Transdermal drug delivery system made by Nayan Shridhar Kakde

1. Transdermal drug
delivery system
SUBMITTED BY
NAYAN SHRIDHARKAKDE
B.PHARMFINAL YR (7TH SEM)
GUIDED BY
MR. AMOL G. JADHAO
(M. PHARM, PH. D PURSUING)
(ASSIT. PROF. OF PHARMACEUTICS DEPARTMENT)

2. CONTENTS:
 1. Introduction
 2. Skin
 3. Penetration Enhancers
 4. Types of TDDS5. Drug selection criteria
 6. Advantagesof TDDS
 7. Disadvantagesof TDDS
 8. Basic componentsof TDDS
 9. Evaluation study of TDDS

3. INTRODUCTION:
 TDDS are topically administered medicaments in the form of
patches that deliver drugs for systemic effects at predetermined
and controlled rate.
➤Transdermal patch is an adhesive patch, that has a coating of
medicine (drug), that is placed on the skin to deliver specific dose of
the medicine, into the blood over a period of time.

4. SKIN:
 skin has mainly 3 layers:
 1)Epidermis
 a) Stratum Corneum(HornyLayer)
 b) Stratum Lucidum(Clearlayer)
 c) Stratum Granulosum(GranularLayer)
 d) Stratum Spinosum(Spinylayer)
 e) Stratum Germinativum(Regenerativelayer)
 2) Dermis
 3) Subcutaneouslayer

5. 1. EPIDERMIS
 a) Stratum Corneum- Consists of 25 to 30 layers of flatteneddead keratinocytes.Filledwith keratin.
 b) Stratum Lucidum- Consistsof 3 to 5 transparent,flatteneddead keratinocytes.
 c) Stratum Granulosum- Consistsof 2 to 5 layers of flattenedkeratinocytes.
 d) Stratum Spinosum- Contains8 to 10 layers of cellsand it is closelyarranged.
 e) Stratum Basal- consists of single layer of cubicalor columnarkeratinocytes.

6. 2. DERMIS
 Composed of strong connective tissue containingcollagenand elastic fibers,
hence it can easily stretch and easily recoil.
 Blood vessel, nervesgland and hair folliclesare embedded in this layer.
3. SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER
 It is also calledas Hypodermis.
 It is made up of loose connectivetissue,includingAdipose tissue.
 This helpsto protect the internaland externalfactors of skin.

7. PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION
Release from the base material of the patch
Diffusion to the stratum corneum
Diffusion to the epidermis
Diffusion to the dermis
Migration to the capillary vessels

8. PENETRATION ENHANCERS:
 Increases the absorption of penetrant through the skin.
Classification of Penetration enhancers:
 Chemical Enhancers;
e.g. Azone, Pyrrolidone, Fatty acids, Essential oils, terpenes, organic solvents.
 Physical Enhancers;
e.g. Iontophoresis,electroporation,Microneedles.
 Surfactants;
Anionic surfactant: Sodium Lauryl Sulphate, Dioctyl sulphosuccinate.
Non-ionic surfactant: Pluronic F127, Pluronic F68
Bile Salts: Sodium taurocholate, Sodium deoxycholate.
 Binary systems: Propylene glycol, Oleic acid.
 Sulfoxide: DMSO, DMF, DΜΑ.
 Miscellaneous: Urea, Calcium thioglycolates.

9. Properties for Ideal Penetration
Enhancers:
 Non-toxic, non-irritating and non-allergic.
 Rapid working.
 No pharmacological activity within the body.
 Work unidirectionally.
 When removed from the skin,
 barrier properties should return both rapidly and fully.
 Compatible with both excipients and drugs.
 Cosmetically acceptable.

10. Uses of Penetration Enhancers:
 1. To increase the delivery of ionizable drugs. Example: timolol
maleate.
 2. To deliver the impermeable drugs. Example: heparin.
 3. To maintain level of drug into blood stream.
 4. To improve the efficacy of less potent drugs with higher dose.
Example: oxymorphone.
 5. To deliver the drugs having high molecular weight like peptide
and hormones
 6. To decrease lag time of transdermal drug delivery system

11. Factors Affecting Transdermal
Permeation
 Partition co-efficient
 pH Condition Drug
 Concentration
 Molecularweight.
TYPES OF TDDS:
1) Singlelayer Drug in Adhesive
2) 2) Multi layer Drug in Adhesive
3) 3) Drug Reservoirin Adhesive
4) 4) Drug Matrix in Adhesive

12. 1) Single layer Drug in Adhesive
The Single-layer Drug-in-Adhesive system is characterized by the inclusion of the drug directly within the skin-
contacting adhesive.
In this transdermal system design, the adhesive not only serves to affix the system to the skin, but also serves as the
formulationfoundation,containing the drug and all the excipients under a single backing film.
2) Multi layer Drug in Adhesive
The Multi layer Drug in Adhesive is similar to the Single layer Drug-in-Adhesive in that the drug is incorporated directly
into the adhesive
3) Drug Reservoir in Adhesive
The Reservoir transdermal system design is characterized by the inclusion of a liquid compartment containing a drug
solutionor suspension separated from the release liner by a semi-permeable membrane and adhesive.
4) Drug Matrix in Adhesive
The Matrix system design is characterized by the inclusion of a semisolid matrix containing a drug solutionor
suspension which is in direct contact with the release liner.
The component responsible for skin adhesion is incorporated in an overlay and forms a concentric configurationaround
the semisolid matrix.

13. DRUG SELECTION CRITERIA
Dose is less than 10 mg per day
Molecularweight <1000 Daltons
Aqueoussolubility >1mg/ml
Drug should not be an irritantto skin
Drug should not stimulate an immune
reaction in the skin

14. Drug Characters Suitable for
TDDS:
Physico-chemical properties of drug
 Should have Molecular weight less than 1000 daltons (800-1000).
 Should have affinity for both lipophilic and hydrophilic phases.
 Should have low melting point.
Biological properties of drug
 Should be potent(less than 20mg).
 Half life should be short.
 Must not induce a cutaneous irritant or allergic response.
 Drugs which degrade in the GI tract or inactivated by hepatic first pass effect are suitable candidate.
 Tolerance to the drug must not develop.
 Drugs which has to be administered for a longer period of time can be formulated.
 Drugs which cause adverse effects to non target tissues can also be formulated.

15. ADVANTAGES OF TDDS:
 Easy to use.
 Avoidanceof first-pass effect.
 Long duration of action.
 Comparable characteristicswith IV infusion.
 No interferencewith gastric and intestinalfluids.
 More improvedand convenientpatientcompliance.
 Self medicationis possible.
 Suitablefor administeredof drug having-Very short half-life,e.g. nitro-
glycerine.
Narrow therapeuticwindow.Poororal availability.

16. DISADVANTAGES OF TDDS:
 Poor diffusion of large molecules.
 Skin irritation.
 Unsuitable -If drug dose is large.
 Absorption efficiency is vary with different sites
of skin.
 Daily dose more than 10mg is not possible.

17. Basic Components of TDDS:
 1. Polymermatrix
Natural polymers
Cellulosederivatives,Gelatine, Shellac,Waxes, ProteinsGums, Natural rubbers,
starch.
Syntheticpolymers
☐ PVA, PVC, Poly amide, Poly acrylate,Polyurea,PVP, Epoxy, etc.
 2. The drug
 3. Permeationenhancers
 4. Other excipients

18. EVALUATION OF TDDS
Physico-
chemical
evaluation
In vitro
evaluation
In vivo
evaluation
Stability
studies

19. Physicochemical evaluation of
TDDS:
Thickness
Moisture content Uniformity of
weight
Adhesives
evaluation
Drug content
determination
Tensile Strength
Folding
Endurance
Water vapour
transmission
studies
Microscopic
studies

20. In-vitro evaluation of TDDS:
In-vitro
evaluation of
TDDS:
Reciprocating
Cylinder
Diffusion Cell
Cylinder Modified
USP basket
In vitro
evaluation

21. In-vivo evaluation of TDDS:
Animal
models
Human
volunteers
In vivo
evaluation

22. Stability study of TDDS:
 According to the International Conference on
Harmonization (ICH) guidelines by storing the TDDS
samples at 40° 2°C and 75 plus/minus 5% RH for 6
months. The samples were withdrawn at 0, 30, 60, 90
and 180 days and analyzed for drug content by suitable
analytical technique

23. thanks
MADE BY : NAYAN SHRIDHAR KAKDE