M.pharm (Pharmaceutics) Molecular Pharmaceutics (NTDS) unit 1 part 1 Targeted Drug Delivery Systems: Concepts, Events and biological process involved in drug targeting.
M.pharm (Pharmaceutics) Molecular Pharmaceutics (NTDS) unit 1 part 1 Targeted Drug Delivery Systems: Concepts, Events and biological process involved in drug targeting.
Approaches Of Gastro-Retentive Drug Delivery System or GRDDSAkshayPatane
Approaches Of Gastro-Retentive Drug Delivery System
Includes:
Floating and Non-Floating drug delivery system with their subtypes
Like Non-effervescent system, Effervescent system, Raft forming system,
High Density system, Expandable system, Muco-adhesive system,
Super porous hydrogel system and Magnetic Systems, etc.
Objectives , policies and principles of cGMP guidelines in pharmaceutical ind...JaskiranKaur72
The presentation contains detailed information about the current GMP in the pharmaceutical industry. It has objectives , policies and principles of cGMP guidelines.
Pdf file is being attached in the link below- https://drive.google.com/file/d/11al8n8AqrkUR_Vnm-z4Mp6O0elzyniEz/view?usp=drivesdk
Implants are cylindrical, monolithic devices of millimeter or centimeter dimensions, implanted into the subcutaneous or intramuscular tissue by an minor surgical incision or injected through a large bore needle; and release the incorporated drug in a controlled manner, allowing the adjustment of release rates over extended periods of time, ranging from several days up to one year.
EVALUATION AND RECENT TECHNIQUES OF TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM”.pptxRahulBGole
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
1.Introduction
2.Evaluation Of Transdermal Drug Delivery System
2.1 Physicochemical Evaluation
2.2 In Vitro Release Studies
2.3 In Vivo Evaluation
2.4 Cutaneous Toxicological Evaluation
3. Recent Techniques For Enhancing TDDS
3.1 Structure Based Enhancemnet Techniques
3.2 Electrically Based Enhancement Techniques
3.3 Velocity Based Enhancement Techniques
3.4 Other Enhancement Techniques
4. Conclusion
5. References
1.Introduction :Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS), also known as ''patches,'' are dosage forms designed to deliver a therapeutically effective amount of drug across a patient's skin.
2.Evaluation of Transdermal Drug Delivery System:
2.1Physicochemical Evaluation:
Physicochemical Evaluation
In Vitro Release Studies
In Vivo Evaluation
Cutaneous Toxicological Evaluation
2.2. In Vitro Release Studies
●The Paddle over Disc:
The transdermal system is attached to a disc or cell resting at the bottom of the vessel which contains medium at 32 ±5°C.
●The Cylinder modified USP Basket:
The system is attached to the surface of a hollow cylinder immersed in medium at 32 ±5°C.
●Franz diffusion cell:
The cell is composed of two compartments: donor and receptor. The receptor compartment has a volume of 5-12ml and effective surface area of 1-5 cm.The diffusion buffer is continuously stirred at 600rpm by a magnetic bar.
2.3. In Vivo Evaluation
●Animal models:
The most common animal species used for evaluating transdermal drug delivery system are mouse, hairless rat, hairless dog, hairless rhesus monkey, rabbit,guinea pig etc.
●Evaporative water loss management:
Content irritation also disrupts the stratum corenum barrier and causes and excessive water loss from the damaged surface that can be measured means of evaporimetry.
3. Recent Techniques for Enhancing TDDS
3.1. Structure-Based Enhancement Techniques
●Macroflux:
This technology offers a needle-free and painless transdermal drug delivery of large-molecular-weight compounds such as insulin,several peptidic hormones, and vaccines.
●Microfabricated Microneedles:
A transdermal patch or skin adhesive patch is that device which is loaded with drug candidate and usually applied on the skin to transport a specific dose of medication across the skin and into the blood circulation.
3.2.Electrically-Based Enhancement Techniques
●Ultrasound:
In this technique, there is a mixing of drug substance with a coupling agent (usually with gel, cream or ointment) that causes ultrasonic energy transfer from the system to the skin.
●Iontophoresis:
permeation of ionized drug through electrical impulses of 0.5 mA/cm by either galvanic or voltaic cell. It contains cathode and anode which attracts positively charged ion and negatively charged ions, respectively
3.3. Velocity Based Enhancement Techniques:
●Needle-Free Injections:
The liquid or solid particles are fired at supersonic speeds through the outer layers of the skin using a reliable energy source for delivering the drug.
Approaches Of Gastro-Retentive Drug Delivery System or GRDDSAkshayPatane
Approaches Of Gastro-Retentive Drug Delivery System
Includes:
Floating and Non-Floating drug delivery system with their subtypes
Like Non-effervescent system, Effervescent system, Raft forming system,
High Density system, Expandable system, Muco-adhesive system,
Super porous hydrogel system and Magnetic Systems, etc.
Objectives , policies and principles of cGMP guidelines in pharmaceutical ind...JaskiranKaur72
The presentation contains detailed information about the current GMP in the pharmaceutical industry. It has objectives , policies and principles of cGMP guidelines.
Pdf file is being attached in the link below- https://drive.google.com/file/d/11al8n8AqrkUR_Vnm-z4Mp6O0elzyniEz/view?usp=drivesdk
Implants are cylindrical, monolithic devices of millimeter or centimeter dimensions, implanted into the subcutaneous or intramuscular tissue by an minor surgical incision or injected through a large bore needle; and release the incorporated drug in a controlled manner, allowing the adjustment of release rates over extended periods of time, ranging from several days up to one year.
EVALUATION AND RECENT TECHNIQUES OF TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM”.pptxRahulBGole
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
1.Introduction
2.Evaluation Of Transdermal Drug Delivery System
2.1 Physicochemical Evaluation
2.2 In Vitro Release Studies
2.3 In Vivo Evaluation
2.4 Cutaneous Toxicological Evaluation
3. Recent Techniques For Enhancing TDDS
3.1 Structure Based Enhancemnet Techniques
3.2 Electrically Based Enhancement Techniques
3.3 Velocity Based Enhancement Techniques
3.4 Other Enhancement Techniques
4. Conclusion
5. References
1.Introduction :Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS), also known as ''patches,'' are dosage forms designed to deliver a therapeutically effective amount of drug across a patient's skin.
2.Evaluation of Transdermal Drug Delivery System:
2.1Physicochemical Evaluation:
Physicochemical Evaluation
In Vitro Release Studies
In Vivo Evaluation
Cutaneous Toxicological Evaluation
2.2. In Vitro Release Studies
●The Paddle over Disc:
The transdermal system is attached to a disc or cell resting at the bottom of the vessel which contains medium at 32 ±5°C.
●The Cylinder modified USP Basket:
The system is attached to the surface of a hollow cylinder immersed in medium at 32 ±5°C.
●Franz diffusion cell:
The cell is composed of two compartments: donor and receptor. The receptor compartment has a volume of 5-12ml and effective surface area of 1-5 cm.The diffusion buffer is continuously stirred at 600rpm by a magnetic bar.
2.3. In Vivo Evaluation
●Animal models:
The most common animal species used for evaluating transdermal drug delivery system are mouse, hairless rat, hairless dog, hairless rhesus monkey, rabbit,guinea pig etc.
●Evaporative water loss management:
Content irritation also disrupts the stratum corenum barrier and causes and excessive water loss from the damaged surface that can be measured means of evaporimetry.
3. Recent Techniques for Enhancing TDDS
3.1. Structure-Based Enhancement Techniques
●Macroflux:
This technology offers a needle-free and painless transdermal drug delivery of large-molecular-weight compounds such as insulin,several peptidic hormones, and vaccines.
●Microfabricated Microneedles:
A transdermal patch or skin adhesive patch is that device which is loaded with drug candidate and usually applied on the skin to transport a specific dose of medication across the skin and into the blood circulation.
3.2.Electrically-Based Enhancement Techniques
●Ultrasound:
In this technique, there is a mixing of drug substance with a coupling agent (usually with gel, cream or ointment) that causes ultrasonic energy transfer from the system to the skin.
●Iontophoresis:
permeation of ionized drug through electrical impulses of 0.5 mA/cm by either galvanic or voltaic cell. It contains cathode and anode which attracts positively charged ion and negatively charged ions, respectively
3.3. Velocity Based Enhancement Techniques:
●Needle-Free Injections:
The liquid or solid particles are fired at supersonic speeds through the outer layers of the skin using a reliable energy source for delivering the drug.
Transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) it's formulation and evaluationShritilekhaDash
Topics included:- Introduction; General structure and basic components of TDDS; Types of TDDS; Formulation; Evaluation and it's types; Market share; Examples; Merits and demerits;
TDDS are topically administered medicaments in the form of patches that deliver drugs for systemic effects at predetermined and controlled rate.
Transdermal patch is an adhesive patch, that has a coating of medicine (drug), that is placed on the skin to deliver specific dose of the medicine, into the blood over a period of time.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
1. Presented by;
Alka Diwakar
M.Pharm (Pharmaceutics)
1st Semester (2019-2020)
CSJM UNIVERSITY KANPUR
UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY
TRANSDERMAL DRUG
DELIVERY SYSTEM
1CSJM UNIVERSITY KANPUR
2. INTRODUCTION
The passage of substance from the outside of the
skin through its various layers into the bloodstream.
Definition: Transdermal drug delivery system can deliver the
drugs through the skin portal to systemic circulation at a
predetermined rate and maintain clinically the effective
concentration over the prolonged period of time.
CSJM UNIVERSITY KANPUR 2
3. Transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS)also know as
pacth’s are dosage from designed to deliver
therapeutically effective amount of drug across a
patient’s skin
The primary objective of controlled drug delivery is to
ensure safety and efficacy of the drug as well as
patients compliance.
TDDS a realistic application as the next generation of
drug delivery.
CSJM UNIVERSITY KANPUR 3
4. ANATOMY OF SKIN
It composed of 3 layer-
a) Epidermis-
i) Stratum Corneum
ii) Stratum Lucidum
iii) Stratum Granulosum
iv) Stratum Spinosum
b)Dermis
c)Subcutaneous
CSJM UNIVERSITY KANPUR 4
5. PATHWAY OF DRUG ABSORPTION
THROUGH THE SKIN
Intercellular diffusion through
lipid layer.
Transcellular diffusion through
lipid bilayer and keratinocytes .
Diffusion through hair follicles
and sweat ducts.
The lipophilic drug pass mainly
through the lipid matrix present
in the stratum corneum .
The hydrophilic drug permeate
through hydrated stratum
corneum by polar pathway.
CSJM UNIVERSITY KANPUR 5
6. FUNDAMENTALS OF SKIN PERMEATION
Rate of permeation dQ/dt across a skin can be expressed
as
dQ/dt = Ps[ Cd - Cr ]
Where
dQ/dt – Rate of permeation
Ps – Permeability coefficient
Cd – Concentration in donor compartment
Cr – Concentration in receptor compartment
CSJM UNIVERSITY KANPUR 6
8. Formulation factor
Release rate of the
drug
Ingredient of the
formulation
Presence of permeation
enhancers
Physicochemical
factors of drug
PH
Diffusion coefficient
Partition coefficient
Drug concentration
Molecular size and
shape
CSJM UNIVERSITY KANPUR 8
9. Contd...
Advantages of TDDS
Avoidance of first-pass effect,
Comparable characteristic with IV infusion.
Ease of termination of drug action, if necessary.
Long duration of action.
No interference with gastric and intestinal fluids.
Suitable for administered of drug having –
Very short half-life e.g. NITROGLYCERINE
Narrow therapeutic window.
Poor oral availability
CSJM UNIVERSITY KANPUR 9
10. DISADVANTAGES OF TDDS
Transdermal drug delivery system cannot deliver ionic drugs.
It cannot achieve high drug levels in blood.
It cannot develop for drugs of large molecular size.
It cannot develop if drug or formulation causes irritation to
skin.
Possibility of local irritation at site of application.
May cause allergic reaction.
Long time adherence is difficult.
CSJM UNIVERSITY KANPUR 10
11. TYPES OF TRASDERMAL PATCHS
1. SINGLE-LAYER DRUG-IN-ADHESIVE
2. MULTI-LAYER DRUG-IN-ADHESIVE
3. RESERVOIR SYSTEM
4. MATRIX SYSTEM
CSJM UNIVERSITY KANPUR 11
12. SINGLE-LAYER DRUG-IN- ADHESIVE
The adhesive layer of this system contains the drug.
The adhesive layer not only severs adhere the various
layer together, along with the entire system of the skin,
but it is also responsible for the releasing of the drug.
The adhesive layer is surrounded by a temporary liner and
a backing
Example –Deponit
CSJM UNIVERSITY KANPUR 12
13. MULTI-LAYER DRUG-IN-ADHESIVE
Similar to the single layer system in the both adhesive layer
are also responsible for the releasing of the drug.
In add another layer of drug-in adhesive usually separated by a
membrane .
The patch also has a temporary liner layer and permanent
backing .
Example- Nicotrol.
CSJM UNIVERSITY KANPUR 13
14. RESERVOIR SYSTEM
Reservoir transdermal system has a separate drug layer.
The drug layer is a liquid compartment containing a drug
solution or suspension separated by the adhesive layer.
This patch is also packed by the backing layer this type of
system the rate of release is zero oder.
Example – Transdermal -Nitro
CSJM UNIVERSITY KANPUR 14
15. MATRIX SYSTEM
Matrix system has a drug layer of a semisolid matrix
containing a drug solution or suspension .
The adhesive layer in this patch surrounded the drug layer
partially over layering it.
Example – Nitro-Dur.
CSJM UNIVERSITY KANPUR 15
16. TYPES OF TRANSDERMAL PATCHES
AVAILABLE TODAY
Transdermal patch Nicotine.
Transdermal patch for severe pain.
Transdermal patch for harmone therapy.
Transdermal patch for anti hypertensive,
Transdermal patch for anti depressant.
Transdermal patch for deficit hyper activity disorder.
Transdermal patch for vitamin B12.
Transdermal patch for easy breath.
CSJM UNIVERSITY KANPUR 16
20. Physicochemical Evaluation
Thickness of patch
Weight uniformity
Drug content determination
Content uniformity
Folding endurance
Flatness
Percentage moisture content
Interaction studies
Percentage moisture uptake
Water vapour permeability
evaluation
Tensile strength
Evaluation of adhesive
A. shear adhesion test
B. Peel adhesion test
C. Tack properties
a) Thumb tack test
b) Rolling ball test
c) Quick stick (peel tack test)
test
CSJM UNIVERSITY KANPUR 20
21. Physicochemial evaluation
Interaction studies
Interaction studies(drug and excipient).
Interaction studies ( drug and excipients ) are commonly
carried out in Thermal analysis, Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy (FTIR), UV and chromatographic techniques by
comparing their physicochemical characters such as assay,
melting point, wave numbers, absorption maxima etc.
Thickness of the patch:
The thickness of the drug loaded patch is measured in
different points by using a digital micrometer.
.
CSJM UNIVERSITY KANPUR 21
22. Cont.
Weight uniformity:
The prepared patches are to be dried at 60°c for
4 hrs before testing.
Individually weighing 10 randomly selected patches a
specified area of patch is to be cut in different parts of the patch
and weigh in digital balance.
CSJM UNIVERSITY KANPUR 22
23. Cont....
Drug content determination:
accurately weighed portion of film (about 100 mg) is
dissolved in 100 ml of suitable solvent & shaken
continuously for 24 h, then sonicated
After sonication and subsequent filtration, drug in
solution is estimated spectrophotometrically
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24. Cont..
Content uniformity test:
10 patches are selected, in 9 out of 10 patches have content
between 85% to 115% and 1 has content not less than 75% to
125% of the specified value, patches pass the test
3 patches range of 75% to 125%, then additional 20 patches are
tested . If these 20 patches have range from 85% to 115%, then
the transdermal patches pass the test.
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25. Cont...
Folding endurance:
Flatness test:
In flatness determination one strip is cut from the centre and two
from each side of patches. The length of each strip is measured
and variation in length is measured by determining percent
constriction. 0 % constriction is equivalent to 100 % flatness.
% constriction = I1 – I2 X 100 ∕I1
I1 = Initial length of each strip I2 = Final length of each strip
Repeatedly folding a small strip of the patch at the
same place till it broke. The number of times the
patch could be folded at the same place without
breaking Folding endurance value
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27. Cont...
Evaluation of adhesive
a) Shear Adhesion test:
Shear adhesion strength is determined by measuring (cohesive
strength of an adhesive polymer) the time it takes to pull the
tape off the plate.
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28. Cont....
b) Peel Adhesion test:
In this test, the force required to remove an adhesive coating
form a test substrate is referred to as peel adhesion.
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29. cont
c) Tack properties:
It is ability of a polymer to adhere to a substrate with little
contact pressure. Test is includes.
Thumb tack test:
It is a qualitative test and the force required to remove thumb
from adhesive is a measure of tack.
Rolling ball tack test:
In this test, stainless steel ball of 7/16 inches in diameter is
released on an inclined track so that it rolls down and comes
into contact with horizontal, upward facing adhesive.
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30. Cont....
Quick Stick (peel-tack) test:
The peel force required breaking the bond between an
adhesive and substrate is measured by pulling the tape away
from the substrate at 90 at the speed of 12 inch/min.
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31. Cont.....
Probe Tack test:
The tip of a clean probe is contact with adhesive and bond is
formed between probe and adhesive.
The force required to pull the probe away from the adhesive
at fixed rate is recorded as tack and it is expressed in grams
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33. In-vitro evaluation
In- vitro drug release studies
A number of mathematical model is describe the drug
dissolution kinetics from controlled release drug delivery
system e.g., Higuchi model, First order, Zero order and Peppas
& Korsenmeyer model.
The dissolution data is fitted to these models and obtained
the release mechanism of the drug. There are various
methods available for determination of drug release rate of
TDDS.
CSJM UNIVERSITY KANPUR 33
34. Cont..
Higuchi model
A=[D (2C-Cs) Cs x t] ½
A – amount of drug released
in time ‘t’ per unit area
C – initial drug concentration
Cs – drug solubility in the
matrix media
D – diffusivity of drug
molecule in the matrix
substance
Peppas & Korsenmeyer
model
F = (Mt/M) = Km tn
F – fraction of drug release at
time ‘t’
Mt - amount of drug release at
time ‘t’
M – total amount of drug in
dosage form
Km - kinetic constant
n – diffusion or release
exponent
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35. cont.
Paddle over disc: (USP apparatus 5)
This method the transdermal system is attached to a disc or
cell resting at the bottom of the vessel which contains medium
at 32 ±5°C.
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36. Cont...
Cylinder modified USP Basket: (USP apparatus 6)
This method is similar to the USP basket type dissolution
apparatus, except that the system is attached to the surface of a
hollow cylinder immersed in medium at 32 ±5°C.
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37. In – vivo evaluation
1. Animal models:
In-vivo animals models are preferred because considerable
time and resources are required to carry out studies in humans.
Some of the species are used : mouse, rabbit, rat, cat, dog, pig,
house, monkey small hairy animals (e.g. rat, rabbit) is most
reliable or in vivo evaluation of transdermal patches standard
radiotracer methodology used.
2. Human models:
It is first described by Fieldman and Maibach.
They includes determination of percutaneous absorption by an
indirect method of measuring radioactivity in excreta following
topical application of the labeled drug. 14C is generally used
for radio labeling.
CSJM UNIVERSITY KANPUR 37
38. Cont....
(a) Reservoir technique :
It makes use of the relationship
between stratum corneum
reservoir function and in vivo
percutaneous absorption to
predict in vivo penetration.
This method is involves a
simple, short exposure of the
skin to the compound under
study followed by removal of
the stratum corneum by tape
stripping and analysis of the
content of the compound in
the stratum corneum.
(b) Mass balance technique
The application site is covered
with an occlusive chamber,
the chamber being replaced by
a new one after a particular
time interval. The site is also
subjected to washing at these
time.
Radio labeling techniques are
used and the chamber,
washing and the faces and
urine of the patients are
subjected to analysis. In this
technique include
achievement of mass balance
CSJM UNIVERSITY KANPUR 38
39. ADVANCES IN TRANSDERMAL DRUG
DELIVERY SYSTEMS
Transdermal drug delivery technologies are becoming one
of the fastest growing sectors with in the pharmaceutical
industry.
Advance in drug delivery systems having increasingly
brought about rate controlled delivery with fewer side
effects as well as increased efficacy and constant drug
delivery.
CSJM UNIVERSITY KANPUR 39
40. REFERENCES
1. Y.W. Chien, Noval Drug Delivery Systems, 2nd edition,
revised and expanded, Marcel Dekker, Inc., new York,
1992.
2. N. K. Jain, Controlled and Noval Drug Delivery ,CBS
Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, first edition 1997
3. (reprint in 2001). Jain NK. Controlled And Novel Drug
Delivery. 1st edition. CBS Publishers &
Distributors.1997,107-110.
4. Rolling ball tack test for adhesive evaluation T Himanshi,
S Ruchika. Transdermal Drug Delivery System: A Review.
International Journal Of Pharmaceutical Sciences And
Research. 2016;7(6): 2274-90
CSJM UNIVERSITY KANPUR 40