Taxonomic characteristics and systematic

2. Islamia University of Bahawalpur
Rahim Yar Khan Campus

3. • Sadaf Khalid
• Aleeza Sajid
• Nimra Aslam
• Sana Abdul Malik
• Zainab Qamar
• Aimen Masood
• Muhammad Hussain
• Abdullah Ghaznavi
• Muhammad Ali

4. • Introduction
• Collecting Ways
• Insects Net
• Aspirator and types
• Berlese Funnel
• Flotation Method

5. Taxonomy :
Branch of science which deal with collection of organisms ,
their classification , identification, proper preservation
and publication .

6.  Collection of specimens is difficult task for a taxonomist.
 It is difficult when satisfactory collection is not made.
 Collection can borrowed from museum, institutions and
individual or collected by the specialist himself.

7.  Many of our animals species have become extinct some are near to
extinct.
 Scientist fear that in the next 30 years one quarter of all species
could be lost forever.
 Elimination of species is a part of the continuous process of
evolution.
 Alarming thing the speed at which this is now occurring due to
human pressure.
 Harvard Edward Wilson estimated that near 140 species become
extinct everyday.
 Under these circumstances, the extensive and quick collection of
fauna is the only way to compare the samples of population before
and after the destructive activities of man.

8.  Many standard museums in the world that contains sampling
of many areas which are in inaccessible due to remoteness or
political reasons these collection are invaluable.
 Valuable collection which from the basis of published work.
 British museum London alone has 22 million specimen 25,000
primary type and 440, 000 different species from the word.
 Due to rapid change in the species concept , strong attention is
laid on sufficient collection of material of a species to know its
range of distribution and variation which is based to
speciation.

9. Collecting ways
 These method may be from picking up insects flying towards a
torch light in the evening to trawling for deep sea animals.
 Some persons develop collecting as a hobby .
 Various technique are employed for collecting animals.
 Peachick 1966 Gave a good account of various techniques For
the collections of macroscopic specimen.
 New technique are continually being developed for All sort of
animal like mist net for birds collecting.Altra Violet lamp for
insect collecting.

10. Difficulties In Collection:
 Field surveys or extensive expeditions involve many
hurdles both political and technical.
 Technical difficulties can be made easier by man by
using different aids But political restrictions are main
hurdles
 Some countries have completely banned the collection
of animals by visitors.
 Such obstructions have resulted in almost complete
halt in the dissemination of knowledge of fauna of
various countries.

11. Insects and their Collection:
Habitat:
 Insects form most dominant group of animals. There is
hardly any place in the planet where insects are not found.
 They are found in :
1. In the Air.
2. Fresh or brackish water.
3. Plant products.
4. Seeds and fruits.
5. In the soil.
6. And many other places.

12. Collection:
 Insects can be collected by sweeping using nets during
sunny day.
 By light traps for insects attracted to light.
 By baits and bait traps.
Sweeping:
The purpose of sweeping is to dislodge insects from
vegetation by means of insects net.
Beating:
Its principle is to hit a branch of a tree or shrub hard enough
in such a way that the insects and other arthropods fall on the
tray or white sheet placed below from where they can be
captured.

13. Insect Net:
 It consist a wire ring ,a bag and a handle.
 The ring should be 12 to 15 inches in diameter and
made of 3 mm iron and steel wire
 The bag is Either of Muslin cloth, and material
depending on the purpose of collecting.
 The bag should be about two or two -and- a- half time
deep as the diameter of the ring.
 The handle of the net should be 3/4 m long but light.

14. Small insect
The small insect can be removed from the net with a killing bottle or
aspirator.In case the captured specimen is large the handle is twisted quickly
Lapping the bag over the rim and the specimen is then, enclosed in the
bottom of the bag .

15.  The bag is then grasped enclosing the specimen in a small fold of the cloth and
with the other hand the open end of a killing bottle is insected and pushed into
the net upwards till the specimen is enclosed by it.The bottle is then withdrawn
from the net and corked.In case of active or stinging specimens like bees and
warps, the fold of the Net containing the insect is inserted into the killing bottle ,
untill the specimen is stupefied.

16. Killing bottle

17. Note:
Do not use the net over wet vegetation because most of the insect are
damaged,or on vegetation having stout thorns,or very close to barbed wire
to avoid it’s wearing.

18. Aspirator
 It is a simple “suction apparatus"used for collecting small insect and arachnids.
 There are different types of aspirator but commonly used are

19. Apparatus:
1. Vial of glass or preferably transparent plastic
2. Sometimes one end opened jar is used while in other type it is opened at
both side.
3. The open ends are provided with tightly fitted rubber stoppers.
4. To avoid the crushing of small insects while other wise may crawl between
the stoppers and the wall of the vial.

20. 5. Two glass tubes pass through the stoppers.
6. A rubber tube is attached to the outer end of the suction tube for
sucking through the mouth.
7. The other end of this tube which remained in the vial is covered with a
piece of fine muslin cloth to prevent insects and arachnids from entering
the tube.
1. The second glass tube is opened at both ends
2. In the second case both the open ends of the vial are filled with
stoppers and one glass tube passes through each stopper

22. Working procedure of aspirator:
1. In practice the outer end of the intake tube is placed near an insect or
arachnids and suction is applied sharply through the suction tube.
2. This suction creates a partial vacuum in the vial thereby drawing the arthropods
up through the intake tube.
3. The outer end of the intake tube should be plugged with cotton to avoid the
the escape of arthropods once caught in the vial.
4. Although the inner end of the suction tube is provided with a muslin cloth.
5. More care is still needed To avoid contacting parasites arthropods or other
arthropods pathogens while sucking the suction tube with mouth.
6. In such cases it is always advisable to use some suction producing apparatus.
7. The insects or other arthropods collected in the aspirator may be killed by
emptying them into an open killing bottle.
8. The killing agent should not be kept in the aspirator especially during its use.

23. Bulb aspirator
Use of bulb aspirator
 Bulb aspirator is another type of aspirator.
 It is quit useful for the collection of the mites,small insect,and spiders
Working procedure of bulb aspirator
 There is a provision for fitting interchangeable nozzles of suitable diameter in the
outer end of the intake tube depending upon the type of collection to be made.
 The other end of the intake tube runs through the entire length of the vial and placed
in the narrow hole of other stoppers.
 This hole has smaller interior diameter and a larger interior diameter.
 The narrower portion of this hole should always be slightly larger than the outer
diameter of the intake tube for free movement of the air through the whole system.
 Similarly the wider portion of this hole should be slightly smaller than the outer
diameter of the collecting vial so that it is tightly attached to the stopper.

24.  The suction is applied through the bulb and the desired specimen is sucked in
through the in through the intake tube directly into the collecting vial
containing 70 percent alcohol.

25. Disadvantage of bulb aspirator
 Disadvantage With this aspirator Is the presence of condensation inside the main
tube and the intake tube due to the alcohol in collecting vial.
 This results in the Sticking of the specimen along the intake tube.
 The condensation be stopped to a great extent by keeping a piece of blotting paper
inside the aspirator.

26. Berlese funnel
Uses of berlese funnel
1. It is useful in extracting insects and other arthropods from organic soil and leaf litter.
2. It can also be used to extract small organisms from;
 Loose bark
 Stored food products
 Manure and the material from nest mammals and social insects.
Apparatus
 It is simple apparatus consisting of metal and plastic funnel.
 Having a wire mesh on its bottom for holding the sample.
Working procedure:
• The narrow end of the funnel is recieved in the beaker or container containing 70
percent alcohol with few drops of glycerine to avoid dessication in case of alcohol
evaporated.
• The funnel is then covered with a lid having a hole in the middle for an electric bulb.

27.  As the upper part of the sample dries up due to the heat of the bulb, the
organism avoiding heat start migrating deeper into the funnel.
 The finally falls at the bottom of sample.
 Then are collected into the container kept below.

28. Diagrams
Fig; Berlese Funnel Apparatus

29. Flotation method
Uses
 This method is quit simple and also used to extract insects mites and other
arthropods from soil matted vegetation.
 It is also good for collecting eggs and pupae of insects from such materials.
Function
 The sample is broken up in a basin containing a mixture of magnesium sulphate in
water.in 1:3 ratios
 It is then steered gently
 After sometime the organisms starts floating over the surface of water from
where they are collected on a sieve or filter paper.