Tcp over 4 g
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
1 like•967 views
It describes the possibilities of implementing TCP over 4G Wireless networks If we succeed in that we can get last info /voice back Because 4G uses "digital packet switching" technology
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Ericsson Technology Review: Flexibility in 5G transport networks: the key to ...
1) 5G networks will need to be highly flexible to meet the increasing demands for connectivity as applications evolve and the number of connected devices grows exponentially. This will require tight integration between 5G radio, transport networks, and cloud infrastructures.
2) Transport networks will need to be flexible in order to provide connectivity between sites and individual terminals, as well as meet stringent requirements for capacity, synchronization, timing, delay, and jitter. They will also need to support network slicing to allow for customized network slices tailored to specific service and application needs.
3) Achieving the necessary flexibility will require new levels of programmability and abstraction across transport networks through software-defined networking and network functions virtualization principles. This will
Driving fixed mobile convergence with 5 g 140617 final with notes
This document discusses how 5G can drive fixed/mobile convergence through a common cloud-native core network that supports multiple access technologies and network slicing. It describes challenges around consistent user experience across devices and applications. The collaboration between BT and Nokia Bell Labs aims to explore using 5G and multi-connectivity to improve connectivity in and around the home with seamless handovers between 5G radio and Wi-Fi.
White Paper: Understanding the Networked Society – new logics for an age of e...
Technology has the potential to transform how we organize our lives, businesses and societies. But if the era we are now entering is to be more inclusive, equitable and empowering, we must start by examining the fundamentally different nature of a physical world fueled by digital connectivity.
5G for Business Transformation
The fifth generation (5G) technologies ushering in a new era of digital transformation across industries. With the promise of extreme bandwidth ( nearly 100 times faster than 4G),
ultra-low latency, high levels of security and reliability, 5G holds the promise to transform industries in ways we’re just
beginning to comprehend. The 5G technologies will change the way we connect, consume information and work. More importantly, it brings new capabilities to businesses, enabling them to deliver ground breaking solutions that reach across societies. This whitepaper provides a brief discussion on 5G technologies and importance of precise synchronization to enable 5G technologies for business transformation.
Daknet ppt
DakNet is a wireless network that provides internet access to remote villages in India and Cambodia using a store-and-forward technique. It transmits data between kiosks and mobile access points (MAPs) mounted on vehicles. MAPs come within range of kiosks or internet hubs to transfer messages and videos. DakNet leverages low-cost wireless and digital storage to provide affordable connectivity without real-time requirements. It has been successfully deployed to provide education, healthcare, government services, and commerce to rural communities in a scalable way.
DakNet PPT
Internet Goes Rural Riding on a Motorbike.
Download Full Report and PPT from the website.
Please Like and Share if you find informative.
Paul Ekpenyong - PPC
Belden Inc. is a global company that provides signal transmission solutions across multiple industries. It has five business segments: broadcast solutions, enterprise connectivity, industrial connectivity, industrial IT solutions, and network security. The company generates the most revenue from broadcast solutions ($770M), followed by enterprise connectivity ($603M), industrial connectivity ($585M), industrial IT solutions ($235M), and network security ($164M).
5G & Hyper-Personalization - The Backbone to Next-Generation Products
On the cusp of the 4th Industrial Revolution, the technologies like 5G, IOT, and Artificial Intelligence are used to develop real use cases rather than proof of concepts. Companies have started seeing the value they can deliver in comparison to what they have now.
This webinar will be covering what are the real use cases which have started taking shape and adoption. What is the role of 5G in it and how will IOT shape up the world as we go ahead.
Recommended
Ericsson Technology Review: Flexibility in 5G transport networks: the key to ...
1) 5G networks will need to be highly flexible to meet the increasing demands for connectivity as applications evolve and the number of connected devices grows exponentially. This will require tight integration between 5G radio, transport networks, and cloud infrastructures.
2) Transport networks will need to be flexible in order to provide connectivity between sites and individual terminals, as well as meet stringent requirements for capacity, synchronization, timing, delay, and jitter. They will also need to support network slicing to allow for customized network slices tailored to specific service and application needs.
3) Achieving the necessary flexibility will require new levels of programmability and abstraction across transport networks through software-defined networking and network functions virtualization principles. This will
Driving fixed mobile convergence with 5 g 140617 final with notes
This document discusses how 5G can drive fixed/mobile convergence through a common cloud-native core network that supports multiple access technologies and network slicing. It describes challenges around consistent user experience across devices and applications. The collaboration between BT and Nokia Bell Labs aims to explore using 5G and multi-connectivity to improve connectivity in and around the home with seamless handovers between 5G radio and Wi-Fi.
White Paper: Understanding the Networked Society – new logics for an age of e...
Technology has the potential to transform how we organize our lives, businesses and societies. But if the era we are now entering is to be more inclusive, equitable and empowering, we must start by examining the fundamentally different nature of a physical world fueled by digital connectivity.
5G for Business Transformation
The fifth generation (5G) technologies ushering in a new era of digital transformation across industries. With the promise of extreme bandwidth ( nearly 100 times faster than 4G),
ultra-low latency, high levels of security and reliability, 5G holds the promise to transform industries in ways we’re just
beginning to comprehend. The 5G technologies will change the way we connect, consume information and work. More importantly, it brings new capabilities to businesses, enabling them to deliver ground breaking solutions that reach across societies. This whitepaper provides a brief discussion on 5G technologies and importance of precise synchronization to enable 5G technologies for business transformation.
Daknet ppt
DakNet is a wireless network that provides internet access to remote villages in India and Cambodia using a store-and-forward technique. It transmits data between kiosks and mobile access points (MAPs) mounted on vehicles. MAPs come within range of kiosks or internet hubs to transfer messages and videos. DakNet leverages low-cost wireless and digital storage to provide affordable connectivity without real-time requirements. It has been successfully deployed to provide education, healthcare, government services, and commerce to rural communities in a scalable way.
DakNet PPT
Internet Goes Rural Riding on a Motorbike.
Download Full Report and PPT from the website.
Please Like and Share if you find informative.
Paul Ekpenyong - PPC
Belden Inc. is a global company that provides signal transmission solutions across multiple industries. It has five business segments: broadcast solutions, enterprise connectivity, industrial connectivity, industrial IT solutions, and network security. The company generates the most revenue from broadcast solutions ($770M), followed by enterprise connectivity ($603M), industrial connectivity ($585M), industrial IT solutions ($235M), and network security ($164M).
5G & Hyper-Personalization - The Backbone to Next-Generation Products
On the cusp of the 4th Industrial Revolution, the technologies like 5G, IOT, and Artificial Intelligence are used to develop real use cases rather than proof of concepts. Companies have started seeing the value they can deliver in comparison to what they have now.
This webinar will be covering what are the real use cases which have started taking shape and adoption. What is the role of 5G in it and how will IOT shape up the world as we go ahead.
Ericsson Technology Review - issue 2, 2017
The latest issue of Ericsson Technology Review includes articles that shed light on important topics including the evolution of LTE to fit the 5G future; an overview of the latest developments in microwave backhaul; and how DevOps can be used to satisfy demands for faster turnaround in feature development.
It also contains our annual technology trends article, in which I present what I believe are the five trends to watch in our industry in the years ahead, namely: an adaptable technology base, the dawn of true machine intelligence, end-to-end security and identity for IoT, an extended-distributed IoT platform, and overlaying reality with knowledge.
I hope you find the contents of this issue of the magazine as thought-provoking as I do. All of the articles included here are also available individually on our website. Please feel free to share them via e-mail or social media.
ST Engineering iDirect EMEA Asia Digital Forum
Advances in telco, IT and new space bring greater opportunity, but also new complexities that need to be solved for that opportunity to be realized. And much of this falls on the shoulders of the ground segment industry.
Smart Cities, IoT, SDN, 5G Networks, Cloud Computing… Managing Complexity wit...
Service & Content Providers’ Perspective of Smart Cities -How to enrich citizen experience using a pervasive urban SDN connectivity environment, Ramon Casellas
HetNet Forum Wireless Trends
Founded in 2006, the HetNet Forum is the only national network of leaders focused on shaping the future of heterogeneous wireless networks (the HetNet). The HetNet is a wireless ecosystem, comprised of a variety of mobile and wireless technologies and infrastructure, interoperable with the macro-cellular network providing harmonious voice and data communications.
Daknet
Daknet is an ad-hoc wireless network that provides digital connectivity in developing nations using mobile access points mounted on vehicles like buses and bikes, as well as stationary kiosks located in villages. It functions as a store-and-forward system, using the vehicles to transport data between kiosks and a central internet hub. This allows for low-cost asynchronous communication of services like email and bulletin boards without requiring constant connectivity. Daknet is currently deployed in initiatives in India, Cambodia, and elsewhere to provide rural connectivity.
Intelligent Communication Network For Smart Cities Part 2 By Noor M. Sheikh, ...
Knowledge Forum | http://www.noor.org.sa | Day 3 - Panel 4 - Intelligent Communication Network For Smart Cities Part 2 By Noor M. Sheikh, Noor
Fog Networking
The document discusses fog networking, which uses edge devices and clients to perform computing tasks rather than routing all information through data centers. It defines fog networking as using end-user devices for storage, communication, and management. Edge devices are becoming more powerful but still have limitations. The document argues fog networking can enable real-time processing at the local level along with pooling local resources. It presents client resource pooling as a case study and identifies research challenges in areas like trustworthiness, incentives for client participation, and managing interactions between fog and cloud systems.
Addressing the Multi-Small Cell Challenge
JCDecaux is the global leader in outdoor advertising with over 1.2 million assets worldwide and a daily audience of over 400 million people across 75 countries. JCDecaux completed its first large-scale project with Vodafone in 2014, deploying 200 4G small cells on bus shelters in Amsterdam. Key learnings included being able to deploy sites much faster than traditional towers and that small cells improved network capacity. JCDecaux has since partnered with major carriers like Verizon on additional small cell projects in cities like San Francisco to provide higher network performance and capacity through a multi-small cell approach requiring fiber connectivity. JCDecaux aims to develop innovative hosting solutions for small cells and more to provide a
How Will Space 2.0 Technology Impact Gov /Mil SatCom Operations
This document discusses how new space technologies will impact government and military satellite communications operations. It notes that global hybrid networks using multi-orbit satellite constellations, more OTM/OTP platforms, and efficient waveforms will require virtual, orchestrated, dynamic, hybrid, and cloud-based network designs for dispersed global operations. These new designs aim to increase flexibility, resilience, availability and services to support more complex operational needs while bridging the gap between commercial and military satellite communications.
Moonshot rodriguez slides
5G will provide significantly higher speeds, greater network capacity, and lower latency compared to previous generations of wireless networks. It will be capable of supporting billions of connected devices and enabling technologies like autonomous vehicles that require real-time connectivity. To realize the full potential of 5G, network intelligence must be distributed throughout the system and open source standards adopted.
Information & Communication Technology key to enable sustainable urbanization
This document discusses the role of information and communication technology (ICT) in enabling sustainable urbanization. It outlines several projects conducted in partnership between UN-Habitat and Ericsson to explore how digital technologies like sensors, data sharing, and community platforms can help address urban challenges related to issues like water access and transportation. The projects found that ICT can improve data access for stakeholders, empower citizens, and facilitate participation in urban planning. Moving forward, the partnership will continue exploring applications of emerging technologies like the Internet of Things.
Cannes plenary Workplan Webinar - 14th March 2017
The Small Cell Forum (SCF) will hold a plenary workplan webinar on March 14th to discuss the agenda for their upcoming meeting in Cannes, France. The agenda will focus on operational, business, marketing, technology, interoperability, and special sessions. Key topics of discussion will include MEC/NFV impact on operations, 5G transport requirements, ownership models, CBRS/MulteFire, and plugfest testing. The goal is to establish practices to commercially deploy hyperdense heterogeneous networks and ensure a coherent roadmap for 5G investments.
Small Cell Forum: Lighting the path to 5G
Presentation by Julius Robson of the Chair Steering Committee of Small Cell Forum at the Mobile World Congress 2017 in Barcelona.
INDUSTRY TRENDS IN TELECOMMUNICATION Midterm ICT-IS2A
This document discusses industry trends in telecommunications. It begins by defining telecommunications as communication over distances using electrical or electromagnetic signals, such as telephone networks, radio, computer networks, and the internet. It then lists major telecom companies in the Philippines and the top 10 worldwide telecom companies. The top 3 industry trends discussed are 5G wireless technology, the growth of the Internet of Things (IoT), and increased use of cloud computing and hybrid cloud models.
6.abstract
This document discusses solutions for cost-effective data transfer between locations at broadband speeds. Wired fiber optic solutions can be costly and inflexible, while wireless broadband has emerged as a lower-cost alternative that can match or exceed reliability. Standards like IEEE 802.11 and 802.16 (WiFi and WiMAX) promise high data rates over large areas for many users. These wireless solutions can provide broadband access in rural areas currently without connectivity. Seamless vertical handoff between heterogeneous wireless networks is needed for true global mobility, but existing frameworks do not provide practical solutions; the proposed "End-to-End Vertical Handoff" concept offers a novel design to continuously monitor network availability and select the best network. Simulations
Daknet ppt ( prepared by me for seminar in my college )
DakNet is an ad hoc network which uses wireless technology to provide digital connectivity.
DakNet takes advantages of the existing transportation and communication infrastructure to provide digital connectivity. DakNet offers a cost-effective network for data connectivity in regions lacking communications infrastructure. Instead of trying to relay data over long distances, which can be expensive, DakNet transmits data over short point-to-point links between kiosks and portable storage devices called Mobile Access Points (MAP). DakNet takes advantages of the existing transportation and communication infrastructure to provide digital connectivity.
A simple store-and-forward WiFi system, using a government bus as a central linkage. The bus contains a simple WiFi installation and server, and when in range of one of the outlying information kiosks it synchronizes data for later processing. Mounted and powered on a bus or motorcycle with a small generator MAP physically transports data between public kiosks and private communications devices and between kiosks and a hub (for non real time internet access). Low cost Wi-Fi radio transceivers transfer data stored in MAP at high bandwidth for each point-to-point connection.
Intelligent Communication Network For Smart Cities Part 1 By Noor M. Sheikh, ...
Knowledge Forum | http://www.noor.org.sa | Day 3 - Panel 4 - Intelligent Communication Network For Smart Cities Part 1 By Noor M. Sheikh, Noor
Parallel Wireless: Removing Deployment Constraints of Small Cell vRAN and 5G ...
Parallel Wireless is a company founded in 2012 that develops software-based wireless networking solutions. Their mission is to make any cellular deployment as easy and cost-effective as Wi-Fi. They have engaged with 30 operators globally and have deployments in rural, urban, enterprise, and public safety networks. Their solution is based on centralized control and distributed radio architecture using SDN and NFV. This allows flexible backhaul options and easy installation of their small form factor outdoor and indoor cells.
Scws 2017 keynote
This document provides a summary of a keynote presentation given at the SCWS conference in May 2017 about the growth of small cell networks. The summary discusses:
1) How small cell networks have grown significantly since 2007, with over 18 million small cells now deployed and a variety of use cases providing business value.
2) Projections indicate continued strong growth in outdoor small cells driven by network densification, as well as indoor small cell revenue reaching $1.8 billion by 2021.
3) The Small Cell Forum plays a key role in driving small cell adoption through initiatives like case studies, outreach campaigns, and work to lower deployment barriers.
Enterprise Small Cell Opportunities and Challenges
Small cell networks provide opportunities for in-building wireless connectivity but also face challenges. Small cells reduce equipment and deployment costs by needing less space, power, and antennas. They also allow for faster deployment and easier integration of new technologies like 5G. However, small cells often lack support for multiple tenants and consistent aesthetics, which is important for multi-tenant buildings. They also lack visibility into network performance and may not integrate smoothly with existing infrastructure. The CBRS shared spectrum addresses some of these challenges by establishing licensed and unlicensed frequency bands to better support wireless internet providers and allow more flexibility.
4g wireless final ppt
The document discusses the evolution of wireless communication technologies from 1G to 4G. It provides an overview of cellular networks and wireless local area networks. The key aspects of 3G and 4G wireless systems are summarized, including services, issues, hardware requirements and user expectations for 4G. 4G is described as providing higher speeds, bandwidth and customized services across a variety of access technologies compared to 3G.
4g wireless final ppt
The document discusses the evolution of wireless communication technologies from 1G to 4G. It provides an overview of cellular networks and wireless local area networks. The key aspects of 3G wireless systems are described, including services provided and issues. 4G wireless is characterized as providing high speeds, customized services, and support for multimedia. The technologies, hardware, services, and expected user segments of 4G are outlined. Comparisons are made between requirements and technologies of 3G and 4G wireless systems.
More Related Content
What's hot
Ericsson Technology Review - issue 2, 2017
The latest issue of Ericsson Technology Review includes articles that shed light on important topics including the evolution of LTE to fit the 5G future; an overview of the latest developments in microwave backhaul; and how DevOps can be used to satisfy demands for faster turnaround in feature development.
It also contains our annual technology trends article, in which I present what I believe are the five trends to watch in our industry in the years ahead, namely: an adaptable technology base, the dawn of true machine intelligence, end-to-end security and identity for IoT, an extended-distributed IoT platform, and overlaying reality with knowledge.
I hope you find the contents of this issue of the magazine as thought-provoking as I do. All of the articles included here are also available individually on our website. Please feel free to share them via e-mail or social media.
ST Engineering iDirect EMEA Asia Digital Forum
Advances in telco, IT and new space bring greater opportunity, but also new complexities that need to be solved for that opportunity to be realized. And much of this falls on the shoulders of the ground segment industry.
Smart Cities, IoT, SDN, 5G Networks, Cloud Computing… Managing Complexity wit...
Service & Content Providers’ Perspective of Smart Cities -How to enrich citizen experience using a pervasive urban SDN connectivity environment, Ramon Casellas
HetNet Forum Wireless Trends
Founded in 2006, the HetNet Forum is the only national network of leaders focused on shaping the future of heterogeneous wireless networks (the HetNet). The HetNet is a wireless ecosystem, comprised of a variety of mobile and wireless technologies and infrastructure, interoperable with the macro-cellular network providing harmonious voice and data communications.
Daknet
Daknet is an ad-hoc wireless network that provides digital connectivity in developing nations using mobile access points mounted on vehicles like buses and bikes, as well as stationary kiosks located in villages. It functions as a store-and-forward system, using the vehicles to transport data between kiosks and a central internet hub. This allows for low-cost asynchronous communication of services like email and bulletin boards without requiring constant connectivity. Daknet is currently deployed in initiatives in India, Cambodia, and elsewhere to provide rural connectivity.
Intelligent Communication Network For Smart Cities Part 2 By Noor M. Sheikh, ...
Knowledge Forum | http://www.noor.org.sa | Day 3 - Panel 4 - Intelligent Communication Network For Smart Cities Part 2 By Noor M. Sheikh, Noor
Fog Networking
The document discusses fog networking, which uses edge devices and clients to perform computing tasks rather than routing all information through data centers. It defines fog networking as using end-user devices for storage, communication, and management. Edge devices are becoming more powerful but still have limitations. The document argues fog networking can enable real-time processing at the local level along with pooling local resources. It presents client resource pooling as a case study and identifies research challenges in areas like trustworthiness, incentives for client participation, and managing interactions between fog and cloud systems.
Addressing the Multi-Small Cell Challenge
JCDecaux is the global leader in outdoor advertising with over 1.2 million assets worldwide and a daily audience of over 400 million people across 75 countries. JCDecaux completed its first large-scale project with Vodafone in 2014, deploying 200 4G small cells on bus shelters in Amsterdam. Key learnings included being able to deploy sites much faster than traditional towers and that small cells improved network capacity. JCDecaux has since partnered with major carriers like Verizon on additional small cell projects in cities like San Francisco to provide higher network performance and capacity through a multi-small cell approach requiring fiber connectivity. JCDecaux aims to develop innovative hosting solutions for small cells and more to provide a
How Will Space 2.0 Technology Impact Gov /Mil SatCom Operations
This document discusses how new space technologies will impact government and military satellite communications operations. It notes that global hybrid networks using multi-orbit satellite constellations, more OTM/OTP platforms, and efficient waveforms will require virtual, orchestrated, dynamic, hybrid, and cloud-based network designs for dispersed global operations. These new designs aim to increase flexibility, resilience, availability and services to support more complex operational needs while bridging the gap between commercial and military satellite communications.
Moonshot rodriguez slides
5G will provide significantly higher speeds, greater network capacity, and lower latency compared to previous generations of wireless networks. It will be capable of supporting billions of connected devices and enabling technologies like autonomous vehicles that require real-time connectivity. To realize the full potential of 5G, network intelligence must be distributed throughout the system and open source standards adopted.
Information & Communication Technology key to enable sustainable urbanization
This document discusses the role of information and communication technology (ICT) in enabling sustainable urbanization. It outlines several projects conducted in partnership between UN-Habitat and Ericsson to explore how digital technologies like sensors, data sharing, and community platforms can help address urban challenges related to issues like water access and transportation. The projects found that ICT can improve data access for stakeholders, empower citizens, and facilitate participation in urban planning. Moving forward, the partnership will continue exploring applications of emerging technologies like the Internet of Things.
Cannes plenary Workplan Webinar - 14th March 2017
The Small Cell Forum (SCF) will hold a plenary workplan webinar on March 14th to discuss the agenda for their upcoming meeting in Cannes, France. The agenda will focus on operational, business, marketing, technology, interoperability, and special sessions. Key topics of discussion will include MEC/NFV impact on operations, 5G transport requirements, ownership models, CBRS/MulteFire, and plugfest testing. The goal is to establish practices to commercially deploy hyperdense heterogeneous networks and ensure a coherent roadmap for 5G investments.
Small Cell Forum: Lighting the path to 5G
Presentation by Julius Robson of the Chair Steering Committee of Small Cell Forum at the Mobile World Congress 2017 in Barcelona.
INDUSTRY TRENDS IN TELECOMMUNICATION Midterm ICT-IS2A
This document discusses industry trends in telecommunications. It begins by defining telecommunications as communication over distances using electrical or electromagnetic signals, such as telephone networks, radio, computer networks, and the internet. It then lists major telecom companies in the Philippines and the top 10 worldwide telecom companies. The top 3 industry trends discussed are 5G wireless technology, the growth of the Internet of Things (IoT), and increased use of cloud computing and hybrid cloud models.
6.abstract
This document discusses solutions for cost-effective data transfer between locations at broadband speeds. Wired fiber optic solutions can be costly and inflexible, while wireless broadband has emerged as a lower-cost alternative that can match or exceed reliability. Standards like IEEE 802.11 and 802.16 (WiFi and WiMAX) promise high data rates over large areas for many users. These wireless solutions can provide broadband access in rural areas currently without connectivity. Seamless vertical handoff between heterogeneous wireless networks is needed for true global mobility, but existing frameworks do not provide practical solutions; the proposed "End-to-End Vertical Handoff" concept offers a novel design to continuously monitor network availability and select the best network. Simulations
Daknet ppt ( prepared by me for seminar in my college )
DakNet is an ad hoc network which uses wireless technology to provide digital connectivity.
DakNet takes advantages of the existing transportation and communication infrastructure to provide digital connectivity. DakNet offers a cost-effective network for data connectivity in regions lacking communications infrastructure. Instead of trying to relay data over long distances, which can be expensive, DakNet transmits data over short point-to-point links between kiosks and portable storage devices called Mobile Access Points (MAP). DakNet takes advantages of the existing transportation and communication infrastructure to provide digital connectivity.
A simple store-and-forward WiFi system, using a government bus as a central linkage. The bus contains a simple WiFi installation and server, and when in range of one of the outlying information kiosks it synchronizes data for later processing. Mounted and powered on a bus or motorcycle with a small generator MAP physically transports data between public kiosks and private communications devices and between kiosks and a hub (for non real time internet access). Low cost Wi-Fi radio transceivers transfer data stored in MAP at high bandwidth for each point-to-point connection.
Intelligent Communication Network For Smart Cities Part 1 By Noor M. Sheikh, ...
Knowledge Forum | http://www.noor.org.sa | Day 3 - Panel 4 - Intelligent Communication Network For Smart Cities Part 1 By Noor M. Sheikh, Noor
Parallel Wireless: Removing Deployment Constraints of Small Cell vRAN and 5G ...
Parallel Wireless is a company founded in 2012 that develops software-based wireless networking solutions. Their mission is to make any cellular deployment as easy and cost-effective as Wi-Fi. They have engaged with 30 operators globally and have deployments in rural, urban, enterprise, and public safety networks. Their solution is based on centralized control and distributed radio architecture using SDN and NFV. This allows flexible backhaul options and easy installation of their small form factor outdoor and indoor cells.
Scws 2017 keynote
This document provides a summary of a keynote presentation given at the SCWS conference in May 2017 about the growth of small cell networks. The summary discusses:
1) How small cell networks have grown significantly since 2007, with over 18 million small cells now deployed and a variety of use cases providing business value.
2) Projections indicate continued strong growth in outdoor small cells driven by network densification, as well as indoor small cell revenue reaching $1.8 billion by 2021.
3) The Small Cell Forum plays a key role in driving small cell adoption through initiatives like case studies, outreach campaigns, and work to lower deployment barriers.
Enterprise Small Cell Opportunities and Challenges
Small cell networks provide opportunities for in-building wireless connectivity but also face challenges. Small cells reduce equipment and deployment costs by needing less space, power, and antennas. They also allow for faster deployment and easier integration of new technologies like 5G. However, small cells often lack support for multiple tenants and consistent aesthetics, which is important for multi-tenant buildings. They also lack visibility into network performance and may not integrate smoothly with existing infrastructure. The CBRS shared spectrum addresses some of these challenges by establishing licensed and unlicensed frequency bands to better support wireless internet providers and allow more flexibility.
What's hot (20)
Smart Cities, IoT, SDN, 5G Networks, Cloud Computing… Managing Complexity wit...
Smart Cities, IoT, SDN, 5G Networks, Cloud Computing… Managing Complexity wit...
Intelligent Communication Network For Smart Cities Part 2 By Noor M. Sheikh, ...
Intelligent Communication Network For Smart Cities Part 2 By Noor M. Sheikh, ...
How Will Space 2.0 Technology Impact Gov /Mil SatCom Operations
How Will Space 2.0 Technology Impact Gov /Mil SatCom Operations
Information & Communication Technology key to enable sustainable urbanization
Information & Communication Technology key to enable sustainable urbanization
INDUSTRY TRENDS IN TELECOMMUNICATION Midterm ICT-IS2A
INDUSTRY TRENDS IN TELECOMMUNICATION Midterm ICT-IS2A
Daknet ppt ( prepared by me for seminar in my college )
Daknet ppt ( prepared by me for seminar in my college )
Intelligent Communication Network For Smart Cities Part 1 By Noor M. Sheikh, ...
Intelligent Communication Network For Smart Cities Part 1 By Noor M. Sheikh, ...
Parallel Wireless: Removing Deployment Constraints of Small Cell vRAN and 5G ...
Parallel Wireless: Removing Deployment Constraints of Small Cell vRAN and 5G ...
Enterprise Small Cell Opportunities and Challenges
Enterprise Small Cell Opportunities and Challenges
Similar to Tcp over 4 g
4g wireless final ppt
The document discusses the evolution of wireless communication technologies from 1G to 4G. It provides an overview of cellular networks and wireless local area networks. The key aspects of 3G and 4G wireless systems are summarized, including services, issues, hardware requirements and user expectations for 4G. 4G is described as providing higher speeds, bandwidth and customized services across a variety of access technologies compared to 3G.
4g wireless final ppt
The document discusses the evolution of wireless communication technologies from 1G to 4G. It provides an overview of cellular networks and wireless local area networks. The key aspects of 3G wireless systems are described, including services provided and issues. 4G wireless is characterized as providing high speeds, customized services, and support for multimedia. The technologies, hardware, services, and expected user segments of 4G are outlined. Comparisons are made between requirements and technologies of 3G and 4G wireless systems.
4gnewww
4G is the fourth generation of wireless technology that will provide cable modem-like transmission speeds for mobile devices, enabling high-quality streaming media and IP-based services. It uses technologies like OFDM and MIMO to provide data transfer speeds up to 10 times faster than 3G. 4G aims to support broadband multimedia services through an IP-based mobile system with high speeds, high capacity, and low cost per bit of data transferred.
Evolution from 3_g_to_4g_and_beyond_5g
This document discusses the evolution of wireless communication networks from 1G to 5G. It provides an overview of 1G to 3G wireless systems, including their key features and limitations. 4G is presented as a conceptual framework to address future high speed wireless needs, aiming to provide 100Mbps mobility and 1Gbps stationary speeds. 5G is described as a theoretical complete wireless system with almost no limitations, enabling a true "wireless world". The document concludes that wireless systems are becoming important infrastructure and a virtual global system can efficiently connect dedicated wireless networks from 2G to 4G.
4G Wireless Mobile Communication
4G is the fourth generation of mobile communications technology intended to replace 3G. It would allow for wireless internet access at much higher speeds of up to 1 Gbps for low mobility and 100 Mbps for high mobility. Key 4G technologies include OFDM, SDR, MIMO and improved handover and mobility. 4G would provide benefits like higher bandwidth, lower network costs, and access to broadband multimedia services for both operators and users.
4G Technology
This document summarizes a technical seminar on 4G technology presented by Rahul Jha. 4G refers to fourth generation wireless technology capable of speeds from 100Mbps to 1Gbps. Key features of 4G include high quality of service, high security, ability to provide any service anywhere at any time, and more security and speed compared to 3G. While a few countries have started commercial 4G networks, 4G promises faster internet access on mobile devices closer to home broadband speeds.
Next generation wireless communication
This document provides an overview of next generation wireless communication technologies, focusing on 5G. It discusses the evolution from 1G to 4G wireless standards. 5G aims to support higher bandwidth, lower latency, and more connections than previous standards. 5G works using millimeter waves, small cell networks, and beamforming to direct signals. Key features of 5G include speeds over 1 Gbps, low latency under 1 ms, increased bandwidth and device connectivity, near 100% coverage and availability, and reduced energy usage. While 5G promises major improvements, it may also enable laziness and reduce productivity if overused.
4 g communication system
4G provides high-speed wireless communication up to 100 Mbps for mobile users and 1 Gbps for stationary users. It allows transmission of high quality video in an all-IP network. 4G offers benefits like improved bandwidth and spectral efficiency for interactive multimedia applications on an anytime, anywhere basis. However, 4G technology is expensive to deploy and not available everywhere yet. 5G is expected to provide even higher resolutions and support new applications through advanced interfaces.
Lecture 4 telecommunication
This document provides an overview of wireless communication technologies from 1G to 5G. It discusses the key features and limitations of each generation of wireless technology, including their data speeds and applications. The document also compares 3G vs 4G and 4G vs 5G technologies. It describes how wireless communication has evolved over time to support faster data transmission rates and more advanced multimedia services.
Generation of mobile communication systems
Mobile communication technologies have evolved from 1G analog networks to 2G digital networks to 3G networks that allow data and voice. 4G networks aim to provide speeds of 100Mbps to 1Gbps using technologies like LTE and WiMax. 5G is envisioned to provide even higher bandwidth and connectivity through technologies that have not been fully developed yet. Each generation brings higher speeds and more advanced applications, but also faces challenges in areas like costs, bandwidth requirements, and developing technology standards.
Evolution of wireless technology 1 g 5g1 (2)
This document provides an overview of wireless technologies from 0G to 5G. It discusses the evolution and key features of each generation including the underlying technologies, data speeds, and applications. The 5G section describes its architecture, hardware/software components, features, applications, and how it represents an improvement over previous generations with speeds up to 1Gbps and the ability to support new technologies like wearables and IoT.
4G Technology
Rahul Jha presented on 4G technology. 4G, or fourth generation wireless technology, was developed in the late 2000s and is capable of speeds between 100Mbps to 1Gbps. It provides mobile broadband access anywhere and anytime through an integrated wireless solution. 4G aims to offer higher quality of service, security, and customizable personal services compared to previous generations of wireless technology. Key features of 4G include high speed, high capacity, low cost per bit, and support for interactive multimedia applications.
Seminar on 4 g wireless system
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on 4G wireless systems. It discusses the evolution from earlier 1G, 2G, and 3G wireless technologies. 4G aims to support high-speed multimedia services with bandwidths of up to 100 Mbps. It will use technologies like OFDM, MC-CDMA, smart antennas and ultra-wideband to provide global connectivity, high quality voice/video, and customizable personal services across mobile devices. Requirements for 4G include improved speed, bandwidth, switching capabilities and access technologies compared to 3G. 4G is expected to converge various platforms and provide advantages in coverage, bandwidth, power usage and new location-based and datacasting services.
generations of mobile communication.3G v/s 4G
This document provides an overview of 4G technology, beginning with a brief history of previous mobile communication generations including 1G, 2G, and 3G. It describes some of the key limitations of 3G technology and how 4G aims to address these by providing higher data rates, seamless IP connectivity, and support for multimedia applications. The key technologies that enable 4G are also summarized, along with the expected benefits and applications of 4G networks. Finally, some of the main challenges in deploying 4G are outlined.
4 G Mobile Communication System
Fourth generation (4G) mobile communication systems aim to offer high-quality multimedia services anywhere, anytime by resolving issues with heterogeneous networks, interoperability between networks, and supporting new technologies like OFDM, software-defined radio, and MIMO. 4G will converge cellular networks with WiFi and digital broadcasting, allowing users access to broadband multimedia services at lower cost while providing operators with higher bandwidth and revenue. It is expected to launch by 2010 and fundamentally change wireless communications.
4g mobile-communication-system-1219761984973028-8
4G is the fourth generation of wireless mobile telecommunications technology. It will provide significantly higher data rates, lower costs, and a better quality of service compared to 3G. 4G networks will utilize technologies like OFDM, software-defined radio, MIMO and interlayer optimization to support heterogeneous networks with seamless roaming between services. This will allow users freedom and flexibility to access broadband multimedia services anytime, anywhere at affordable prices.
wireless systems
This document discusses the evolution of wireless technologies from 1G to 5G. It begins with an introduction to wireless networks and defines 1G technology as the first generation of mobile telephony in the 1980s, with speeds up to 2.4kbps. 2G is described as a digital standard introduced in 1991 providing services like texting. 3G brought increased speeds up to 2Mbps for multimedia. 4G provides speeds from 100Mbps to 1Gbps for broadband services. 5G is presented as the next generation promising wireless worldwide web with high speeds and support for interactive media. The document compares the technologies and their applications and services while concluding that 5G will become the dominant wireless standard.
ppt on 4g
This document provides an overview of 4G technology, beginning with a brief history of previous mobile communication generations including 1G, 2G, and 3G. It describes some of the key limitations of 3G technology and how 4G aims to address these by providing higher data rates, seamless IP-based connectivity, and support for various broadband multimedia applications. The key technologies that enable 4G are also outlined, along with the expected benefits and applications of 4G networks. Finally, some of the main challenges in deploying 4G systems are discussed.
evolution of 3g,4g and beyond 5g systems
The document discusses the evolution of wireless communication systems from 1G to 5G. It provides an overview of each generation including key features such as speed and services offered. 1G allowed analog voice calls while 2G provided digital connectivity. 3G brought higher speeds and capabilities like video calls and web browsing. 4G is expected to offer near perfect wireless connectivity worldwide. 5G is theoretical and aims to further improve on 4G with increased speed and new services, working towards a fully wireless world.
The future of mobile network
The document summarizes concepts related to the development of 5G mobile networks. It discusses how 5G will build upon 4G technologies to provide ubiquitous wireless connectivity with very high data rates. Key aspects of 5G mentioned include enabling "any rate, anytime, anywhere, affordable" connectivity through integrated cross-layer and cross-network design. A mixed bandwidth data path model is proposed to efficiently utilize resources from multiple wireless networks simultaneously.
Similar to Tcp over 4 g (20)
More from Jayaprakash Nagaruru
3-D Mouse controlling with wrist watch
This document summarizes a project that implements 3D mouse control using an RF transmitter in a wrist watch. It proposes using an accelerometer sensor in the watch to detect wrist movements and transmit corresponding signals via RF to a receiver connected to a computer. The receiver would translate the signals to mouse movements and actions in real-time, allowing contactless mouse control from a distance of up to 30 feet. Block diagrams and the hardware components used like the MSP430 and CC1101 are described. Advantages of this method over existing camera-based approaches are its ability to control the mouse remotely with less time delay and more accurate results.
Csla 130319073823-phpapp01-140821210430-phpapp02
Efficient design implementation of any ASIC requires an appropriate style which meet the design goals
Area
Power
Speed
Multi-dimensional Trade off
eZ430-Chronos Development Tool (watch)
eZ430 watch is based on CC430, MSP430 MCU, Re programmable watch for custom wireless applications.
Integrated sensors : temperature , pressure, Battery Voltage, 3-axis accelerometer
Virtual Keyboard Technology
The document discusses virtual keyboards, which use laser and sensor technology to project a keyboard interface onto any surface. A virtual keyboard consists of a sensor module to track finger movements, an infrared light source to project the keyboard image, and a pattern projector to display the standard QWERTY keyboard layout. Virtual keyboards offer portability by allowing users to type on any flat surface, but lack the tactile feedback of a physical keyboard.
Real-Time Streaming Protocol -QOS
RSVP is a network control protocol that allows applications to request different qualities of service for their data flows. It works with routing protocols to implement reservations across a network without requiring migration to a new routing protocol. RSVP supports both unicast and multicast sessions, with three service levels - best effort, rate sensitive, and delay sensitive. It uses soft state to dynamically maintain reservations in response to changes in network conditions or routing.
Getting started with open cv in raspberry pi
OpenCV is an open source computer vision library that can be used for image processing and computer vision. It contains over 500 functions and supports Windows, Linux, and MacOS. The OpenCV library consists of three main modules: CV for computer vision algorithms, HighGUI for GUI and image/video input and output, and CXCore for basic data structures. To use OpenCV, developers need a C/C++ compiler like GCC and dependencies like CMake, Git, and Python. OpenCV can then be installed from source by cloning the GitHub repository, configuring with CMake, and building and installing with Make. Useful OpenCV functions and more information sources are also provided.
Computer Networking
The document discusses multimedia requirements and techniques for streaming audio and video over the internet. It covers three classes of multimedia applications: streaming, unidirectional real-time, and interactive real-time. Streaming applications can tolerate some delay but not packet loss. Real-time applications have strict delay requirements to avoid jitter. The document discusses protocols like RTP and RTSP that are used for multimedia streaming and techniques for recovering from jitter and packet loss like buffering, FEC, and interleaving.
Real-Time Streaming Protocol
Real-Time Streaming of Videos instead of Http , Based on TCP/IP protocol , Rtsp is used in application layer
Ultra Broadband for personal area networks using fiber commnications
This presentations give's you an clear picture of optical communications in broadband using single mode and multi mode fibers and different possibilities to increase broadband speed max down link speed is 2.5 Gbps and up-link is 1.25 Gbps possible with latest technologies
More from Jayaprakash Nagaruru (9)
Ultra Broadband for personal area networks using fiber commnications
Ultra Broadband for personal area networks using fiber commnications
Recently uploaded
Wound healing PPT
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Jemison, MacLaughlin, and Majumder "Broadening Pathways for Editors and Authors"
Jemison, MacLaughlin, and Majumder "Broadening Pathways for Editors and Authors"National Information Standards Organization (NISO)
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.Benner "Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers"
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
مصحف القراءات العشر أعد أحرف الخلاف سمير بسيوني.pdf
مصحف أحرف الخلاف للقراء العشرةأعد أحرف الخلاف بالتلوين وصلا سمير بسيوني غفر الله له
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
BBR 2024 Summer Sessions Interview Training
Qualitative research interview training by Professor Katrina Pritchard and Dr Helen Williams
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
https://app.box.com/s/tacvl9ekroe9hqupdnjruiypvm9rdaneHow to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Lifelines of National Economy chapter for Class 10 STUDY MATERIAL PDF
The chapter Lifelines of National Economy in Class 10 Geography focuses on the various modes of transportation and communication that play a vital role in the economic development of a country. These lifelines are crucial for the movement of goods, services, and people, thereby connecting different regions and promoting economic activities.
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Stack Memory Organization of 8086 Microprocessor
The stack memory organization of 8086 microprocessor.
Recently uploaded (20)
Jemison, MacLaughlin, and Majumder "Broadening Pathways for Editors and Authors"
Jemison, MacLaughlin, and Majumder "Broadening Pathways for Editors and Authors"
NEWSPAPERS - QUESTION 1 - REVISION POWERPOINT.pptx
NEWSPAPERS - QUESTION 1 - REVISION POWERPOINT.pptx
REASIGNACION 2024 UGEL CHUPACA 2024 UGEL CHUPACA.pdf
REASIGNACION 2024 UGEL CHUPACA 2024 UGEL CHUPACA.pdf
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
مصحف القراءات العشر أعد أحرف الخلاف سمير بسيوني.pdf
مصحف القراءات العشر أعد أحرف الخلاف سمير بسيوني.pdf
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...
Lifelines of National Economy chapter for Class 10 STUDY MATERIAL PDF
Lifelines of National Economy chapter for Class 10 STUDY MATERIAL PDF
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Tcp over 4 g
- 1. A TECHNICAL SEMINAR ON BY N.JAYAPRAKASH (12S11D6505)
- 3. Our ultimate goal is to communicate with any type of information with anyone, at anytime, from anywhere. This is possible with the aid of WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY Types of wireless Communication Cellular Networks Wireless local area network
- 5. 4G technologies are sometimes referred to by the acronym "MAGIC,“ M- Mobile multimedia A-Anytime/any-where G-Global mobility support I-Integrated wireless and C-Customized personal service
- 6. Localized/Personalized Information Organizational services Communications services and applications Entertainment services Mobile commerce (M-Commerce )
- 7. Support interactive multimedia User friendliness High speed, high capacity and low cost per bit Higher band widths
- 10. Split TCP Connection Link Level Solution End-To-End Solution
- 13. Data packet Fixed Base Mobile Host station Host ACK
- 14. To improve standard TCP to operate over 4G with more efficiency and reliability. TCP perform very badly over wireless links and delayed packets. TCP provides a very good service and reliability. 4G systems supports many applications like voice and video transfer.
- 15. Ghassan A. Abed Integrated Approaches to Enhance TCP Performance over 4G Wireless Networks,2012 M.C.Chuah and Q.Zhang,Design and performance of 3G wireless networks and wireless lans :Springer,2006 A.Chockalingam,M. Zori and R.R.Rao,”Performance of TCP on wireless fading links with memory Communications,1998. K.Brown and S.Singh,”M-TCP: TCP for mobile cellular networks,”SIGCOMM Comput. Commun.Rev ,vol 27