This document describes 5 self-study modules on tuberculosis created by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The modules cover: 1) the transmission and pathogenesis of TB, 2) the epidemiology of TB, 3) targeted testing and diagnosis of latent TB infection and active TB disease, 4) treatment of latent TB infection and active TB disease, and 5) infectiousness and infection control. The first module provides an overview of the history of TB, how it is transmitted, drug-resistant TB, how latent TB infection progresses to active TB disease, the classification system for TB, and includes case studies.
This document describes 5 self-study modules on tuberculosis created by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The modules cover: 1) the transmission and pathogenesis of TB, 2) the epidemiology of TB, 3) targeted testing and diagnosis of latent TB infection and active TB disease, 4) treatment of latent TB infection and active TB disease, and 5) infectiousness and infection control. The first module provides an overview of the history of TB, how it is transmitted, drug-resistant TB, how latent TB infection progresses to active TB disease, the classification system for TB, and includes case studies.
Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It most commonly affects the lungs but can involve other organs. It remains a major global health problem, with over a billion people infected worldwide. The disease progresses from a primary infection to either latent tuberculosis or active post-primary disease. Pathologically, it is characterized by granulomatous inflammation and caseous necrosis. Clinically, patients experience nonspecific systemic symptoms along with respiratory symptoms such as cough and hemoptysis. Physical exam may reveal signs of lung consolidation or cavitation. Laboratory tests and imaging exams help in diagnosis.
Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is spread through inhaling droplets from an infected person when they cough, sneeze, or laugh. It is a chronic infection characterized by weight loss. Diagnosis involves chest x-rays, sputum tests, and the Mantoux tuberculin skin test. Treatment requires taking multiple antibiotics like isoniazid and rifampin daily for 6-12 months to prevent resistance. Complications can include infection of bones, brain, liver or kidneys if left untreated. Prevention involves proper ventilation, covering coughs, mask wearing, vaccination, and completing the full drug regimen.
Pathophysiology Of Pulmonary TuberculosisJack Frost
This document discusses the pathophysiology of pulmonary tuberculosis. It identifies high risk groups such as the elderly, infants, children, those with low socioeconomic status or who are drug addicts, HIV positive, or severely malnourished. The etiological agent is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is transmitted via droplets. Environmental factors that increase risk include high-risk communities, low income communities, and healthcare facilities. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, chest radiography, Mantoux skin test, and microbiological smears and cultures. Signs and symptoms include fever, fatigue, anorexia, hemoptysis, cough, night sweats, pallor, chest pain, dyspnea, anxiety,
- Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and mainly affects the lungs, but can spread to other organs. It is transmitted through airborne droplets when infected people cough, sneeze or speak.
- China has the second largest tuberculosis epidemic in the world after India, with over 1.3 million new cases reported each year. Risk factors include poverty, malnutrition, HIV infection, and living/working conditions like overcrowding.
- Tuberculosis infection can either remain latent or progress to active disease. Diagnosis involves tuberculin skin tests, chest x-rays, sputum smears, and culture tests. Standard treatment uses a combination of antibiotics like isoniazid and
1. Tuberculosis is transmitted through the air when people who are sick with the disease cough, sneeze or shout. This can release infectious droplets that, if inhaled, can cause infection.
2. The probability of transmission depends on factors like the infectiousness of the sick person, susceptibility of the exposed person, exposure environment and duration/frequency of exposure.
3. Infection occurs when droplets are inhaled and reach the lungs. The bacteria can then spread throughout the body, but in most cases will be contained by the immune system without causing disease. However, in some people the bacteria overwhelm the immune system and cause active tuberculosis disease.
This document outlines a presentation on tuberculosis (TB) given by M. Barabadi and S. Keshavarz Shahbaz at Tehran University of Medical Sciences. It discusses the history, epidemiology, bacteriology, clinical features, experimental models, and immune response to TB. The summary focuses on key points:
1. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the pathogen that causes TB. It is a slow-growing, facultative intracellular, acid-fast bacillus.
2. TB can be active or latent. Active TB causes symptoms while latent TB involves infection without symptoms. Most infected individuals develop latent TB which has a 5-10% risk of progressing to active disease.
3. The
The document provides information about primary tuberculosis (TB), including:
1) Primary TB most commonly involves the lungs where the initial lesion forms along with draining lymph nodes, known as the primary complex.
2) Without treatment, 50% of pulmonary TB patients will die within 5 years, while 25% will self-cure and 25% will develop chronic, infectious TB.
3) The pathology of primary TB progresses from initial inhalation of droplet nuclei, formation of the primary lesion/complex, potential hematogenous spread, and development of tubercles that can cavitate and spread TB in the lungs.
This document describes 5 self-study modules on tuberculosis created by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The modules cover: 1) the transmission and pathogenesis of TB, 2) the epidemiology of TB, 3) targeted testing and diagnosis of latent TB infection and active TB disease, 4) treatment of latent TB infection and active TB disease, and 5) infectiousness and infection control. The first module provides an overview of the history of TB, how it is transmitted, drug-resistant TB, how latent TB infection progresses to active TB disease, the classification system for TB, and includes case studies.
Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It most commonly affects the lungs but can involve other organs. It remains a major global health problem, with over a billion people infected worldwide. The disease progresses from a primary infection to either latent tuberculosis or active post-primary disease. Pathologically, it is characterized by granulomatous inflammation and caseous necrosis. Clinically, patients experience nonspecific systemic symptoms along with respiratory symptoms such as cough and hemoptysis. Physical exam may reveal signs of lung consolidation or cavitation. Laboratory tests and imaging exams help in diagnosis.
Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is spread through inhaling droplets from an infected person when they cough, sneeze, or laugh. It is a chronic infection characterized by weight loss. Diagnosis involves chest x-rays, sputum tests, and the Mantoux tuberculin skin test. Treatment requires taking multiple antibiotics like isoniazid and rifampin daily for 6-12 months to prevent resistance. Complications can include infection of bones, brain, liver or kidneys if left untreated. Prevention involves proper ventilation, covering coughs, mask wearing, vaccination, and completing the full drug regimen.
Pathophysiology Of Pulmonary TuberculosisJack Frost
This document discusses the pathophysiology of pulmonary tuberculosis. It identifies high risk groups such as the elderly, infants, children, those with low socioeconomic status or who are drug addicts, HIV positive, or severely malnourished. The etiological agent is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is transmitted via droplets. Environmental factors that increase risk include high-risk communities, low income communities, and healthcare facilities. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, chest radiography, Mantoux skin test, and microbiological smears and cultures. Signs and symptoms include fever, fatigue, anorexia, hemoptysis, cough, night sweats, pallor, chest pain, dyspnea, anxiety,
- Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and mainly affects the lungs, but can spread to other organs. It is transmitted through airborne droplets when infected people cough, sneeze or speak.
- China has the second largest tuberculosis epidemic in the world after India, with over 1.3 million new cases reported each year. Risk factors include poverty, malnutrition, HIV infection, and living/working conditions like overcrowding.
- Tuberculosis infection can either remain latent or progress to active disease. Diagnosis involves tuberculin skin tests, chest x-rays, sputum smears, and culture tests. Standard treatment uses a combination of antibiotics like isoniazid and
1. Tuberculosis is transmitted through the air when people who are sick with the disease cough, sneeze or shout. This can release infectious droplets that, if inhaled, can cause infection.
2. The probability of transmission depends on factors like the infectiousness of the sick person, susceptibility of the exposed person, exposure environment and duration/frequency of exposure.
3. Infection occurs when droplets are inhaled and reach the lungs. The bacteria can then spread throughout the body, but in most cases will be contained by the immune system without causing disease. However, in some people the bacteria overwhelm the immune system and cause active tuberculosis disease.
This document outlines a presentation on tuberculosis (TB) given by M. Barabadi and S. Keshavarz Shahbaz at Tehran University of Medical Sciences. It discusses the history, epidemiology, bacteriology, clinical features, experimental models, and immune response to TB. The summary focuses on key points:
1. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the pathogen that causes TB. It is a slow-growing, facultative intracellular, acid-fast bacillus.
2. TB can be active or latent. Active TB causes symptoms while latent TB involves infection without symptoms. Most infected individuals develop latent TB which has a 5-10% risk of progressing to active disease.
3. The
The document provides information about primary tuberculosis (TB), including:
1) Primary TB most commonly involves the lungs where the initial lesion forms along with draining lymph nodes, known as the primary complex.
2) Without treatment, 50% of pulmonary TB patients will die within 5 years, while 25% will self-cure and 25% will develop chronic, infectious TB.
3) The pathology of primary TB progresses from initial inhalation of droplet nuclei, formation of the primary lesion/complex, potential hematogenous spread, and development of tubercles that can cavitate and spread TB in the lungs.
These lecture notes were prepared by Dr. Hamdi Turkey- Pulmonologist- Department of internal medicine - Taiz university
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Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which usually affects the lungs. It is characterized by the formation of lesions called tubercles or granulomas in the lungs and other parts of the body. Tuberculosis is treated with a combination of antibiotics over a period of 6-9 months to prevent drug resistance from developing. Nursing care involves educating patients, monitoring for medication side effects, preventing complications, and providing support.
TB, or tuberculosis, is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is spread through airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Most people who breathe in the bacteria develop a latent TB infection with no symptoms, but they cannot spread the disease. Active TB disease develops when the bacteria multiply causing symptoms like coughing, chest pain, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves tests like the Mantoux skin test, chest x-ray, and sputum culture. Treatment requires a combination of antibiotics taken for 6-9 months to cure the infection. Drug resistance is a major problem, as some strains are resistant to multiple first-line antibiotics.
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis that mainly affects the lungs. It can spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream. Common symptoms include cough, weight loss, fever and fatigue. Diagnosis involves a tuberculin skin test, chest x-ray, and testing of sputum samples. Treatment requires a multi-drug regimen to prevent drug resistance, but side effects can include gastrointestinal issues, itching and joint pain. Ongoing research is developing new diagnostic techniques using oral swabs and investigating new drug treatments and vaccines to combat the threat of multi-drug resistant TB strains.
This document provides an overview of the life cycle and pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacteria that causes tuberculosis (TB). It discusses how M. tuberculosis is transmitted via airborne droplets, establishes a latent infection that may later develop into active TB disease, and can infect multiple body sites. The document also covers drug-resistant forms of TB and describes the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of the disease.
The document discusses tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It notes that about 1/3 of the world's population is infected, with around 3 million deaths and 8 million new cases annually. TB is transmitted through airborne droplets and has an incubation period of 4-12 weeks. Diagnosis involves tests like sputum smear microscopy, culture, tuberculin skin test, chest x-ray, and PCR. Standard treatment includes isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol and pyrazinamide for 2 months, followed by isoniazid and rifampin for 4 more months. Drug resistance is a major problem, with MDR-TB resistant to isoniazid
This document discusses tuberculosis (TB), including its description, transmission, epidemiology, signs and symptoms, pathogenesis, and five scientific articles on the topic. It describes TB as an infectious disease caused by bacteria in the M. tuberculosis complex, primarily transmitted through air or digestive routes. It notes that one third of the world's population is infected with over 8 million new cases and 3 million deaths from TB annually. The pathogenesis involves the bacteria infecting macrophages and evading the lysosome, allowing replication. The five articles discuss TB-specific T-cells, M. tuberculosis infection of an implantable defibrillator, smoking prolonging infectivity of TB patients, a study on zinc and vitamin A supplementation for TB patients in Indonesia, and
Pulmonary tuberculosis and its managementShweta Sharma
This document provides an overview of pulmonary tuberculosis and its management. It discusses the etiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, diagnostic evaluation including tuberculin skin test and chest x-ray, classification, medical management including DOTS therapy, complications, nursing assessment and interventions. Key points covered are that tuberculosis is caused primarily by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and affects the lungs. Diagnosis involves history, physical exam, skin test and chest x-ray. Treatment is with a combination of antibiotics over a period of 6-9 months to prevent drug resistance. Nursing care focuses on education, monitoring for side effects and preventing transmission.
Define tuberculosis
Explain the risk factors and causes of tuberculosis
Describe the pathophysiology of tuberculosis.
Identify the types of tuberculosis.
Enumerate clinical features of tuberculosis
Describe the diagnostic evaluations for tuberculosis
Explain the medical management for tuberculosis
Explain the nursing management for tuberculosis
Enlist the complications of tuberculosis
Describe the prevention of tuberculosis
1) TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is one of the top infectious disease killers.
2) It is transmitted through the air and one-third of the world's population is infected with latent TB.
3) Diagnosis involves sputum smear microscopy, culture, tuberculin skin test, chest x-ray and PCR. Treatment requires a minimum of 6 months of multiple antibiotic drugs.
Robert Koch identified Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 1882 and received the Nobel Prize for this discovery. In 1906, Calmette and Guerin developed the BCG vaccine for tuberculosis. The vaccine was first used in humans in 1921 in France but did not become widely used in places like the US, UK, and Germany until after World War II. Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium M. tuberculosis and spreads through airborne droplets when infected people cough, sneeze, or talk. It affects mostly the lungs but can spread to other organs, and if left untreated it can be fatal.
This document provides an overview of the epidemiology of tuberculosis (TB). It discusses the timeline of TB discoveries, current global and regional estimates of TB prevalence and incidence, and trends over time. Key populations affected include those in Asia, women, children, and those coinfected with HIV. Natural history is influenced by agent, host, and social factors like malnutrition, poverty, and crowding. The goals are to describe the distribution of TB and associated risk factors.
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which most commonly affects the lungs. It spreads through inhaling droplets from the coughs or sneezes of an infected individual. Typical symptoms include cough, fever, night sweats and weight loss. Diagnosis involves chest x-rays, sputum smear tests and the tuberculin skin test. Treatment requires taking multiple antibiotics daily for 6-12 months. Strict adherence to treatment is important to cure the infection and prevent drug resistance.
1) Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and can be spread through infective droplets. It was an important cause of death before antibiotics but is rising again due to AIDS and drug resistance.
2) M. tuberculosis avoids being killed by macrophages and induces delayed hypersensitivity. This allows it to reside in phagosomes and avoid acidification, enabling it to multiply.
3) Primary tuberculosis occurs with initial exposure and may cause localized lesions or progressive disease. Secondary tuberculosis results from reactivation and causes more extensive tissue damage and necrosis. Complications include cavities, hemorrhage, and fistula formation.
Tuberculosis (TB) has affected humans for millennia and has been one of the greatest plagues in history, killing over 100 million people in the last century alone. Significant advances in understanding and treating TB have been made over the past 200 years, including the discovery of the bacteria that causes TB by Robert Koch in 1882, the development of antibiotics and drug regimens in the 1940s-1950s, and the World Health Organization's Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course strategy in the 1990s which helped lower global TB rates. However, TB remains a major global health problem and the WHO aims to continue efforts to further reduce the worldwide burden of the disease.
The document discusses the history, causes, transmission, diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis (TB). It describes how TB is caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria and is usually transmitted through airborne droplets when infected people cough, sneeze or speak. The diagnosis and treatment of latent TB versus active TB disease is also explained, noting that active TB causes symptoms and can be infectious while latent TB does not cause symptoms but the bacteria are still present.
www.slideshare.ne www.slideshare.ne Tuberculosis (TB) is fatal
contagious disease that affects the lungs and other part of body which is a public health problem but curable and preventable disease .
Caused organism : bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Human : Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Pulmonary TB
Extra pulmonary TB
Animals : Mycobacterium Bovis
Bovine tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic disease of animals caused by a bacteria called Mycobacterium bovis, (M.bovis) which is closely related to the bacteria that cause human
This document provides an overview of tuberculosis (TB) presented by several individuals from NIPER Kolkata. It discusses the history, biology, pathogenesis, stages of infection, virulent mechanisms, prevalence, current scenario, WHO recommendations for diagnosis and treatment, and preventive measures for TB. The WHO aims to reduce global TB incidence rate by 2035 through its End TB Strategy which focuses on early detection, accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and monitoring programs.
This document provides an overview of tuberculosis (TB) including:
1) It discusses the causative agent of TB, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and describes the global impact and epidemiology of the disease.
2) It reviews the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of both latent and active TB.
3) It discusses challenges in controlling TB such as the rise of multidrug-resistant strains and interactions between TB and HIV coinfection.
This document provides an overview of 5 self-study modules on tuberculosis from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The modules cover: 1) transmission and pathogenesis of TB, 2) epidemiology of TB, 3) targeted testing and diagnosis of latent TB infection and TB disease, 4) treatment of latent TB infection and TB disease, and 5) infectiousness and infection control. Module 1 focuses on the history of TB, how it is transmitted, drug resistance, and the progression from latent TB infection to TB disease. It explains key concepts such as latent TB infection versus active TB disease and describes the immune response process.
Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It has infected humans for hundreds of thousands of years and was a major cause of death in the 18th-19th centuries. While vaccines and drugs were developed in the early 20th century, cases began rising again in the 1980s due to factors like HIV/AIDS and immigration from high prevalence countries. M. tuberculosis is spread through airborne droplets when infected people cough, sneeze or speak. It typically infects the lungs but can spread throughout the body. The bacterium is able to survive inside immune cells called macrophages. A proper immune response is needed to contain the infection, involving the activation of macrophages and formation of granulomas. Def
These lecture notes were prepared by Dr. Hamdi Turkey- Pulmonologist- Department of internal medicine - Taiz university
Do Not Forget To Visit Our Pages On Facebook on the following Links:
https://www.facebook.com/groups/569435236444761/
AND
https://www.facebook.com/groups/690331650977113/
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which usually affects the lungs. It is characterized by the formation of lesions called tubercles or granulomas in the lungs and other parts of the body. Tuberculosis is treated with a combination of antibiotics over a period of 6-9 months to prevent drug resistance from developing. Nursing care involves educating patients, monitoring for medication side effects, preventing complications, and providing support.
TB, or tuberculosis, is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is spread through airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Most people who breathe in the bacteria develop a latent TB infection with no symptoms, but they cannot spread the disease. Active TB disease develops when the bacteria multiply causing symptoms like coughing, chest pain, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves tests like the Mantoux skin test, chest x-ray, and sputum culture. Treatment requires a combination of antibiotics taken for 6-9 months to cure the infection. Drug resistance is a major problem, as some strains are resistant to multiple first-line antibiotics.
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis that mainly affects the lungs. It can spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream. Common symptoms include cough, weight loss, fever and fatigue. Diagnosis involves a tuberculin skin test, chest x-ray, and testing of sputum samples. Treatment requires a multi-drug regimen to prevent drug resistance, but side effects can include gastrointestinal issues, itching and joint pain. Ongoing research is developing new diagnostic techniques using oral swabs and investigating new drug treatments and vaccines to combat the threat of multi-drug resistant TB strains.
This document provides an overview of the life cycle and pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacteria that causes tuberculosis (TB). It discusses how M. tuberculosis is transmitted via airborne droplets, establishes a latent infection that may later develop into active TB disease, and can infect multiple body sites. The document also covers drug-resistant forms of TB and describes the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of the disease.
The document discusses tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It notes that about 1/3 of the world's population is infected, with around 3 million deaths and 8 million new cases annually. TB is transmitted through airborne droplets and has an incubation period of 4-12 weeks. Diagnosis involves tests like sputum smear microscopy, culture, tuberculin skin test, chest x-ray, and PCR. Standard treatment includes isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol and pyrazinamide for 2 months, followed by isoniazid and rifampin for 4 more months. Drug resistance is a major problem, with MDR-TB resistant to isoniazid
This document discusses tuberculosis (TB), including its description, transmission, epidemiology, signs and symptoms, pathogenesis, and five scientific articles on the topic. It describes TB as an infectious disease caused by bacteria in the M. tuberculosis complex, primarily transmitted through air or digestive routes. It notes that one third of the world's population is infected with over 8 million new cases and 3 million deaths from TB annually. The pathogenesis involves the bacteria infecting macrophages and evading the lysosome, allowing replication. The five articles discuss TB-specific T-cells, M. tuberculosis infection of an implantable defibrillator, smoking prolonging infectivity of TB patients, a study on zinc and vitamin A supplementation for TB patients in Indonesia, and
Pulmonary tuberculosis and its managementShweta Sharma
This document provides an overview of pulmonary tuberculosis and its management. It discusses the etiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, diagnostic evaluation including tuberculin skin test and chest x-ray, classification, medical management including DOTS therapy, complications, nursing assessment and interventions. Key points covered are that tuberculosis is caused primarily by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and affects the lungs. Diagnosis involves history, physical exam, skin test and chest x-ray. Treatment is with a combination of antibiotics over a period of 6-9 months to prevent drug resistance. Nursing care focuses on education, monitoring for side effects and preventing transmission.
Define tuberculosis
Explain the risk factors and causes of tuberculosis
Describe the pathophysiology of tuberculosis.
Identify the types of tuberculosis.
Enumerate clinical features of tuberculosis
Describe the diagnostic evaluations for tuberculosis
Explain the medical management for tuberculosis
Explain the nursing management for tuberculosis
Enlist the complications of tuberculosis
Describe the prevention of tuberculosis
1) TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is one of the top infectious disease killers.
2) It is transmitted through the air and one-third of the world's population is infected with latent TB.
3) Diagnosis involves sputum smear microscopy, culture, tuberculin skin test, chest x-ray and PCR. Treatment requires a minimum of 6 months of multiple antibiotic drugs.
Robert Koch identified Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 1882 and received the Nobel Prize for this discovery. In 1906, Calmette and Guerin developed the BCG vaccine for tuberculosis. The vaccine was first used in humans in 1921 in France but did not become widely used in places like the US, UK, and Germany until after World War II. Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium M. tuberculosis and spreads through airborne droplets when infected people cough, sneeze, or talk. It affects mostly the lungs but can spread to other organs, and if left untreated it can be fatal.
This document provides an overview of the epidemiology of tuberculosis (TB). It discusses the timeline of TB discoveries, current global and regional estimates of TB prevalence and incidence, and trends over time. Key populations affected include those in Asia, women, children, and those coinfected with HIV. Natural history is influenced by agent, host, and social factors like malnutrition, poverty, and crowding. The goals are to describe the distribution of TB and associated risk factors.
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which most commonly affects the lungs. It spreads through inhaling droplets from the coughs or sneezes of an infected individual. Typical symptoms include cough, fever, night sweats and weight loss. Diagnosis involves chest x-rays, sputum smear tests and the tuberculin skin test. Treatment requires taking multiple antibiotics daily for 6-12 months. Strict adherence to treatment is important to cure the infection and prevent drug resistance.
1) Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and can be spread through infective droplets. It was an important cause of death before antibiotics but is rising again due to AIDS and drug resistance.
2) M. tuberculosis avoids being killed by macrophages and induces delayed hypersensitivity. This allows it to reside in phagosomes and avoid acidification, enabling it to multiply.
3) Primary tuberculosis occurs with initial exposure and may cause localized lesions or progressive disease. Secondary tuberculosis results from reactivation and causes more extensive tissue damage and necrosis. Complications include cavities, hemorrhage, and fistula formation.
Tuberculosis (TB) has affected humans for millennia and has been one of the greatest plagues in history, killing over 100 million people in the last century alone. Significant advances in understanding and treating TB have been made over the past 200 years, including the discovery of the bacteria that causes TB by Robert Koch in 1882, the development of antibiotics and drug regimens in the 1940s-1950s, and the World Health Organization's Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course strategy in the 1990s which helped lower global TB rates. However, TB remains a major global health problem and the WHO aims to continue efforts to further reduce the worldwide burden of the disease.
The document discusses the history, causes, transmission, diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis (TB). It describes how TB is caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria and is usually transmitted through airborne droplets when infected people cough, sneeze or speak. The diagnosis and treatment of latent TB versus active TB disease is also explained, noting that active TB causes symptoms and can be infectious while latent TB does not cause symptoms but the bacteria are still present.
www.slideshare.ne www.slideshare.ne Tuberculosis (TB) is fatal
contagious disease that affects the lungs and other part of body which is a public health problem but curable and preventable disease .
Caused organism : bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Human : Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Pulmonary TB
Extra pulmonary TB
Animals : Mycobacterium Bovis
Bovine tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic disease of animals caused by a bacteria called Mycobacterium bovis, (M.bovis) which is closely related to the bacteria that cause human
This document provides an overview of tuberculosis (TB) presented by several individuals from NIPER Kolkata. It discusses the history, biology, pathogenesis, stages of infection, virulent mechanisms, prevalence, current scenario, WHO recommendations for diagnosis and treatment, and preventive measures for TB. The WHO aims to reduce global TB incidence rate by 2035 through its End TB Strategy which focuses on early detection, accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and monitoring programs.
This document provides an overview of tuberculosis (TB) including:
1) It discusses the causative agent of TB, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and describes the global impact and epidemiology of the disease.
2) It reviews the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of both latent and active TB.
3) It discusses challenges in controlling TB such as the rise of multidrug-resistant strains and interactions between TB and HIV coinfection.
This document provides an overview of 5 self-study modules on tuberculosis from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The modules cover: 1) transmission and pathogenesis of TB, 2) epidemiology of TB, 3) targeted testing and diagnosis of latent TB infection and TB disease, 4) treatment of latent TB infection and TB disease, and 5) infectiousness and infection control. Module 1 focuses on the history of TB, how it is transmitted, drug resistance, and the progression from latent TB infection to TB disease. It explains key concepts such as latent TB infection versus active TB disease and describes the immune response process.
Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It has infected humans for hundreds of thousands of years and was a major cause of death in the 18th-19th centuries. While vaccines and drugs were developed in the early 20th century, cases began rising again in the 1980s due to factors like HIV/AIDS and immigration from high prevalence countries. M. tuberculosis is spread through airborne droplets when infected people cough, sneeze or speak. It typically infects the lungs but can spread throughout the body. The bacterium is able to survive inside immune cells called macrophages. A proper immune response is needed to contain the infection, involving the activation of macrophages and formation of granulomas. Def
Definition of tuberculosis as scientific and practical problem.
Epidemiology of tuberculosis.
The etiology and pathogenesis of tuberculosis.
Immunity of tuberculosis.
Clinical classification of tuberculosis.
Tuberculosis... a brife description about itDrGireesha123
Tuberculosis is a potentially fatal contagious disease that usually affects the lungs. It is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which can spread through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Common symptoms include coughing, fever, fatigue, and weight loss. While TB has affected humans for millennia, it was not until the 19th century that it was proven to be contagious and the bacterium that causes it was identified. Today, TB is diagnosed through laboratory tests and treated with a combination of antibiotics over a long period of time to prevent drug resistance and relapses.
Brief idea- tuberculosis, causative agent, epidemiology of disease in world and India, burden in HIV patients, Burden on Indian Economy, disease symptoms, control programmes implemented by government
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health problem. The document discusses TB, including its epidemiology in Pakistan. It describes the etiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of active TB. TB is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Diagnosis involves sputum smear, culture and chest x-ray. Treatment requires a multi-drug regimen over 6-9 months using drugs like isoniazid and rifampin under direct observation. Drug resistant TB poses a challenge to effective treatment.
This document provides information about the transmission and pathogenesis of tuberculosis (TB). It discusses:
- The history of TB, including key discoveries such as identifying TB as contagious in 1865 and discovering the bacterium that causes TB (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) in 1882. Antibiotics to treat TB were discovered starting in 1943.
- How TB is transmitted from person to person through droplets expelled from the lungs of someone with infectious pulmonary TB. These droplets contain M. tuberculosis bacteria.
- How TB develops in the body after transmission, including progression from latent TB infection to active TB disease if the immune system is compromised. Classification systems for TB are also described.
Tuberculosis is a major global health problem caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. India has a large burden of TB, accounting for over 1.5 million new cases annually. TB is transmitted through the air when people who are sick with pulmonary or laryngeal TB expel bacteria by coughing, sneezing, speaking, or singing. Standard epidemiological indices are used to measure the TB problem in communities and allow international comparisons. These include prevalence and incidence rates of both infection and active disease. Controlling the spread of TB requires prompt diagnosis and effective treatment of infected individuals.
6.TUBERCLOSIS in respiratory part of study..pptxJuma675663
This document provides information about tuberculosis (TB), including its definition, types, transmission, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, medical management, nursing management, and complications. TB is an infectious disease primarily caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis that usually affects the lungs. It spreads through inhaling droplets from an infected person when they cough, sneeze or speak. Treatment requires a multi-drug regimen over a period of 6-9 months to cure the infection and prevent transmission.
TB is one of the oldest and most important infectious diseases globally. It infects one third of the world's population and kills over 3 million people annually. While TB rates declined in developed nations due to improved living standards, infection and mortality rates are increasing worldwide due to factors such as aging populations, increased travel and migration, rising drug resistance, and the interaction of TB with HIV/AIDS. Key vulnerable groups include the malnourished, elderly, poor, migrants, and those with conditions like HIV that weaken the immune system.
Bio303 Lecture 2 Two Old Enemies, TB and LeprosyMark Pallen
In this lecture I will focusing on another of the most serious infectious threats to humanity, tuberculosis, outlining its evolutionary origins, impact on human health and wealth and the steps taken to control and treat this infection. I will also discuss a related mycobacterial infection, leprosy and recent progress in its control.
This document provides an overview of the history, epidemiology, and prevention of tuberculosis (TB). It discusses how TB was historically known by other names and was a common fatal disease until scientific discoveries in the 1800s proved it was caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and was contagious. It also outlines the global burden of TB, how it is transmitted between people, diagnostic methods, treatment approaches including drug-resistant TB, and newer diagnostics.
Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis that primarily affects the lungs. It is one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide. In 2017, 10 million people fell ill with TB and 1.6 million died from the disease. TB is a global problem, with high rates in Africa where 13 of the 15 most affected countries are located. Zimbabwe has one of the highest burdens of TB, with incidence increasing in the 1990s-2000s due to the HIV epidemic. TB is transmitted via airborne droplets when people with active pulmonary TB cough, sneeze or speak. Most infections are asymptomatic and latent, but active disease can develop when the immune system is compromised. Active
Tuberculosis is caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria, which most often affects the lungs. It spreads through the air when people who have active TB in their lungs cough, sneeze, speak, or sing. Only those with active lung infection are infectious. Most exposed people will develop latent TB infection without symptoms, but around 10% will develop active TB disease, especially if their immune system is weakened.
This document provides an overview of tuberculosis (TB), including its definition, causative agents, types, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, investigation, and treatment. TB is an infectious disease caused mainly by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis that typically affects the lungs. It can be transmitted through airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. There are two main types - pulmonary TB affecting the lungs and extra-pulmonary TB affecting other organs. Risk factors include contact with infected individuals, immunosuppression, and lifestyle factors like drug/alcohol misuse. Treatment involves a two-phase drug regimen over 6-10 months with first-line antibiotics like rifampin,
This document discusses tuberculosis (TB), including its epidemiology, causative agent, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points:
- TB is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and spreads through airborne droplets when infected individuals cough, sneeze, talk or spit. It can infect the lungs (pulmonary TB) or other organs (extra-pulmonary TB).
- Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of sputum samples for acid-fast bacilli, culture testing, and more recently PCR and gene-based tests. India's Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) is based on the WHO DOTS strategy to improve cure rates and case detection.
Epidemiology & Control measures for Tuberculosis. AB Rajar
n this Lecture I tried my best to include all essential features about the TB disease. I hope that this will help to undergraduate Medical students for better understanding the Disease.
Presentation final 3.0 super latestestestestestest.pptxAkshitRana26
The document provides an overview of tuberculosis (TB) including:
- Causative agent, symptoms, and modes of transmission
- Disease burden globally and in India
- Diagnostic methods under India's National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP) including sputum smear microscopy, culture-based tests, and molecular tests
- Evolution of TB control in India from early programs to NTEP, which aims to eliminate TB in India by 2025
This document discusses tuberculosis (TB) in India from an epidemiological and public health perspective. It outlines the history of TB, noting that India shares 50% of the global TB burden. While drugs were developed in the 20th century, TB control programs in India have had limited success in reducing rates. India still sees around 2 million new cases annually. Environmental factors like poverty, overcrowding and malnutrition increase risk. Public health goals aim to reduce childhood TB infection rates by treating active cases and breaking transmission chains. Ongoing challenges include drug-resistant strains and the link between TB and HIV.
1. Self-Study Modules
on Tuberculosis, 1-5
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Division of Tuberculosis Elimination
2010
2. CDC Self-Study Modules on
Tuberculosis, 1-5
• Module 1: Transmission and
Pathogenesis of TB
• Module 2: Epidemiology of TB
• Module 3: Targeted Testing and
the Diagnosis of Latent TB
Infection and TB Disease
• Module 4: Treatment of Latent TB
Infection and TB Disease
• Module 5: Infectiousness and
Infection Control
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 2
4. Module 1: Objectives
At completion of this module, learners will be
able to:
1. Briefly describe the history of tuberculosis (TB)
2. Explain how TB is spread (transmission)
3. Define drug-resistant TB
4. Explain the difference between latent TB infection
(LTBI) and TB disease
5. Explain how LTBI and TB disease develop
(pathogenesis)
6. Describe the classification system for TB
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 4
5. Module 1: Overview
• History of TB
• TB Transmission
• Drug-Resistant TB
• TB Pathogenesis
• Progression from LTBI to TB disease
• Sites of TB disease
• TB Classification System
• Case Studies
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 5
7. History of TB (1)
• TB has affected
humans for millennia
• Historically known by
a variety of names,
including:
– Consumption
– Wasting disease
– White plague
• TB was a death
sentence for many
Vintage image circa 1919
Image credit: National Library of Medicine
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 7
8. History of TB (2)
Scientific Discoveries in 1800s
• Until mid-1800s, many
believed TB was
hereditary
• 1865 Jean Antoine-
Villemin proved TB
was contagious
• 1882 Robert Koch
discovered M.
tuberculosis, the
bacterium that causes
TB
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Image credit: Janice Haney Carr
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 8
9. History of TB (3)
Sanatoriums
• Before TB antibiotics,
many patients were
sent to sanatoriums
• Patients followed a
regimen of bed rest,
open air, and sunshine
• TB patients who could
not afford sanatoriums
often died at home
Sanatorium patients resting outside
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 9
10. Breakthrough in the Fight
Against TB (1)
Drugs that could kill TB
bacteria were discovered
in 1940s and 1950s
• Streptomycin (SM)
discovered in 1943
• Isoniazid (INH) and
p-aminosalicylic acid (PAS)
discovered between 1943
and 1952
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 10
11. Breakthrough in the Fight
Against TB (2)
• TB death rates in U.S. began to drop
dramatically
• Each year, fewer people got TB
• Most TB sanatoriums in U.S. had closed by
mid 1970s
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 11
12. TB Resurgence
• Increase in TB in mid
1980s
• Contributing factors:
– Inadequate funding for TB
control programs
– HIV epidemic
– Increased immigration from
countries where TB is common
– Spread in homeless shelters
and correctional facilities
– Increase and spread of
multidrug-resistant TB March 16, 1992 Newsweek Magazine Cover
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 12
13. TB Prevention and Control Efforts
• Increased governmental funding for TB control
programs beginning in 1992
• Number of TB cases has steadily declined since 1993
28,000
26,000
24,000
22,000
20,000
18,000
16,000
14,000
12,000
10,000
1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008
Year
Reported TB Cases, U.S., 1982-2008
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 13
No. of Cases
15. History of TB
Study Question 1.1
In what year was each of the following
discoveries made? (pg. 7)
a. TB was proven to be contagious
1865
b. The bacterium that causes TB was discovered
1882
c. The first drug that could kill TB was discovered
1943
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 15
17. TB Transmission (1)
Transmission is defined as the spread of an
organism, such as M. tuberculosis, from one
person to another.
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 17
18. TB Transmission (2)
Types of Mycobacteria
• M. tuberculosis causes
most TB cases in U.S.
• Mycobacteria that cause
TB:
– M. tuberculosis
– M. bovis
– M. africanum
– M. microti
– M. canetti
• Mycobacteria that do not
cause TB
– e.g., M. avium complex
M. tuberculosis
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 18
19. TB Transmission (3)
• TB is spread person to
person through the air via
droplet nuclei
• M. tuberculosis may be
expelled when an
infectious person:
– Coughs
– Sneezes
– Speaks
– Sings
• Transmission occurs
when another person
inhales droplet nuclei
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 19
20. TB Transmission (4)
Dots in air represent droplet nuclei containing
M. tuberculosis
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 20
21. TB Transmission (5)
• Probability that TB will be transmitted depends
on:
– Infectiousness of person with TB disease
– Environment in which exposure occurred
– Length of exposure
– Virulence (strength) of the tubercle bacilli
• The best way to stop transmission is to:
– Isolate infectious persons
– Provide effective treatment to infectious persons as
soon as possible
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 21
22. TB Transmission
Study Question 1.2
What organism causes most TB disease in the
U.S.? (pg. 11)
M. tuberculosis
What are 4 other mycobacteria that cause TB
disease? (pg. 11)
M. bovis, M. africanum, M. microti, and M.
canetti
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 22
23. TB Transmission
Study Question 1.3
How is TB spread? (pg. 11)
TB is spread from person to person
through the air via droplet nuclei
containing M. tuberculosis.
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 23
24. TB Transmission
Study Question 1.4
The probability that TB will be transmitted
depends on what four factors? (pg. 11)
• Infectiousness of person with TB disease
• Environment in which exposure occurred
• Length of exposure
• Virulence (strength) of tubercle bacilli
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 24
26. Drug-Resistant TB (1)
• Caused by
M. tuberculosis
organisms resistant to
at least one TB
treatment drug
– Isoniazid (INH)
– Rifampin (RIF)
– Pyrazinamide (PZA)
– Ethambutol (EMB)
• Resistant means drugs
can no longer kill the
bacteria
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 26
27. Drug-Resistant TB (2)
Primary
Resistance
Caused by person-to-person
transmission of drug-resistant
organisms
Secondary
Resistance
Develops during TB treatment:
• Patient was not
given appropriate
treatment regimen
OR
• Patient did not
follow treatment regimen as
prescribed
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 27
28. Drug-Resistant TB (3)
Mono-resistant Resistant to any one TB treatment
drug
Poly-resistant Resistant to at least any 2 TB drugs
(but not both isoniazid and rifampin)
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 28
Multidrug
resistant
(MDR TB)
Resistant to at least isoniazid and
rifampin, the 2 best first-line TB
treatment drugs
Extensively
drug resistant
(XDR TB)
Resistant to isoniazid and rifampin,
PLUS resistant to any fluoroquinolone
AND at least 1 of the 3 injectable
second-line drugs (e.g., amikacin,
kanamycin, or capreomycin)
29. Drug-resistant TB
Study Question 1.5
What is drug-resistant TB? (pg.11)
Drug-resistant TB is caused by M.
tuberculosis organisms that are resistant
to at least one TB treatment drug. Drug-resistant
TB can be difficult to treat.
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 29
30. Drug-resistant TB
Study Question 1.6
What is the difference between primary and
secondary drug-resistant TB? (pg. 11)
• Primary resistance is caused by person-to-person
transmission of drug-resistant
organisms.
• Secondary resistance develops during TB
treatment. Either the patient was not
treated with the right TB drugs or the
patient did not follow the prescribed
treatment regimen.
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 30
32. TB Pathogenesis (1)
Pathogenesis is defined as how an infection or
disease develops in the body.
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 32
33. TB Pathogenesis (2)
Latent TB Infection (LTBI)
• Occurs when tubercle bacilli are in the body,
but the immune system is keeping them under
control
• Detected by the Mantoux tuberculin skin test
(TST) or by blood tests such as interferon-gamma
release assays (IGRAs) which include:
– QuantiFERON®-TB Gold test (QFT-G)
– QuantiFERON®-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-GIT)
– T-Spot®.TB test (T-SPOT)
• People with LTBI are NOT infectious
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 33
34. TB Pathogenesis (3)
TB Disease
• Develops when immune system cannot keep
tubercle bacilli under control
– May develop very soon after infection or
many years after infection
• About 10% of all people with normal immune
systems who have LTBI will develop TB
disease at some point in their lives
• People with TB disease are often infectious
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 34
35. TB Pathogenesis (4)
Droplet nuclei containing tubercle bacilli are
inhaled, enter the lungs, and travel to small
air sacs (alveoli)
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 35
36. TB Pathogenesis (5)
b r o n c h i o l e
b l o o d v e s s e l
t u b e r c l e b a c i l l i
a l v e o l i
2
Tubercle bacilli multiply in alveoli, where
infection begins
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 36
37. TB Pathogenesis (6)
b r a i n
l u n g
k i d n e y
b o n e 3
A small number of tubercle bacilli enter
bloodstream and spread throughout body
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 37
38. TB Pathogenesis (7)
LTBI
s p e c i a l
i m m u n e c e l l s
f o r m a b a r r i e r
s h e l l ( i n t h i s
e x a m p l e ,
b a c i l l i a r e
i n t h e l u n g s )
4
• Within 2 to 8 weeks the immune system produces
special immune cells called macrophages that
surround the tubercle bacilli
• These cells form a barrier shell that keeps the
bacilli contained and under control (LTBI)
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 38
39. TB Pathogenesis (8)
TB Disease
s h e l l b r e a k s
d o w n a n d
t u b e r c l e
b a c i l l i e s c a p e
m u l t i p l y
a n d
( i n t h i s e x a m p l e ,
T B d i s e a s e
d e v e l o p s i n
t h e l u n g s )
5
• If the immune system CANNOT keep tubercle bacilli
under control, bacilli begin to multiply rapidly and
cause TB disease
• This process can occur in different places in the body
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 39
40. LTBI vs. TB Disease
Latent TTBB IInnffeeccttiioonn ((LLTTBBII)) TTBB DDiisseeaassee ((iinn tthhee lluunnggss))
Inactive, contained tubercle bacilli
Active, multiplying tubercle bacilli
in the body
in the body
TST or blood test results usually
positive
TST or blood test results usually
positive
Chest x-ray usually normal Chest x-ray usually abnormal
Sputum smears and cultures
negative
Sputum smears and cultures may
be positive
No symptoms Symptoms such as cough, fever,
weight loss
Not infectious Often infectious before treatment
Not a case of TB A case of TB
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 40
41. TB Pathogenesis
Study Question 1.7
When a person inhales air that contains droplet
nuclei containing M. tuberculosis, where do the
droplet nuclei go? (pg. 15)
• Most of the larger droplet nuclei become
lodged in the upper respiratory tract, where
infection is unlikely to develop
• However, droplet nuclei may reach the small
air sacs of the lung (the alveoli), where
infection begins
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 41
42. TB Pathogenesis
Study Question 1.8
After the tubercle bacilli reach the small air
sacs of the lung (the alveoli), what happens to
them? (pg. 15)
• Tubercle bacilli multiply in alveoli and
some enter the bloodstream and spread
throughout the body
• Bacilli may reach any part of the body
• Within 2 to 8 weeks, the immune system
usually intervenes, halting multiplication
and preventing further spread
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 42
43. TB Pathogenesis
Study Question 1.9
In people with LTBI (but not TB disease), how
does the immune system keep the tubercle
bacilli under control? (pg. 15)
The immune system produces special
immune cells that surround the tubercle
bacilli. These cells form a shell that keeps
the bacilli contained and under control.
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 43
44. TB Pathogenesis
Study Question 1.10
How is LTBI detected? (pg. 16)
LTBI is detected by the Mantoux
tuberculin skin test (TST) or blood tests
such as interferon-gamma release
assays (IGRA), which include the
QuantiFERON®-TB test (QFT-G),
QuantiFERON®-TB Gold In-tube (QFT-GIT),
or T-SPOT.
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 44
45. TB Pathogenesis
Study Question 1.11
What are the major similarities and differences between
LTBI and TB disease? List characteristics of each. (pg. 16)
LLaatteenntt TTBB IInnffeeccttiioonn ((LLTTBBII)) TTBB DDiisseeaassee ((iinn tthhee lluunnggss))
Inactive, contained tubercle bacilli in the
body
Active, multiplying tubercle bacilli in the
body
TST or blood test results usually positive TST or blood test results usually positive
Chest x-ray usually normal Chest x-ray usually abnormal
Sputum smears and cultures negative Sputum smears and cultures may be
positive
No symptoms Symptoms such as cough, fever, weight
loss
Not infectious Often infectious before treatment
Not a case of TB A case of TB
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 45
46. TB Pathogenesis
Study Question 1.12
What happens if the immune system cannot
keep the tubercle bacilli under control and
the bacilli begin to multiply rapidly? (pg. 16)
When this happens, TB disease
develops. The risk that TB disease will
develop is higher for some people than for
others.
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 46
48. Progression to TB Disease (1)
• Risk of developing TB disease is highest the
first 2 years after infection
• People with LTBI can be given treatment to
prevent them from developing TB disease
• Detecting TB infection early and providing
treatment helps prevent new cases of TB
disease
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 48
49. Progression to TB Disease (2)
Some conditions increase probability of LTBI
progressing to TB disease
• Infection with HIV
• Chest x-ray findings
suggestive of previous TB
• Substance abuse
• Recent TB infection
• Prolonged therapy with
corticosteroids and other
immunosuppressive
therapy, such as prednisone
and tumor necrosis factor-alpha
[TNF-α] antagonists
• Organ transplant
• Silicosis
• Diabetes mellitus
• Severe kidney disease
• Certain types of cancer
• Certain intestinal conditions
• Low body weight
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 49
50. Progression to TB Disease (3)
PPeeooppllee EExxppoosseedd ttoo TTBB
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 50
Not
TB Infected
LLaatteenntt TTBB
IInnffeeccttiioonn ((LLTTBBII))
NNoott
IInnffeeccttiioouuss
PPoossiittiivvee TTSSTT oorr
QQFFTT--GG tteesstt rreessuulltt
LLaatteenntt TTBB
IInnffeeccttiioonn
MMaayy ggoo oonn ttoo
ddeevveelloopp TTBB
ddiisseeaassee
Not
Infectious
Negative TST or
QFT-G test result
No
TB Infection
Figure 1.5
51. Progression to TB Disease (4)
TB and HIV
In an HIV-infected person,
TB can develop in one of
two ways:
• Person with LTBI becomes
infected with HIV and then
develops TB disease as the
immune system is weakened
• Person with HIV infection
becomes infected with M.
tuberculosis and then
rapidly develops TB disease
Image credit: Mississippi State Department of Health
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 51
52. Progression to TB Disease (5)
TB and HIV
People who are infected with both M. tuberculosis and
HIV are much more likely to develop TB disease
TB infection
and NO risk factors
TB infection
and HIV infection
(pre-Highly Active Antiretroviral
Treatment [HAART])
Risk is about 5% in the
first 2 years after
infection and about 10%
over a lifetime
Risk is about 7% to 10%
PER YEAR, a very high
risk over a lifetime
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 52
53. Progression to TB Disease
Study Question 1.13
What percentage of people with LTBI (but not
HIV infection) usually develop TB disease?
(pg. 22)
• About 10% of all people with LTBI will develop
disease at some point
– In U.S., about 5% of recently infected will
develop TB disease in first year or two after
infection
– Additional 5% will develop disease later in
life
• Remaining 90% will stay infected, but free of
disease, for the rest of their lives
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 53
54. Progression to TB Disease
Study Question 1.14
What conditions appear to increase the risk that
LTBI will progress to TB disease? (pg. 22)
• Infection with HIV
• Chest x-ray findings suggestive of
previous TB
• Substance abuse
• Recent TB infection
• Prolonged therapy with
corticosteroids and other
immunosuppressive therapy, such
as prednisone and tumor necrosis
factor-alpha [TNF-α] antagonists
• Organ transplant
• Silicosis
• Diabetes mellitus
• Severe kidney disease
• Certain types of cancer
• Certain intestinal conditions
• Low body weight
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 54
55. Progression to TB Disease
Study Question 1.15
How does being infected with both M. tuberculosis
and HIV affect the risk for TB disease? (pg. 22)
• Much more likely to develop TB disease
• Risk of developing TB disease is 7% to 10% EACH
YEAR (pre-HAART)
• In an HIV-infected person, TB disease develops
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 55
when:
1. Person with LTBI becomes infected with HIV and then
develops TB disease as the immune system is
weakened
2. Person with HIV infection becomes infected with M.
tuberculosis and then rapidly develops TB disease
57. Sites of TB Disease (1)
Bacilli may reach any part of the body, but
common sites include:
B r a i n
L y m p h n o d e
P l e u r a
L u n g
S p i n e
L a r y n x
B o n e
K i d n e y
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 57
58. Sites of TB Disease (2)
Location Frequency
Pulmonary TB Lungs Most TB cases are
pulmonary
Extrapulmonary TB Places other than
lungs such as:
• Larynx
• Lymph nodes
• Pleura
• Brain
• Kidneys
• Bones and joints
Found more often in:
• HIV-infected or
other
immunosuppressed
persons
• Young children
Miliary TB Carried to all parts
of body, through
bloodstream
Rare
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 58
59. Sites for TB
Study Question 1.16
What part of the body is the most common
site for TB disease? (pg. 27)
Lungs are the most common site
What are some other sites?
- Larynx
- Lymph nodes
- Pleura (membrane around the lungs)
- Brain
- Kidneys
- Bones and joints
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 59
61. TB Classification System (1)
Based on pathogenesis of TB
CCllaassss TTyyppee DDeessccrriippttiioonn
0 No TB exposure
Not infected
No history of TB exposure
Negative result to a TST or IGRA
1 TB exposure
No evidence of
infection
History of TB exposure
Negative result to a TST (given at least 8-
10 weeks after exposure) or IGRA
2 TB infection
No TB disease
Positive result to a TST or IGRA
Negative smears and cultures (if done)
No clinical or x-ray evidence of active
TB disease
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 61
62. TB Classification System (2)
Based on pathogenesis of TB
CCllaassss TTyyppee DDeessccrriippttiioonn
3 TB,
clinically
active
Positive culture (if done) for M. tuberculosis
Positive result to a TST or IGRA, and clinical,
bacteriological, or x-ray evidence of TB disease
4 Previous
TB disease
(not
clinically
active)
Medical history of TB disease
Abnormal but stable x-ray findings
Positive result to a TST or IGRA
Negative smears and cultures (if done)
No clinical or x-ray evidence of active TB
disease
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 62
5 TB
suspected
Signs and symptoms of TB disease, but
evaluation not complete
63. TB Classification System
Study Question 1.17
What is the classification system for TB
based on? What is it used for? (pg. 27)
Current classification system is based on
the pathogenesis of TB. Many health
departments and private health care
providers use this system when
describing patients.
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 63
65. Module 1: Case Study 1.1 (1)
A 30-year-old man visits the health department
for a TST because he is required to have one
before starting his new job as a health care
worker. He has an 18mm positive reaction to
the TST. He has no symptoms of TB, and his
chest x-ray findings are normal. (pg. 16)
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 65
66. Module 1: Case Study 1.1 (2)
Should this be considered a case of TB?
No. The man described above has TB infection. He
has an 18mm positive reaction to TST, but no
evidence of TB disease. Therefore, this is not a case
of TB.
Should this man be considered infectious?
No, he should not be considered infectious. This
man has LTBI, not TB disease. People with TB
infection and no evidence of TB disease are not
infectious.
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 66
67. Module 1: Case Study 1.2 (1)
A 45-year-old woman is referred to the health
department by her private physician because
she was found to have LTBI as part of an
employee testing program. She is obese,
with high blood pressure. Upon further
questioning, she reports that she has
injected illegal drugs in the past, but has
never been tested for HIV infection. (pg. 23)
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 67
68. Module 1: Case Study 1.2 (2)
What conditions does this woman have that
increase the risk that she will develop TB
disease?
Injection of illegal drugs increases the risk that
LTBI will progress to TB disease. This woman
may also be at risk for HIV infection, which is the
strongest known risk factor for developing TB
disease. This woman should be offered HIV
counseling, testing, and referral.
Obesity and high blood pressure are NOT risk
factors for TB disease.
Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 68