- Taxonomy, the science of classifying organisms, was formalized in 1813 by A.P. de Candolie and involves identifying, naming and classifying plants. - It studies classification including its bases, principles, rules and procedures. - Taxonomy and systematics are synonymous and study variation in organisms and produce classification systems through data manipulation.

2. • Man classifying plants since advent of civilization
• Taxonomy as a formal subject 1813 by A.P.de Candolie
• Taxis (arrangement) + nomos (rules or laws)
• Theorie elementaire de la botanique
• Taxonomy = identifying, naming and classifying plants
https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/813928/vi
ew/a-p-de-candolle-swiss-botanist

3. • Definition
Science dealing with the study of classification,
including its bases, principles, rules and procedures

4. • Definition
Science dealing with the study of classification,
including its bases, principles, rules and procedures
• Later half of 20th century- systemics word from systema
• 1735- Title of the famous work of Linneaus
Systema naturae
• Systematics- Genera Plantarum (1737)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus

5. • Definition (Simpson (1961)
Scientific study of the kinds and diversity of organisms,
and of any and all relationships between them
• Taxonomy and systematics are synonymous
• The broader definition
The study and description of variation in organisms,
the investigation of causes and consequences of this
variation, and the manipulation of the data obtained
to produce a system of classification

6. • Prior to evolutionary theory of Darwin
• Relationships were expressed as natural
Affinities (overall similarity in morphological features)
• Darwin ushered in era of assessing phylogenetic
relationships
• Phenetic relationship (Computers)
• Every available features (Anatomy, embryology, etc.,)

7. • Cytology, Genetics, ecology, palenology, paleobotany
and phytogeography
• Experiments are not carried out without the systematics
• Understanding the relationships useful in applied
fields of plant breeding, horticulture, forestry
and Pharmacology
• Knowledge of systematics- plants of potential commercial
importance

8. Questions?
• What does taxonomy involve?
a) Identifying, naming and classifying plants
b) Extracting and processing plants
c) Watering and caring for plants
d) Growing and cultivating plans
• When was the subject of taxonomy formalized?
a) 1813
b) 1699
c) 1776
d) 1901
• Who formalized the subject of taxonomy?
a) Jacques Botanique
b) Marie Flores
c) A.P. de Candolie
d) Étienne Plantes

9. Questions?
• What is the meaning of the word 'taxonomy'?
a) Arrangement of rules or laws
b) Detailed classification of plants
c) Study of plant growth
d) Genetic modification of organisms
• What is the significance of taxonomy in botany?
a) Identifying, naming and classifying plants
b) Creating plant hybrids
c) Measuring plant growth
d) Dveloeping new plant species
• What is the scientific field that deals with the study of
classification?
a) Astronomy
b) Biology
c) Geology
d) Systematics
• In which century did the term 'systemics' originate?
a) 21st
b) 18th
c) 20th
d) 19th
• What is the name of the work published by Linneaus in 1737?
a) Rules of Taxonomy
b) Principles of Classification
c) Genera Plantarum
d) Classifying Biodiversity
• In the context of systematics, what does the word 'systema'
mean?
a) Bases and principles
b) Rules and procedures
c) Study and classification
d) Famous work

10. Questions?
• What does the study of taxonomy and systematics involve?
a) The study and description of variation in organisms
b) The investigation of causes and consequences of variation
c) The study of the kinds and diversity of organisms
d) The manipulation of data to produce a classification system
• According to Simpson (1961), what is the broader definition of
taxonomy and systematics?
a) The manipulation of data to produce a classification system
b) The investigation of causes and consequences of variation, and
the manipulation of the data obtained to produce a system of
classification
c) The scientific study of the kinds and diversity of organisms
d) The study and description of variation in organisms
• What was the approach to expressing relationships prior to
the evolutionary theory of Darwin?
a) Anatomical variations
b) Phenetic approach
c) Natural affinities
d) Computational assessment
• What does the term 'phenetic relationship' primarily refer to?
a) Assessing relationships using computers
b) Observing behavioral patterns
c) Comparing DNA sequences
d) Analyzing fossil records
• How can knowledge of systematics be helpful in applied fields?
a) Analyzing plant genetics
b) Studying plant fossils
c) Understanding relationships for plant breeding, horticulture, forestry, and
pharmacology
d) Carrying out experiments