cholera most prevalent in Congo, Angola, Zimbabwe look at AFR E as a comparison for Haiti, because it has a similarly high incidence
estimated cumulative incidence in Haiti (650,000 cases) = 6.56%
~784,000 cases under 15 v. 232 cases over 15 77% of cases in under 15 higher prevalence under 15 than over 15 can’t use age v. life expectancy as metric for compensation, and we need a totally different equation
Short term goals:
TheannualcholeraincidencerateinHaitiisreducedfrom3%toч0.5%
Ͳ 80% of the population living in areas of the country where there is activesecondary
transmissionofcholerawashestheirhandsafterdefecatingandbeforeeating
VIII–MONITORINGANDEVALUATION
FollowͲup of implementation of the Action Plan will be the responsibility of a Steering Committee
comprisedofrepresentativesfromtheministriesinvolvedandtechnicalandfinancialpartners.Therole
of the committee is to facilitate the coordination of policy and strategy. It is desirable to have
participation by the Ministries of Public Works, Public Health, Education, Communications, the
Environment, and the Interior and Local Communities. The committee will meet twice a year and
wheneverelsetherepresentativeofoneoftheexecutingagencies(DINEPA,MinistryofHealth,Ministry
of Transport and PublicWorks, Ministry ofthe Interior and Local Communities) callsfor convoking a
meeting.
OperationalimplementationoftheActionPlanwillbesupervisedbyaTechnicalCommitteemadeupof
highͲlevel officialsfromDINEPA,theMinistry of PublicHealth,theMinistry of PublicWorks, andthe
MinistryoftheInterior,aswellasrepresentativesfrominternationalagenciescooperatinginoneofthe
ActionPlanareas.TheDirectorͲGeneraloftheMinistryofPublicHealthorhisdesignatedrepresentative
willpresideoverthiscommittee.
17
The platform was introduced in response to the international community’s call for more effective aid management as the Rome and Paris Declarations on Aid Effectiveness and Harmonization synthesized in 2005. However, it has since been implemented in 21 countries, on four continents with the main goal of allowing donors and governments to visually see where aid is concentrated, where it is lacking, and where projects overlap.
The integrated GIS module leads to the production of maps and promotes the intuitive exploration of available aid. Users can locate specific project locations as x, y coordinates and authoritative data is introduced to provide administrative boundaries for geographic spaces. A database serves as the backbone of an interactive map that displays the locations of the inputted projects. In addition, AMP has four components that aim to increase collaboration among international actors including a monitoring and evaluation dashboard, a national planning dashboard, a data exchange, and budget integration.
Development Gateway. Mapping Development Assistance. “Geospatial tools in the AID Mangement Platform (AMP). http://www.developmentgateway.org/dg_uploads/pdfs/
mapping_aid_april_2012.pdf
Development Gateway Foundation. Aid Management Platform. http://www.mfdr.org/Marketplace/Posters-pdf/DGF_MfDR_Marketplace_Poster_Final_07.pdf
Problems: accountability concerns related to pooled funding, donors disagreeing on best practices
MINUSTAH = UN peacekeepers in Haiti
MSPP Plan = UN / Haitian gov’s cholera elimination initiative
CAED = Framework for Coordination of Foreign Aid for Haitian Development, not implemented because donors have objections to lack of elections in Haiti