Ecology lab report

Report on
Marine Ecology
Submitted By
Md.Alamgir hossain
Roll: 163110030
Group:04
Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Maritime University, Bangladesh
Alamgir hossain
email: alamgir.bsmrmu@gmail.com Phone:01521209713
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Table of Content
Day-1 Date: 06/04/2017
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Name of Topic No. of
Page
Introduction
Experiment no-1 01
Experiment no-2 05
Experiment no-3 08
Theoretical Class 10
Briefing about mangrove 10
Mangrove forest in Bangladesh 13
Experiment no-1 16
Experiment no-2 19
Experiment no-3 22
Experiment no-4 23
Experiment no-1 26
Experiment no-2 28
Experiment no-3 29
Experiment no-4 30
Marine Zonation 32
Marine Algae 34
Structure of seaweeds 35
Importance of marine algae 36
Use of Marine Algae 37
Visiting Museum 39
How to prepare sea weeds specimen 41
Experiment:01
43
Experiment:02
44
Experiment:03
48
Conclusion 51
Referances 51
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Activity-01(Experiment)
Experiment no.: 1.1
Experiment name: Identification of the zooplankton from the surface water
sample of Bay of Bengal.
Equipment:
I. zooplankton net
II. Sample containers
III. Slides
IV. Pipette
V. Compound Microscope
VI. Cover slip
Chemicals:
I. 30% Alcohol
II. 50% Alcohol
III. 95% Alcohol
IV. Distilled Water
V. Safranin
VI. Glycerin
 Procedure of sample collection and preservation:
1. Nets are conical devices made of fine nylon mesh that are pulled through
the water either vertically or horizontally for a known distance.
Zooplanktons are captured in a vial or mesh-walled bucket at the bottom of
the net and then can be rinsed into a storage bottle for counting. The
amount of water from which zooplankton are removed is estimated as
length of two times mouth diameter of the net.
2. Next, we collect zooplankton samples from the cod end of the net. The cod
end is the bottom of the net where the fabric tapers and all the organisms
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are caught. Some cod ends are just bottles screwed into the bottom, but
others have mesh windows to filter water as the net samples. Bottle cod
ends are generally better for samples to be observed live, while filtering
cod ends are better for collections to be preserved, and are easier to deploy
repeatedly.
3. We preserved freshly collected zooplankton with 40% formalin-sucrose
solution that is chilled to around 5°C before use. Formalin preserves the
animals by preventing bacterial decomposition. The combined effect of
sucrose and chilling the preservative prevents distortion of cladoceran
bodies that occurs with non-amended formalin. Our samples were kept in
near air-tight containers (Whirl-Pak bags or small plastic Nalgene bottles)
under refrigerated conditions for best results.
 Identification process:
1. At first, we took a slide and took two samples of zooplankton on it which
are visible with open eyes.
2. Then we dropped 1 ml of 30% Alcohol on the samples of the slide and wait
for 1 minute. Then we washed it with 1 ml of distilled water and dried it.
3. Next, we dropped 1 ml of 50% Alcohol on the samples of the slide and wait
for 1 minute. Again we washed it with 1 ml of distilled water and dried it.
4. After that, we dropped 1 ml of 95% Alcohol on the samples of the slide and
wait for 1 minute. Again we washed it with 1 ml of distilled water and dried
it.
5. Then we colored the sample with 1-2 drop of Safranin and dried it. Again
we washed the extra color with 1 ml of distilled water.
6. This time we dried it carefully under the sun for about 4-5 minutes. We had
to ensure not a single small drop of water remains.
7. After drying it, we put a drop of glycerin.
8. Then we took a look upon the slide under the microscope to fix the position
of the plankton perfectly so that it could easily be identified.
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9. Then we carefully put a cover slip on the sample of the slide with presence
of glycerin. We had to ensure that no bubble create there.
10. Again looked at the slide under the microscope and identified the
zooplankton species.
 Data analysis:
We found a zooplankton which has following general characteristics-
• It is around 1 mm long
• It is tear drop shaped
• It has large antennae which is at least
half the length of the body
• Normally almost transparent
• Median Compound Eyes
• Found in Marine region
• Continental Species
• Limnoterrestrial
• The presence of a joint between the
fifth and sixth body segments
Figure:
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Fig: Copepoda
By this experiment we git that it is a Calanoida, order of Copepoda.
Scientific Classification of Calanoida:
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Sub phylum:Crustacea
Class:Maxillopoda
Sub class: Copepoda
Super order: Gymnoplea
Order: Calanoida
Result:
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After the classification we found a zooplankton of Calanoida order of Copepoda
subclass.
Precautions:
1. We must carefully hold the slide .
2. We must carefully move the zooplankton so that don’t be wasted or
teared.
3. We should use gloves while working with chemicals.
4. Before putting the glycerin the slide must be totally dry.
5. We have to ensure that no bubble be created in the slide under the
cover slip.
Experiment no.: 1.2
Experiment name: Identification of the phytoplankton from the surface water
sample of Bay of Bengal.
Equipment:
VII. Phytoplankton net
VIII. Sample containers
IX. Slides
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X. Pipette
XI. Compound Microscope
XII. Cover slip
Chemicals:
VII. 30% Alcohol
VIII. 50% Alcohol
IX. 70% Alcohol
X. Distilled Water
XI. Safranin
XII. Glycerin
Procedure:
 Sample Collection and preservation:
1. Phytoplankton nets are also conical devices made of fine nylon mesh that are
pulled through the water either vertically or horizontally for a known
distance. Phytoplanktons are captured in a vial or mesh-walled bucket at the
bottom of the net and then can be rinsed into a storage bottle for counting.
The amount of water from which phytoplankton are removed is estimated as
length of two times mouth diameter of the net.
2. Next, we collected phytoplankton samples from the cod end of the net. The
cod end is the bottom of the net where the fabric tapers and all the organisms
are caught. Some cod ends are just bottles screwed into the bottom, but
others have mesh windows to filter water as the net samples. Bottle cod
ends are generally better for samples to be observed live, while filtering cod
ends are better for collections to be preserved, and are easier to deploy
repeatedly.
 Identification process:
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1. At first, we took a slide and took two samples of phytoplankton on it
which are not clearly visible at all with open eyes.
2. Then we dropped 1 ml of 30% Alcohol on the samples of the slide
and wait for 1 minute. Then we washed it with 1 ml of distilled water
and dried it.
3. Next, we dropped 1 ml of 50% Alcohol on the samples of the slide
and wait for 1 minute. Again we washed it with 1 ml of distilled
water and dried it.
4. After that, we dropped 1 ml of 70% Alcohol on the samples of the
slide and wait for 1 minute. Again we washed it with 1 ml of distilled
water and dried it.
5. Then we colored the sample with 1-2 drop of Safranin and dried it.
Again we washed the extra color with 1 ml of distilled water.
6. This time we dried it carefully under the sun for about 4-5 minutes.
We had to ensure not a single small drop of water remains.
7. After drying it, we put a drop of glycerin.
8. Then we took a look upon the slide under the microscope to fix the
position of the plankton perfectly so that it could easily be identified.
9. Then we carefully put a cover slip on the sample of the slide with
presence of glycerin. We had to ensure that no bubble create there.
10. Again looked at the slide under the microscope and identified the
phytoplankton species.
Data analysis:
We found a phytoplankton which has following general characteristics-
• It is about 140-185 µm long aperture width of 45-50 µm.
• It possesses an agglutinated lorica, posteriorly tapered, merging into a
straight cylindroidal process.
• Cells elongate abconical and highly contractile.
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• Posterior end narrowed and always forming a short stalk like peduncle
with which cells adheres to inside of lorica.
Figure:[02]
Result:
After the classification we found the phytoplankton is a Tintinnopsis
cylindrica.
Precautions:
1. We must carefully hold the slide .
2. We must carefully move the phytoplankton so that don’t be wasted or
teared.
3. We should use gloves while working with chemicals.
5. We must not use more higher than 70% alcohol for Phytoplankton.
6. We have to ensure that no bubble be created in the slide under the cover
slip.
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Experiment no.: 1.3
Experiment name: Benthic sediment analysis by sieve method.
Equipment:
i. Laboratory Sieve Net
ii. bucket
iii. Measurement Mug
iv. Petri Dish
Chemicals:
i. Water
ii. 7% Formalin
Process:
We collected benthic sediment from a mangrove. So, it is not from deep sea.
But if we analysis this sample we can found the result of the benthic sediment
of our mangrove. We analyzed the sample by sieving method.
We used laboratory sieve for this sieving. We had different diameter nets of
2mm, 1mm and 0.35mm. We use the bucket to mix water with the sediment.
The water must be fresh so that no other organism is mixed form outside. Then
with measurement mug we pour the mixture into the sieve net. In this way we
do it until the mixture remains. When we done all, then we have to wash with
fresh water the organisms. When all organisms are got clean, separate them. We
can separate them by size or by species. In our experiment we separated them
by size. We put them in three Petri-dishes.
Result:
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We found various kinds of species from our sample of sediment. some of them
are -
• Oligochaete
• Polychaete
• Mudskipper
• Molluscs
Molluscs[03]
Mudskipper[03]
Oligochaete[03]
Polychaete[03]
Precautions:
1. We must carefully pour the mixture into the sieve.
2. We should use gloves while working with chemicals and mud.
3. We should separate the organisms carefully
4. No other organisms from outside must not enter to the sieve net.
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Day 2 Date: 07/04/2017
Activity 1: Theoretical class on Mangrove
"Briefing about mangrove forest "
Before starting our lab work we attended at a Presentation class. The
Presentation class was conducted by Md. Nurul Azim Shikder Sir, Assistant
professor of Chittagong University(CU).
From the briefing we have learned various things related with the mangrove
forest, mangrove ecosystem, mangrove environment, bio-diversity etc.
Generally found in coastal areas all over the tropics. Primarily it is in brackish
water. It covers approximately 22 million hectares in tropical and subtropical
coasts.
Before knowing these this at first we have to know what is mangrove forest.
Mangrove is like to be called as: The only woody plants that grow between
land and sea in the tropical and subtropical region and (0- 25)0
N and (0-25)0
S
from the equator, is called mangrove forest.
The Characteristics of Mangrove forest:
 The plants are woody
 Grows between land and sea
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 Growing area (0- 25)0
N and (0-25)0
S from the equator
 Salt tolerant or Salt loving plants
 Mostly have pneumatophore for their breathing
 They have four types of roots.
 Three types of mangrove forest.
Mangrove comes from two words:
Portuguese word English word
The types of mangrove forest:
We were informed about global mangrove forest ,sunder ban and local
mangrove forest in Bangladesh. As research is not good enough in Bangladesh,
so we have learned little about Bangladesh's mangrove forest, its ecosystem , its
environment ,ecology and its bio-diversity.
Mangrove Distribution in World:
► 240,000 square kilometers worldwide.
► 68 species
► Found on coastline between 25°N and 25°S from equator line
TOP 10 COUNTRIES WITH THE LARGEST AREAS OF MANGROVE
FOREST
Sl. Country Area(Hectors)
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1. INDONESIA 3,062,300
2. AUSTRALIA 1,451,411
3. BRAZIL 1,012,376
4. NIGERIA 997,700
5. MEXICO 882,032
6. MALAYSIA 564,971
7. CUBA 545,805
8. MYANMAR 518,646
9. BANGLADESH 476,215
10. INDIA 446,100
Source: International journals of Biology
There are about 68 types of mangrove plants in the world. However we have 23
types of species in Bangladesh are identified .The numbers of species which are
identified in various country in the world are given below
Number of Mangrove Species:
Country Mangrove Species
India 32
Bangladesh 23
Sri Lanka 22
Myanmar 32
Thailand 34
Philippines 35
Vietnam 27
Source: FAO, 2012
Generally mangrove forest are found in the coastal area of Bangladesh like
 Sunder ban mangrove forest
 Chakoria sunder ban in Cox's Bazar
 Moheskhali mangrove forest,Chittagong.
Basically there are two types of mangrove forest are found in Bangladesh. They are :-
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1. White forest
2. Black forest
The red forest is not found in our country. The place where we had visited as
our field trip purpose was Salimpur Mangrove forest which is in Chittagong.
This is also Swampy and White forest.
Mangrove Ecosystem: Mangrove Ecosystem is a complex interrelationship of
living and non living environment of mangrove region.
The factors or the parameters in Mangrove:
 Tide: (2.432 to 3.04) m
 Temperature: (24-30)0
C
 Salinity : (22-32) ppt
 PH
: (6.8-8.2)
Soil composition of mangrove:
Mangrove soil is soft mud mainly composed of salt, clay and sand. It is also
loose due to presence of fine sediments and decaying organic matter. Color is
black emitting foul smell of H2S.It is also acidic in frequently flooded upper
areas.
Salinity: Mangroves require salts for growth and development. Salt
requirement is low at seedling stage and increases with growth. Salinity
tolerance varies with species.
Avicennia marina and Ceriops tagal survive high salinity. Heritiera fomes,
Nypa fruticans, Sonneratia caseolaris and Bruguiera sexangula prefer low
salinity. Rhizophoraceae prefer moderate salinity.[04]
Epiphytes of mangroves in Bangladesh:
Mangroves have commonly the following epiphytes-
-Spanish moss (actually a lichen)
-Orchids
-Bromeliads (most common)
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Mangrove forest in Bangladesh:
 Sundarban mangrove is located at the southwest region of Bangladesh
and is spread over the districts of Khulna, Bagerhat and Satkhira.
 Chakaria mangrove situated in the district of Cox’s bazaar in the
southeastern part of the country.
 Besides there are afforested mangroves cover an area over the entire
coast and offshore island.
Mangrove Environment:
Biodiversity of mangrove forest in BD:
 Plants: 350 sp.
 Fish: 400 sp.
 Birds: 290 sp.
 Mammals: 49 sp.
 Reptiles: 53 sp.
 Shrimp: 20 sp.
 Lobster: 8 sp.
 Crabs: 7 sp.
In our Several sp. of gastropods and pelecypods are reported.
Tigers: 170 ( Bangladesh 106 and India 64, Census April 2015 and it was 400 in
2004)
Flora of Mangrove:
1. Heritiera globosa
2. Avicennia alba
3. Avicennia mariana
4. Avicennia officinalis
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5. Avicennia rumphiana
6. Nypa fruticans
7. Sonneratia alba
8. Sonneratia ovate
9. Sonneratia griffithii
10.Sonneratia apetala
Fauna of Sundarbans:
1. Panthera tigris tigis (A Royal Bengal Tiger)
2. Axis axis ( Chital deers)
3. Macaca mulatta (Rhesus macaque)
4. Crocodylus porosus (Saltwater crocodile)
5. Pristis microdon (Largetooth sawfish)
6. Periophthalmus argentilineatus (mudskipper)
Goods and Services of Mangrove:
Goods
 Firewood, Charcoal
 Timber, poles, Thatch
 Floats, tannin
 Household items (pole, handle fence)
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Services
 Protection (flood, surge, shoreline erosion, cyclone)
 Provision: fishing, nursing, breeding ground, livelihood
 Recreation and tourism
 Heritage
 Top soil formation
Threats to the Mangrove Ecosystem:
Natural
 Climatic Changes
 Cyclones
 Physical process
Anthropogenic
 Illegal cutting
 Shrimp fry and crab collection
 Firewood collection
 Walkway
 Pollution
 Human encroachment
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Activity 2: Experiments
Experiment no.: 2.1
Experiment name: Identification of Prawn and Shrimp and difference between
them
Aim:
There are various types of shrimp. The main purpose of this experiment is to
instantly identify what is prawn and what is lobster. It will also very helpful for
scientific study.
Apparatus:
Two shrimp; one is prawn and another is lobster, deserting box, etc.
Diagram:
Fig: Prawn[05]
Fig: Lobster[05]
Procedure:
1. At first we took two shrimp.
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2. There after we started to observe the shrimp.
3. Just after than we had counted the spine of rostrum of the shrimp.
4. Then we noticed the curvedness of the both's rostrum. Basically one was
more curved and another was less curved.
5. Then we observed the overlap position of all pleura of the shrimps.
Observation for first one:
• Rostrum long , extending, distinctly
beyond antenna scale.
• Rostrum with 11-14 dorsal teeth of
which 9-10 forming on elevated
crest.
• 8-14 ventral teeth
• Telson regulating tapering too sharp point without a posterior margin.
Fig: Penaeus monodon
• 6-8 spines on the upper side of the rostrum.2-4 spines on the lower side of
the rostrum
• Rostrum shape is less curved, almost straight.
• All the pleura of abdominal segments are covered by its next pleura.
By matching the external Segment we understand that it is "Penaeus
monodon"
Observation for Second one:
• Rostrum with 7-8 dorsal teeth & 3-
4 venteral teeth
• No longitudinal suture.
• Pale yellow and dark brown bars.
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• Telson unarmed ,
• No exopod on 5th
periopod.
• Antenna uniform, pink-brown
• 12-14 spines on the upper side of the rostrum.
Fig: Microbrecium rosenbergi
• 6-8 spines on the lower side of the rostrum
• Rostrum shape is much curved.
• The 2nd
pleura covers the 1st
and 3rd
both pleura and 2nd
pleura is not
covered at all.
By matching the external Segment we understand that it is
Microbrecium rosenbergi
Difference between Penaeus monodon and Microbrecium rosenbergi:
Penaeus monodon Microbrecium rosenbergi
Spines on the upper
side of the rostrum.
6-8 12-14
Spines on the lower
side of the rostrum
2-4 6-8
Rostrum shape Less curved More curved
Pleura covering All the pleura of
abdominal segments are
covered by its next pleura
2nd
pleura covers the 1st
and
3rd
both pleura and 2nd
pleura is not covered at all
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Experiment no: 2.2
Experiment name: Dissection of Prawn
Aim: The main purpose of this experiment is to learn how to dissect a shrimp
as well as a prawn so that we can learn the way of scientific Dissection of an
anatomy of shrimp for scientific research in future.
Diagram:
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Fig: Dissection of Prawn
Process:
1. Put the specimen on the dissecting tray.
2. Lift the carapace from the lateral sides and cut it loose at the anterior end.
3. Cut the inner lining membrane and the carapace is separated.
4. Remove the abdominal terga with the pleura by making two parallel cuts
along the ventrolateral lines of the abdomen starting from the anterior end
and running up to telson.
The body of Penaeus consists of two regions, the anterior cephalothorax and the
posterior abdomen.
Cephalothorax:
• The cephalothorax is formed by the fusion of the head or cephalon and
thorax.
• The head consists of five segments and the thorax is eight-segmented.
• The dorsal and the lateral sides of the cephalolhorax is covered by- a single
chitinous exoskeleton called carapace or dorsal shield. It is formed by the
fusion of five terga of the head and eight terga of the thorax.
• A transverse cervical groove on the dorsal side seperates the anterior head
from the posterior thorax.
• The anterior region of the carapace forms in front a median serrated process
known as rostrum. There are two compound eyes, which are attached to the
base of the rostrum by movable stalks.
• The free ventral flaps of the carapace on each side of the thorax is called
branchiostegite or gill cover. The space between the branchiostegite and
body wall of each side is known as branchial chamber.
• The respiratory organ, branchiae or gills lie in the branchial chamber. The
ventral sterna of the cephalothorax fuse and form a plate known as sternal
plate.
• In female, the sternum of the last thoracic segment forms an outgrowth
called thelycum which encloses acavity. The male deposits its
spermatophores into it. Cephalothorax bears thirteen pairs of jointed
appendages of which the anterior five pairs are in the cephalic region and
the posterior eight pairs are in the thoracic region.
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• In female, a pair of genital openings lies at the base, of the sixth thoracic
legs. In male, a pair of genital aperturelies on a small papillae at the base of
last pair of thoracic legs.
Abdomen:
• The abdomen consists of six segments and a terminal piece called telson.
• The dorsal side of each abdominal segment is covered by an exoskeleton
called tergum .
• The thin lateral downward prolongation of the tergum is known as pleuron.
• The ventral plate-like exoskeleton of the abdominal segment is known
as sternum. The part between the pleuron and ventral abdominal appendage
on each side is known as epimeron.
• The cuticle between the adjacent segments is thin. Each abdominal segment
bears a pair of jointed ventral appendages. The last pair of abdominal
appendages is called uropods.
• In male, the first pair of abdominal appendages forms a copulatory
apparatus called petasma.
• The last piece of the abdomen, the telson, bears no appendages. Anus lies at
the base of the telson ventrally. The uropods and the telson form the tail fin.
They are used for backward movement.
Appendages of prawn:
There are 19 pairs of appendages of a prawn.
1. Antennule
2. Antenna
3. Mandible
4. Maxillulae
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5. Maxillae
6. 2nd
Maxillipeds
7. 3rd
Maxillipeds
8. 1st
walking leg
9. 2nd
walking leg
10.3rd
walking leg
11.4th
walking leg
12.5th
walking leg
13.1st
swimmerets
14.2nd
swimmerets
15.3rd
swimmerets
16.4th
swimmerets
17.5th
swimmerets
18. Uropod
Experiment no: 2.3
Experiment name: Identification of sex of a prawn.
Prawn species: Penaeus monodon
Aim:
The aim of our experiment is to know how we will be able to identify the male
and female shrimp. By this experiment we will can differentiate the male and
female shrimp. This is very much important to differentiate sex of a prawn as
we are students of Oceanography.
Equipment: Two known male and female shrimp and disserting box.
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Diagram:[06]
Fig: Male petasma and female thelycum (courtesy of L. Evans)
Procedure:
Females have a sperm receptacle (thyelycum) located ventrally on the last
thoracic segment. Males have a copulatory organ (petasma, formed by the
longitudinally folded endopods of the first pair of pleopods.
Observation:
The sex organ is visible to female and it is invisible in male.
Result:
The male and female shrimp are identified.
Experiment no: 2.4
Experiment name: Preserving plant specimens as herbarium.
Aim:
This is very important to know the scientific way to preserve any types of
plants, its roots, leaves, etc. So the main intention of us is to know what is the
way for scientific preservation and to become well known with this method.
Equipment:
i. plant species
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ii. wooden frame
iii. cardboard
iv. newspaper
v. blotter paper
vi. scotch tape
vii. glue
Process:
We can present the process as the following flow-chart. And we also follow this
way for herbarium of Sesuvium .
Flow Chart: Process of herbarium
Result:
We were successfully end the full process for herbarium in the lab.
Day 3 Date: 08/04/2017
Activity 1: Theoretical class
Water quality analysis:
 Physical factors including suspended materials (called suspended solids)
and dissolved substances (dissolved solids).
 Chemical factors including concentrations of ions, pollutants, etc.
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 Biological factors including presence of organisms, plankton,
macroinvertebrates, fish, nutrients, etc.
Measuring Water Clarity:
 Turbidity is a measure of the degree to which the water loses its
transparency due to the presence of suspended particulates.
A turbidity measurement could be used to provide an estimation of the
TSS.
Turbidity is measured in NTUs and sometimes FTUs (Forel Turbidity
Units)
No suspended solid present is a value of 0 NTU. While drinking water
should not be more than 5 NTU.
Colorimetry and Spectrophotometry:
One useful and often used way of determining the concentration of a chemical
in a solution, if it has a color, is to measure the intensity of the color and relate
the intensity of the color to the concentration of the solution.
Chemical factors: pH
pH is a measure of the increase of Hydrogen ions in water. Additional carbon
dioxide in freshwater can decrease the pH, making the water body more
acidic( dissolved gases)
Runoff including the addition on ions in water is also important. (i.e.-
phosphates, chlorides, etc. that are dissolved solids)
Other Factors: Gases dissolved in water
Water can hold gases, but the amount depends on the temperature of the water.
Gases in Water:
Gases can be measured in mg/L as well or ppm (for both carbon dioxide and
oxygen)
Gases can be tested using meters (including the YSI series of meters)
Gases could also be measured using test kits which include titration reactions.
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Measuring Nutrients (Kits and Colorimetry)
• Nitrogen - Usually Nitrates
• Phosphorus - Usually Phosphates
• Sulfur - Usually Sulfate
• Iron - Sometimes considered as a trace nutrient
Soil texture:
Soil texture is defines as the relative proportion of sand, silt, and clay. The
ranges of diameters of the three separates are: sand (2.0-0.05 mm), silt (0.05-
0.002 mm) and clay (<0.002 mm).
Size:
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NAME SIZE
Boulder >256 mm
Cobble 64-256 mm
Pebble 4-64 mm
Gravel 2-4 mm
Sand 0.0625- 2 mm
Silt 0.003906-0.0625
mm
Clay < 0.003906 mm
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Experiment no: 3.1
Experiment name: Measurement of DO of sample water.
Aim:
The intention of this experiment is to know and to well know with the hole
process for determining the Dissolve Oxygen(DO). DO is very much important
for the environment and ecology. it is a biological parameter. So this is very
important to determine DO and its hole process.
Equipment:
i. DO bottle (100 mL)
ii. Burette
iii. Pipette
iv. Conical flask
Chemicals:
i. MnSO4
ii. KI
iii. 100 % H2SO4
iv. Starch solution
v. Na2O3S2
Diagram:
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Fig: DO test
Process:
1. At first we take sample water in a DO bottle without bubble.
2. Then 1mL of MnSO4 and 1mL of KI is mixed with that water
respectively. We moved and shake the bottle.
3. Then we mix 100 % H2SO4 of 1 ml.
4. We take 10 ml from the 100ml mixture into a conical flask with pipette.
5. Then we wait 5 minutes for precipitation.
6. The initial position reading is taken of the Na2O3S2
7. The final reading also is taken when the color fully changed.
8. Then we calculate the DO of the sample water.
Calculation:
DO =
=
= 16 ppm
Result: After conducting the experiment we have found the DO value of the
sample water 16 ppm.
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Experiment no: 3.2
Experiment name: Measurement the Salinity of sample water.
Aim:
The intention of this experiment is to know and to well know with the hole
process for determining the salinity of the sample water. Salinity is very much
important for the marine environment and marine ecology. It is a physical
parameter. So this is very important ,as a student of Oceanography, to determine
salinity and its hole process.
Equipment:
i. Refractometer
ii. sample water
Diagram:
Fig: Refractormeter Fig: Observation
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Procedure:
1. We take water into a refractometer.
2. Then have a look at the refractometer toward the sun or light.
3. We can see a scale and two different colors, generally blue and white.
4. The difference line is the indicator line and we have to take the reading of
that line in PPT.
5. It is the salinity of the water.
Result: From our experiment we have found the salinity 29 PPT.
Experiment no: 3.3
Experiment name: Observing the salinity tolerance of a freshwater fish.
Aim:
To have the knowledge about the affect of salinity to the marine animal and the
plants and its effects on them.
Equipments:
Three each species of fishes, three plastic tanks,
Diagram:[07]
Fig: Field observation Fig: Lab observation
Procedure:
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1. At first we take three different same size jars.
2. Fill the jars with water. One jar must fill with one type of water.
3. Now the jars are filled with three different types of salinity water.
4. Now we put each fish into each three jars.
Observation:
In the lowest saline water the fish is moving less and get stable in a short
time.In the medium saline water the fish is moving for more time and take more
time to be stable.In the highest saline water the fish is moving and moving and
can’t be stable. The water is not suitable for it.By measuring the osmoregulation
unit of the fishes we can measure the BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) and
also FCR (Food conservation Ratio) of the water samples.
Experiment no: 3.4
Experiment name: sediment sieving and analysis
Aim:
As a student of Oceanography we have to know the sediment structure and the
types of sands. This experiment was conducted for this purpose so that we can
determine the sediment structure and its types.
Equipment:
i. sieve net
ii. sieve shaker
iii. Petri dish
iv. weight machine
v. paper
Diagram:
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Fig: Sieving net Fig: Sands after Sieving
Procedure:
1. At first we should make a paste of sedment.
2. The whole sediment take into the sieve net
3. Then with a sieve shaker we shake it.
4. After all the sediment gets separated we stop shaking.
5. The mesh we get from every part of sieve must be weighted.
6. We also mark the papers with mesh size and weight.
Observation:
Sl. No. Sands Size (cm) Weight (gm)
1. 37.8
2. 2.7-6.4 21.2
3. 1-2.7 1.4
4. 1-0.78 1.05
5. 0.355-0.71 39.55
6. 0.25 - 0.355 44.65
7. 0.125 - 0.25 21.9
8. 0.63 -0.125 0.75
9. 2.4
Total weight of sediments is 200.8 gm.
Percentage of all size's sands found from observation:
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Result: There were various types of sand in the sediment.
Activity 3: Observing various Marine Zonation Model
We have also learned and observe various types of marine Zonation model
made by different students. We can named as like followings-
• Karnafuli Estuary Model
• Biological marine Zonation model
• Organism based model
• Physical Zonation model
• Combined model
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Day-04 Date:
09/04/2017
At the Institute of marine Sciences and fisheries
Activity:4.1
Attending on a presentation class on the marine algae and micro algae
conducted by Aysha Akhter, Associate Professor of CU.
The main topics of her class was Ecology( Marine Algae & Marine Seaweeds) ,
Diversity, Physiology, importance and uses of all of that.
In a sentence we can say that Seaweeds is a group of marine algae. In size,
marine algae is larger than seaweeds.
Feature:
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Algae Seaweeds
Fresh/marine Only marine
Highly divers Less divers
Unique and Multi Cellular Multi Cellular
Micro and Macro Micro
Grows in Shallow & Deep sea Grows in Shallow & costal( Benthic)
Heterotrophic Autotrophic
We were also told about thallophytic
plants. Now the characteristics are:
 They are not divided.
 Don't have vascular system.
 They are uni-cellular.
 Asexual and sexual
reproduction.
 Saprophytic
The factors to growth for them:
 Light
 Temperature
 osmosis
 PH
 Nutrition
 essential elements
 Micro nutrients
Types of thallophytic:
Marine Algae[08]
Seaweed is a term applied to multicellular, marine algae which are large enough
to be seen by the eye unaided. Some can grow to up to 60 metres in length.
Seaweeds include members of the red, brown
and green algae. They are members of the
kingdom Protista meaning they are not Plants.
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They do not have the vascular system (internal transport system) of plants and
do not have roots, stems, leaves and flowers or cones. Like plants they use the
pigment chlorophyll for photosynthesis but also contain other pigments which
may be coloured red, blue, brown or gold.
They are divided into three groups:
Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)
Green Algae (Chlorophyta)
Red Algae (Rhodophyta)
Blue-green algae[08]
Blue green algae are not marine algae. They are in a group called cyanobacteria
and are more closely related to bacteria. Some cyanobacteria form brown,
green, red or purple tufts on coral reefs.To survive seaweeds need salty or
brackish water, sunlight and a surface to
attach themselves to.
Fig: Blue-green algae
Because of these factors they are generally found in the littoral zone (this
includes the intertidal zone but generally extends out much further). They are
usually found on rocky rather than on sand or shingle shores.
Seaweeds are a food source for marine animals such as sea urchins and fishes,
and are the base of some marine food webs. They
also provide shelter and a home for numerous
fishes, invertebrates, birds and mammals.
The kelps form dense forests which support
entire underwater communities providing both
food and shelter. Intertidal seaweeds can be
exposed to many environmental stresses
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including drying out when not under water, temperature and salinity changes
and wave action.
Structure of seaweeds[08]
Thallus: the entire body of a seaweed.
Lamina: a flattened structure that is resembles a leaf.
Sorus: a cluster of spores spore.
Air bladders: a hollow, gas-filled structure organ which helps the seaweed
float, found on the blade). Other seaweeds (e.g. kelp) have floats which are
located between the lamina and stipe.
Stipe: a stem-like structure, not all seaweeds have these.Holdfast: a specialized
structure on
the base of a seaweed which acts as an “anchor”
allowing it to attach to a surface (e.g. a rock Fig: Structure of marine
Algae
Haptera: finger-like extensions o f holdfast
anchoring to benthic substrate.Seaweeds play a
very important roles in many marine communities.
They are a food source for many marine animals
such as sea urchins and fishes, and form the base
of some food webs. They also provide shelter and
a home for numerous fishes, invertebrates, birds,
and mammals.
Seaweed Reproduction[08]
Seaweed life and reproductive cycles can be quite
complicated. Some seaweeds are perennial, living
for many years, while are annuals. Annual seaweeds Fig: Seaweeds production
generally begin to grow in the spring, and continue throughout the summer.
Some red seaweeds have a life span of 6 to 10 years.
Seaweeds can reproduce sexually, by the joining of specialized male and female
reproductive cells, called gametes. After they are released from the sporophyte,
the spores settle and grow into male and female plants called gametophytes. The
gametophytes produce gametes (sperm or eggs). The sperm and eggs are either
retained within the gametophyte plant body, or released into the water. Eggs are
fertilized when the sperm and egg fuse together, and a zygote is formed.
Zygotes develop and grow into sporophytes, and the life cycle
continues.Seaweeds display a variety of different reproductive and life cycles
and the
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description above is only a general example of one type, called alternation of
generations. In a few species there is an alternating sexual and asexual
reproductive process with every generation.
Seaweeds can also reproduce asexually through fragmentation or division. This
occurs when parts of a plant break off and develop directly into new individuals.
All offspring resulting from asexual reproduction are clones; they are
genetically identical to each other and the parent seaweed.
Importance of marine Algae[08]
Marine organisms are potentially prolific sources of highly bioactive secondary
metabolites that might represent useful leads in the development of new
pharmaceutical agents. Algae can be classified into two main groups; first one is
the microalgae, which includes blue green algae, dinoflagellates, bacillariophyta
(diatoms)… etc., and second one is macroalgae (seaweeds) which includes
green, brown and red algae. The microalgae phyla have been recognized to
provide chemical and pharmacological novelty and diversity. Moreover,
microalgae are considered as the actual producers of some highly bioactive
compounds found in marine resources. Red algae are considered as the most
important source of many biologically active metabolites in comparison to other
algal classes. Seaweeds are used for great number of application by man. The
principal use of seaweeds as a source of human food and as a source of gums
(phycocollides). Phycocolloides like agar agar, alginic acid and carrageenan are
primarily constituents of brown and red algal cell walls and are widely used in
industry.
Antibacterial activity:[08]
They lactone malyngolide , an antibiotic effective against Mycobacterium
smegmatis and Streptococcus pyogenes was isolated from the dichloromethane
extract of a shallow-water variety of the blue–green alga Lyngbya majuscula
(Cardllina et al., 1979).
The major antimicrobial constituents of Puerto Rican specimens of the blue
green Lyngbya majuscula are the elemental sulphur and methoxytetradecenoic
acid (Faulkner, 1987).
Antifungal activity:
Majuscuiamide C is a cyclic depsipeptide from the deep-water variety
of Lyngby majuscula that inhibit the fungal plant pathogens ( Carter et al.,
1984).
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Immunosuppressive activity:
The potent immunosuppressive lipoproteins, microcolins A and B have been
isolated from a Venezuelan sample of the blue green algae Lyngbya
majuscula by Koehn et al. (1992). The microcolins are potent inhibitor of the
murine mixed lymphocyte response and murine P388 leukemia in vitro ( Koehn
et al., 1992).
Uses of marine Algae:[08]
Marine algae, or seaweeds, are the oldest members of the plant kingdom,
extending back many hundreds of millions of years. They have little tissue
differentiation, no true vascular tissue, no roots, stems, or leaves, and no
flowers. Algae range in size from microscopic individual cells to huge plants
more than 100 feet long. Though the flora is continuous along the coast, an
abrupt change in overall species composition occurs at Point Conception, where
nutrient-rich northern currents meet warmer southern ones.
Red Marine Algae's medicinal properties are thought to enhance the immune
system's regulatory response, indicating that it is an immuno-modulatory
/antiviral agent.
Red marine algae has been used by people as a food staple for thousands of
years. In the Chinese Materica Medica, a volume dating back to 600 B.C., we
find the following statement, "Some algae are a delicacy fit for the most
honorable guest, even for the king himself." In China, Japan, and the Indo-
Pacific region, several dozen species of Red Algae are used.
* It is a complete protein with all the essential amino acids-unlike most plant
foods.
* It has a high carbohydrate content.
* It contains an extensive fatty acid profile, including Omega 3 and Omega 6.
* It has an abundance of vitamins, minerals and trace elements in a naturally-
occurring synergistic design.
Ecology of Seaweeds:
Geographical location: Rocky Shore
Temperature: (15-30)0
C
Salinity: 30-35 ppt
PH
: 8.4
St. Martine Island & its seaweeds:
Seaweeds diversity:
3 Major groups
1. Chlorophyta ( Green Algae)
2. Phaeophyta (Brown Algae)
3. Rodophyta ( Red Algae)
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Threats & conservation:
 Climate change (sea level rise, natural disaster)
 Temperature arise
 Salinity
 Human Interference
Activity 2:
Visiting the Marine Biology museum of "Institute of marine sciences &
Fisheries" of Chittagong University:
We observed various types of preserved marine animals in the museum. We
observed the following listed things-
• Reptiles
• Fucus spiralis
• Mollusks
• Crustacea
• Osteicthyes
• Zostera marina
• Perciformes
• Beloniformes
• Rhodymenia
palmata
• A Polyneura
latissima
• Anguilliformes
• Lophiformes
• Scopeliformes
• Mugiliformes
• Pleuronectiformes
• Tetradontiformes
• Siluriformes
• Clupiformes,
Activity-03
Day 4, Date: 09/04/2017
Activity 1: Theoretical class
St. Martin Island & its seaweed:
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 St. Martin Island serves as a potential habitat for seaweed culture because
geographical location and environmental condition has made it rich in
natural seaweed vegetation.
 It has hard substratum like rocky beach which is perfect for sea weed
growth.
 The water temperature is ~ 260
C and the salinity is ~35 ppt.
Threats to Seaweed biodiversity
 Climate change impacts (sealevel rise, temperature and salinity increase,
increased natural disasters etc.)
 Human interference (tourism activities, lack of awareness about
ecosystem resources etc.)
Conservation of Seaweed biodiversity
 Strict law, implementation and action plan to conserve the seaweed and
associated marine resources.
Sea Nutrition:
Seaweeds have various nutritive elements like polvasaccharides, iodine and
other Minerals, Vitamins and Nutrients.
Iodine: Iodine is an especially important mineral needed for healthy thyroid
function and hormone production. Seaweeds are whole food sources of iodine
that can heip protect the thyroid gland and its primary role in regulating
metabolism.
Other Minerals, Vitamins and Nutrients: Most high quality seaweeds contain
20 times more vitamins and minerals that land vegetables. Mineral content
varies from type to type but in general most are very high in iron, calcium,
magnesium, manganese, selenium, bromine, vanadium an sodium. Vitamins
found in larger amounts include folate, beta-carotene, riboflavin, Vit K,
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pantothenic acid, Vit C, niacin and choline. They are also significant sources of
dietary fiber as well as protein and small amounts of omega-3 fatty acids.
Activity 2: Observing the Marine Biology museum of Institute of marine
sciences of University of Chittagong.
We observed various types of preserved marine animals in the museum. We
observed the following listed things-
• Sea shells of Bangladesh
• reptiles
• Mollusks
• Crustacea
• Osteicthyes
• Perciformes
• Syngnathifomes
• Beloniformes
• Anguilliformes
• Lophiformes
• Scopeliformes
• Mugiliformes
• Pleuronectiformes
• Tetradontiformes
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• Siluriformes
• Clupiformes, etc…
Experiment no: 4.1
Experiment name: Collection, Preservation, Morphological study, and Identification of
Seaweeds.
Equipments:
1. Measuring tape/rope
2. Plastic Containers
3. Formalin (5-10%)
4. Measuring cylinder
5. Marker pen
6. Cutter
Collection Methods:
There are two ways for collecting seaweeds, which are littoral zone collection and diving
collection. Diving collection can be further divided into snorkeling and scuba diving.
Collection can be made by hands or using tools. It is essential to pay attention to the integrity
of the seaweed samples when collecting samples and to choose the specimens bearing
reproductive structures, because the reproductive structures, such as tetrasporangia,
cystocarps and spermatangia of red algae and conceptacles found in the species of
Sargassum, are important criteria for algal classification. These reproductive structures are
sometimes visible to the naked eye because they have different coloration on the seaweeds
either on the surface or on special branches of the thalli. In addition, knowing the life habitat
of seeweeds can help identify the species. Hence, it is important to observe and to record all
the details about the form, colors, numbers, growth substrate, growth location, the
surrounding environment in the littoral zone.
Preservation Method:
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Large seaweeds that would not rot very easily, such as Ulva sp., Sargassum sp. can be placed
in a collection bucket or collection bags directly. Smaller, soft or sticky seeweeds, as well as
algae that are fragile should be fastened and stored in different collection bottles or small
plastic bags. Plastic bags should be numbered with a permanent marker. Fresh algae collected
at the beach should be kept in a shaded area after they are placed in plastic bags or plastic
bottles. When transporting these algae, it is important to avoid direct sunlight or high
temperatures to ensure that the color of the algae does not fade. We have to conserve them
with 7% formalin.
Morphological Study:
Phylum Pigment
Photosynthetic
product(s)
Cell wall Flagellum
Cell
nucleus
Form Note
Green algae
(Chlorophyta)
chlorophyll a
and b, α, β-
carotene,
lutein
starch cellulose biflagellate;
equal in
length;
apical
Yes unicellular,
colonies or
multicellular
Widely
distributed;
both
terrestrial
and marine,
ca.1,200
species
worldwide.
Brown algae
(Phaeophyta)
chlorophyll a
and c,
fucoxanthin, β-
carotene,
lutein
laminaran,
mannitol
cellulose,
alginate
biflagellate;
not equal in
length;
lateral or
not
flagellum
Yes multicellular 99.7%
marine, ca.
2,000
species
worldwide.
Red algae
(Rhodophyta)
chlorophyll
a,d; a,
phycoerythrin,
phycocyanin,
α, β-carotene
floridean starch Cellulose,
carrageenan
or agarose
No Yes Uni- or
multi-
cellular
98%
marine, ca.
6,000
species
worldwide.
Identification of seaweeds:
1. Sargassum: It is brown algae. A large body
form of non kelp species. Sargassum can grow
up to 2 or 3 meters in height, so sampans
passing by can be trapped by it. Their plant
bodies are diploid (2N), which reproductive
cells undergo meiosis when they produce
gametes. Fig37: Sargassum
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2. Padina: Padina minor is also brown algae. Its leaves are rounded.
3. Chnoospora: It is again a type of brown algae. Its general water depth is 2m to 24.6 m.
Fig39: Chnoospora
4. Acanthophora: Acanthophora spicifera is a species of marine red algae. Its adaptability is
a wide range of hydrological conditions.
Fig40: Acanthophora
5. Gelidium: Gelidium is also a genus of red algae. And it is marine. Specimens can reach
around 2–40 cm (0.79–16 in) in size.
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Fig41: Gelidium
Precaution:
• We should not waste too much algae for research.
• We should wear gloves while working with formalin.
Experiment no: 4.2
Experiment name: Study of cellular structure of sea weed
Equipments:
i. Slide
ii. Cover slip
iii. Glycerin
iv. Microscope
v. Blade
vi. Algae
vii. Safranin
Procedure:
1. At first we take an algae and slice it with blade.
2. It must be very thin and almost transparent.
3. We should color it with Safranin.
4. The put the slice on the slide and put glycerin.
5. Attach a cover slip on it and it get ready for observation.
Observation:
We have observed 4 species of algae. They are:
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1. Sargassum
2. Chnoospora
3. Padina
4. Gelidium
Fig42: Transverse section of Sargassum
Precaution:
1. We must carefully hold the slide.
2. We must carefully move the zooplankton so that don’t be wasted or tear.
4. We should carefully draw the figure as much as perfect.
Experiment no: 4.3
Experiment name: Preparing herbarium of seaweed specimen
Equipments:
1. Plastic slate, slightly bigger than the herbarium sheet
2. A piece of herbarium sheet sized 29cm ×42cm.
3. A piece of absorbent paper (or old newspaper) of the same size as the herbarium
sheet.
4. A piece of gauze large enough to cover the entire alga.
5. A pair of pinchers and a pair of scissors
6. Corrugated board, wooden board (or field press), paperweight (or bricks).
7. Labels
Procedure:
1. Wash the specimen in clean water to remove impurities.
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2. Place the herbarium sheet in water and use pinchers or brush pen to position the
specimen to the center of the herbarium sheet. Spread the specimen out naturally on
the herbarium sheet. Adjust the algal branches if they are too close together. Then,
holding the specimen lightly, carefully lift one end of the herbarium sheet from the
water. Slant the sheet to drain excess water. Use one piece of herbarium sheet per
specimen. Do not place more than one specimen on a single piece of herbarium sheet.
Write down the place of collection, date and number in the bottom right hand corner
of the herbarium paper.
3. Place the herbarium sheet with specimen on the cardboard and absorbent paper. Place
the gauze over the alga and cover it with three to four pieces of absorbent paper or old
newspaper.
4. After making several samples, stack them one on top of the other. Place a wooden
board or field press on the sample, and put a heavy object (such as a brick) on top to
exert pressure, so that the samples dry quicker.
5. Change the absorbent paper or old newspaper two to three times a day. The more
frequently you change the absorbent paper, the better. Do not remove the gauze when
changing the absorbent paper to avoid damaging the sample.
6. After one to two weeks, the samples should be completely dry. Remove the gauze
carefully. It is possible that seaweeds rich in phycolloids could stick to the gauze, thus
demonstrate additional care. Slowly lift one edge of the gauze and gently pull the
gauze off the specimen. Do not remove the gauze abruptly, in case you damage the
algal specimen.
7. Put a label next to the sample to make note of the scientific name, Local name, place
of collection, life habitat, date of collection, collector’s name, name of authenticator
and ordinal number.
8. Store the specimens in a cabinet according to the classification system of algae. [6]
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Fig43: Herbarium of Sargassum
Precaution:
• We have to careful when attach with glue
• The sheet should keep neat and clean.
• We must be careful so that all the organisms of algae get highlighted.
Experiment:04
HOW TO PREPARE SEAWEED SPECIMENS[09]
Equipment needed:
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• Shallow plastic dish or tray (e.g., photographic developing tray)
• Strong cartridge paper or similar that will remain rigid when wet (cut to
various sizes to support different shapes and sizes of specimen)
• Wire mesh (or plastic sheet) of dimensions that will allow it to be easily
lowered into the dish
• Forceps, mounted needle, small artists’ paint brush Nylon (or other non-
woven fabric, such as muslin) e.g. pieces cut from nylon stockings, etc. At the
NHM we use a product available from Picreator. (See references.)
• Plant press
• Absorbent drying paper (e.g. newspaper) and corrugated cardboard for press
• Gummed fabric tape
METHOD[09]
1. Fill a plastic dish with seawater and completely immerse the specimen.
2. Drain most of the water away but allow a sufficient amount for the next
stage.
3. Select a piece of cartridge paper cut to a suitable size to hold the specimen
and write (in pencil) the species name (if known), plus a number (or other
identifying mark) to identify the specimen and link it to field notes, etc.
4. Place an appropriately-sized piece of cartridge paper on the wire mesh sheet.
5. Slide the paper supported by the mesh under the specimen, carefully floating
the specimen on to the paper.
6. Use forceps, mounted needle or paintbrush to tease apart the fronds of the
seaweed, to display the branching pattern. Arranging a floating seaweed
specimen on paper .
7. Carefully lift the wire mesh support by one end and allow the water to drain
off.
8. Remove specimen and paper from the tray, and gently remove the wire mesh.
9. Place paper and specimen onto absorbent drying paper.
10. Place muslin or nylon fabric squares over the specimen to stop it sticking to
the drying papers. (Figure 3). Figure 3. Applying fabric squares over a specimen
in a plant press.
11. Place drying paper on top of the nylon fabric and place several layers [The
thicker the specimen, the more layers you will need].
12. Add another specimen, and so on, until press is full.
13. Dry in a warm atmosphere. Place corrugated cardboard between the drying
sheets to increase air circulation through the press.
14. Change the drying paper daily to prevent fungal contamination. Once dry,
remove the specimens and supporting cartridge paper, and then either mount on
an herbarium sheet or place in an appropriately-sized capsule (paper pocket).
Unattached parts of the specimen should be temporarily fastened using an
appropriate adhesive or gummed fabric tape.
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SOME HINTS TO MAXIMISEMUM SUEFUL SPECIMEN[09]
• Dry quickly to avoid decay, but not too quickly as specimens may become
brittle.
• Clump some branches together. This makes it easier to remove material for
later examination.
• Attaching a ‘fragment folder’ (a small capsule) to the herbarium sheet is useful
for holding small bits of the specimen which may fall off (or are removed by a
user) in the future.
We have been identified The following seaweeds by those method:
1. Gelidium
2. Padina
3. Acanthophra
4. Chnoospora
5. Sargassum
Conclusion:
We are very much grateful to our honorable teachers who teach us by grate
patience. By their hardship we have learned various experiments and the hole
process. Specially we have practically experimented the process of herbarium,
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differentiating various types of shrimps, methods of sieving, testing ph
, Salinity,
etc. As we have done our lab experiment on the field trip from where we
collected samples. So, again I wish to give all of our teachers very special
thanks for conducting such kind of fruitful Field Trip and Experiment.
References:
[01]: https://upload.wikimedia.org/coepode/
[02]: https://upload.wikimedia.org/tintinnopsis_cylindrica/
[03]:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Helix_poma
tia_89a.jpg/1200px-Helix_pomatia_89a.jpg
[04]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove
[05]: https://www.msc.org/multimedia/images/certified-species/shrimp-prawn-
northern
[06]: http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/affris/img/monoF8.jpg
[07]: https://amongthestatelytrees.files.wordpress.com/2014/06/img_0271.jpg
[08]: http://www.mesa.edu.au/marine_algae/default.asp
[09]: http://www.spnhc.org/media/assets/How_To_2.pdf
Alamgir hossain
Page-2

Ecology lab report

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