Taxingandspending
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The document discusses Congress's power to tax and spend. It notes that Congress has the power to lay and collect taxes per the Constitution. It outlines the tax and appropriations process, including that tax bills must start in the House and be dealt with by the powerful Ways and Means Committee. It also discusses entitlement programs that Congress cannot control spending on.
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The document discusses the US federal budget process, including how the government collects tax revenue and spends funds. It explains that the government collects over $3.6 trillion in tax revenue annually, which it then allocates to various spending categories like defense, healthcare, social security, and interest on the national debt. The budget process involves Congress approving spending bills and appropriating funds to government agencies and programs.
Financing Government
The document summarizes key aspects of taxes and federal spending as covered in Chapter 16. It discusses how the Constitution gives Congress the power to tax and the main types of current federal taxes, including the income tax, corporation income tax, and social insurance taxes. It also addresses how the federal government uses taxes for non-revenue purposes, sources of non-tax revenue such as fees, and how the federal government borrows money and the causes and effects of the public debt. Additionally, it outlines the major categories of federal spending including entitlements and interest on the debt, and how the President and Congress work together to create the federal budget.
Jobs, Innovation, and Opportunity in the States
With unemployment remaining stubbornly high, and most Americans worrying about pocketbook issues like jobs, energy costs, retirement security, and health care affordability – ALEC releases its plan for Jobs, Innovation, and Opportunity. State lawmakers today face very difficult economic challenges. Since 1973, ALEC has focused on providing solutions to America’s biggest problems. State lawmakers can conquer today’s economic challenges by refocusing on our nation’s founding principles of limited government and free markets. The states, not Washington, D.C., must take the lead in restarting America’s economic engine and putting people back to work.
For more information, please visit www.alec.org.
Indirect taxes in india- pre gst era
This document provides an overview of indirect taxes in India prior to the Goods and Services Tax (GST) era. It discusses the types of indirect taxes in India including Value Added Tax (VAT) and its variants. It outlines key features of indirect taxes such as the taxable event, incidence and impact, regressive nature, and role in generating government revenue. The document also discusses provisions in the Indian Constitution related to tax authority and lists some major defects in the indirect tax structure like multiplicity of taxes, lack of cross-utilization of taxes, obstructed movement of goods, and multiple compliance requirements.
Week 6.2 powers of congress
Congress has specifically enumerated powers listed in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution. This includes the powers to tax citizens and spend tax revenue to provide for the common defense and general welfare, borrow money, regulate commerce between states and foreign nations, establish rules regarding naturalization and bankruptcy, control currency and measurements, punish counterfeiting, establish the postal system and roads, issue patents and copyrights, form federal courts, punish piracy, declare war, and grant letters of marque and reprisal during wartime. Maintaining uniformity across states is a key principle for many of these powers.
Powers of Congress
PowerPoint to accompany sections 6.2 & 6.3 of the Civics Textbook. Dealing with how Congress represents the people and works on their behalf (or at least should).
Ch 14 presentation
The document discusses taxes and government spending at various levels of government. It explains that taxation is the primary way governments collect money to fund operations. The federal government's authority to tax comes from the Constitution and Congress has the power to levy taxes, subject to some limits. Federal taxes include individual and corporate income taxes, payroll taxes, excise taxes, estate and gift taxes. Federal spending goes towards entitlement programs like Social Security and Medicare, as well as discretionary spending on defense, education, and more. State and local governments also collect taxes and create operating and capital budgets to fund their operations.
How would entitlement spending be funded if tax revenues just cove.pdf
How would entitlement spending be funded if tax revenues just covered discretionary spending
and there was a government bigger deficit?
How would entitlement spending be funded if tax revenues just covered discretionary spending
and there was a government bigger deficit?
Solution
Entitlement spending is a part of the mandatory spending which involves spending on basic
welfare and safety of the country. It includes facilities like medical care, food, military, etc. On
the other hand, discretionary spending is optional spending undertaken by the government for the
better standard of living of the country. It generally requires parliament approval in the form of a
bill. If tax revenues can be used only for discretionary spending and there is government deficit,
the following sources of revenues maybe used for entitlement spending: 1. Revenue from fees
and penalty 2. Revenue from various economic activities undertaken by the government e.g.
operating railways in the country 3. Grants / donations received, if any. However, taxes are the
main sources of revenue and not allowing them to used for entitlement spending may lead to
further problems for the economy..
Legislation and health care policy
The document discusses the legislative process and its relation to health policy in the United States. It covers the branches of government involved in legislation, including the House, Senate and President. It explains how a bill becomes law, from recognizing a problem through drafting, building support, committee reviews, votes, reconciling differences and presidential approval. It also covers the roles of federal, state and local governments in developing health policy and issues around access, cost and quality of care.
4 Congress and Policymaking© Jean-Pierre LescourretCorbis.docx
4 Congress and Policymaking
© Jean-Pierre Lescourret/Corbis
Learning Objectives
By the end of this chapter, you should be able to
• Distinguish between enumerated and implied congressional powers.
• Analyze congressional powers on the basis of the Necessary and Proper Clause.
• Analyze the ways that Congress performs its representative function.
• Analyze the organization of Congress and how that organization affects the legislative process.
• Describe how bills become laws and explain the political nature of the legislative process.
• Describe how Congress holds the executive branch accountable.
• Explain the different aspects of congressional elections.
fin82797_04_c04_075-106.indd 75 3/24/16 1:41 PM
© 2016 Bridgepoint Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Not for resale or redistribution.
Section 4.1 Congressional Powers as Stated in the U.S. Constitution
Toward the end of the 111th Congress (2009–2011), Congress passed a bill to extend two of
President George W. Bush’s tax cut bills: the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation
Act (2001) and the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief and Reconciliation Act (2003). While the cuts
lowered tax rates overall, earners in the top tax brackets derived greater benefit than those in
lower tax brackets did. Critics suggested that the cuts were actually giveaways to the rich,
while supporters claimed reduced taxes helped spur economic growth, as individuals would
have more money in their pockets to spend.
As the tax cuts were about to
expire in 2010, President Barack
Obama and congressional Demo-
crats favored the tax cuts expiring
for those earning at least $200,000
per year. Meanwhile, Republicans,
who had secured a majority in the
House and narrowed the Democrats’
majority in the Senate in the 2010
midterm elections, promised to
extend the cuts for everyone. The tax
rates would increase on January 1,
2011 if no action were taken. Mem-
bers of both parties were concerned
that a tax rate increase would slow
the emerging economic recovery.
Incoming Republicans were pre-
pared to vote for a complete exten-
sion once the 112th Congress took office on January 6, 2011. They believed that there were so
many Democrats concerned about being reelected in 2012 that they would vote with them
to make the needed legislative majorities. Democrats believed that if no action were taken on
the extension, the Republicans would gain the upper hand. Democrats also wanted to extend
unemployment insurance benefits to last 99 weeks and pass a new stimulus plan, which the
Republicans opposed.
Some Democrats in Congress were prepared to stand on principle and reject Republican
demands. Yet with help from the White House, most Democrats and Republicans were able
to reach a compromise. Congressional Democrats and the president supported a 2-year tax
cut extension across all income categories if congressional Republicans would support the
99-week unemployment benefits extension along wit.
4 Congress and Policymaking© Jean-Pierre LescourretCorbis.docx
4 Congress and Policymaking
© Jean-Pierre Lescourret/Corbis
Learning Objectives
By the end of this chapter, you should be able to
• Distinguish between enumerated and implied congressional powers.
• Analyze congressional powers on the basis of the Necessary and Proper Clause.
• Analyze the ways that Congress performs its representative function.
• Analyze the organization of Congress and how that organization affects the legislative process.
• Describe how bills become laws and explain the political nature of the legislative process.
• Describe how Congress holds the executive branch accountable.
• Explain the different aspects of congressional elections.
fin82797_04_c04_075-106.indd 75 3/24/16 1:41 PM
© 2016 Bridgepoint Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Not for resale or redistribution.
Section 4.1 Congressional Powers as Stated in the U.S. Constitution
Toward the end of the 111th Congress (2009–2011), Congress passed a bill to extend two of
President George W. Bush’s tax cut bills: the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation
Act (2001) and the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief and Reconciliation Act (2003). While the cuts
lowered tax rates overall, earners in the top tax brackets derived greater benefit than those in
lower tax brackets did. Critics suggested that the cuts were actually giveaways to the rich,
while supporters claimed reduced taxes helped spur economic growth, as individuals would
have more money in their pockets to spend.
As the tax cuts were about to
expire in 2010, President Barack
Obama and congressional Demo-
crats favored the tax cuts expiring
for those earning at least $200,000
per year. Meanwhile, Republicans,
who had secured a majority in the
House and narrowed the Democrats’
majority in the Senate in the 2010
midterm elections, promised to
extend the cuts for everyone. The tax
rates would increase on January 1,
2011 if no action were taken. Mem-
bers of both parties were concerned
that a tax rate increase would slow
the emerging economic recovery.
Incoming Republicans were pre-
pared to vote for a complete exten-
sion once the 112th Congress took office on January 6, 2011. They believed that there were so
many Democrats concerned about being reelected in 2012 that they would vote with them
to make the needed legislative majorities. Democrats believed that if no action were taken on
the extension, the Republicans would gain the upper hand. Democrats also wanted to extend
unemployment insurance benefits to last 99 weeks and pass a new stimulus plan, which the
Republicans opposed.
Some Democrats in Congress were prepared to stand on principle and reject Republican
demands. Yet with help from the White House, most Democrats and Republicans were able
to reach a compromise. Congressional Democrats and the president supported a 2-year tax
cut extension across all income categories if congressional Republicans would support the
99-week unemployment benefits extension along wit ...
Legislative Committees
Committees are used in Congress to divide up legislative work, as Congress receives around 10,000 bills per year. Most legislative work is done in committees, which are comprised mostly of the majority party. Committee chairs are the most senior member of the majority party on the committee. They determine the committee's agenda and manage floor debates. There are several types of committees, including standing committees that consider specific subject matter areas, select committees for specific purposes, and joint committees with members from both the House and Senate.
Presentation on Taxes
Taxes are collected by the government to fund federal spending and services based on powers granted in the Constitution. There are direct taxes paid by property owners and indirect taxes paid by consumers. The income tax became a major revenue source in 1913 and 1918. Government spending includes controllable spending set annually by Congress and uncontrollable entitlement programs. The public debt has increased over time as borrowing is used to fund deficits when spending exceeds revenue.
Ashley dsol
The document discusses the growing problem of government debt in the United States. It notes that the annual deficit has grown substantially in recent years, reaching over $1 trillion in 2010 and 2011. This level of deficit requires significant government borrowing each year. The total national debt held by the public is over $10 trillion. Cutting spending, raising taxes, and economic growth are the three main strategies proposed to address the debt, but each faces challenges. The high and growing level of debt poses economic risks going forward.
Appropriations 101
Answers to your questions about the appropriations process of the federal government, which determines annual government spending.
Similar to Taxingandspending (20)
How would entitlement spending be funded if tax revenues just cove.pdf
How would entitlement spending be funded if tax revenues just cove.pdf
4 Congress and Policymaking© Jean-Pierre LescourretCorbis.docx
4 Congress and Policymaking© Jean-Pierre LescourretCorbis.docx
4 Congress and Policymaking© Jean-Pierre LescourretCorbis.docx
4 Congress and Policymaking© Jean-Pierre LescourretCorbis.docx
More from Ms_Allen
Communism spreads in east asia
After the Chinese Civil War, the Communists led by Mao Zedong defeated the Nationalists and established control over mainland China, implementing policies like land redistribution that increased their popularity with peasants. However, Mao's Great Leap Forward in the late 1950s that collectivized agriculture and increased industrial output was a failure, resulting in a massive famine that caused the deaths of tens of millions. In the 1960s, Mao launched the Cultural Revolution to purge China of "bourgeois" elements and reassert Communist ideology, leading to widespread social and political turmoil.
Postwar social changes
The document summarizes several social changes that occurred in the 1920s, including the rise of jazz culture during the Roaring Twenties, influential modernist literature from authors like T.S. Eliot and F. Scott Fitzgerald, the Harlem Renaissance which saw a flowering of African American artistic expression, breakthroughs in science from figures like Marie Curie and Albert Einstein, and the development of new visual art styles like Cubism, Abstract art, Dada, and Surrealism.
Nationalism in africa and the middle east
Nationalism grew in Africa and the Middle East in response to European colonialism and imperialism. Africans fought against being controlled by European countries and losing their right to vote and land. Segregationist policies in South Africa, like apartheid, aimed to ensure white supremacy through laws that restricted better jobs and living areas to whites only. African nationalism movements emerged seeking unity, independence, and an end to colonial rule, including pan-Africanism, Marcus Garvey's calls for "Africa to Africans," and Egypt gaining independence from Britain in 1922.
Making the peace
The document summarizes some of the major costs and consequences of World War I. It discusses the massive human costs in deaths and injuries between 1914-1918. It also outlines the political turmoil that emerged as governments collapsed in Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire. The document describes how the Allied powers met at the Paris Peace Conference to determine the fate of Europe after the war, but excluded the Central Powers and Russia, leading to disagreements between Wilson, Clemenceau and George over the treatment of Germany in the eventual Treaty of Versailles.
A new kind of war
This document discusses how World War I involved new countries and new technologies compared to previous wars. It moved from a war of movement to a stalemate on the Western Front as trenches were dug for protection from rapid fire guns and long range artillery. New weapons like poison gas, tanks, airplanes, and submarines were introduced as the first major war after the Industrial Revolution. Trench warfare led to a stalemate on the battlefield as both sides dug into zig zag trenches separated by contested "no man's land" for over four years on the Western Front.
Life in the industrial age
The document outlines many of the key technological and scientific advances that occurred during the Industrial Revolution, including developments in steel production, dynamite, electricity, automobiles, airplanes, communication technologies like the telegraph and telephone, and advances in medicine. Many of these advances originated in Western Europe, particularly Great Britain, before spreading to other industrializing nations like Germany, France, the United States, Japan, and Australia.
Ch 19, 4 new ways of thinking
Laissez-faire economics advocated for minimal government intervention in the economy based on the ideas of Adam Smith. Thomas Malthus believed population growth would outpace food supply, while David Ricardo wrote about an "Iron Law of Wages." Utilitarianism held that laws should maximize happiness for the greatest number. Socialists believed the means of production should be owned collectively rather than privately. Karl Marx viewed socialism as inevitable and realistic in contrast to utopian socialists, laying out his theories in The Communist Manifesto. Marxism later inspired revolutions around the world before declining as people felt stronger national ties than ideological ties to communism.
Social impact of the industrial revolution
The Industrial Revolution led to overcrowded and unsanitary conditions in urban areas as people migrated to cities to work in factories and mines. New social classes emerged, including industrial workers who faced long hours, dangerous machinery, pollution, and poor living conditions in overcrowded tenements. While unions were initially banned, worker protests grew, including the Luddites who destroyed machinery. Child labor was also common, with many starting work as young as age 5 to support their families. Some reforms followed, but conditions remained difficult for industrial workers.
Frechrevevents
The National Assembly formed as the Third Estate broke away from the Estates General, and took the Tennis Court Oath to create a constitution. The storming of the Bastille sparked revolts across France. The National Assembly abolished feudalism and adopted the Declaration of Rights of Man, though it ignored calls to include women's rights. Food shortages led to the March on Versailles and the royal family's move to Paris.
Frenchrevolutionpics
France was facing a financial crisis in the late 1700s due to excessive spending, debt, and a poor harvest. Taxes had risen sharply but were largely paid only by peasants while the nobility and clergy were exempt. King Louis XVI called the Estates General to address the crisis. The Estates General divided France into three groups: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. Tensions were rising between the privileged first two estates and the burdened third estate of commoners.
Ch18sec2
The document summarizes the radical phase of the French Revolution from 1792-1794. It describes the rise of radical groups like the Paris Commune and the Jacobins, the execution of King Louis XVI after a split over his fate, and the establishment of the Committee of Public Safety led by Robespierre. This period saw the Reign of Terror where tens of thousands perceived as enemies of the revolution were executed. Robespierre's growing paranoia led to his own downfall and execution in 1794, ending the Reign of Terror.
Ch17sec2
The Enlightenment was a philosophical movement that applied scientific reasoning to human society. Key thinkers like Isaac Newton, John Locke, and philosophers called "Philosophes" used reason to critique religious and political institutions and argue for ideas like separation of powers, religious tolerance, and equality. Their works spread new ideas through growing publications and salons, though most Europeans still identified as Christian. The Enlightenment had wide-ranging effects on science, politics, economics, and society.
Ch17sec3
The document summarizes the impact of the Enlightenment on architecture, art, music, literature, philosophy, and politics in the 18th century. Architectural styles became more ornate with fancy decorations, light, and bright colors. In art, Rococo style emphasized grace, charm, and pleasure. The greatest period of European music included Baroque and Classical styles from composers like Bach, Handel, Haydn, and Mozart. Novels grew more popular among the middle class, exemplified by Henry Fielding. Enlightened monarchs like Frederick the Great and Joseph II tried to incorporate Enlightenment principles while maintaining power, with varying degrees of success or failure. International conflicts included the War of Austrian Succession and Seven
The age of absolutism
Philip II of Spain assembled a huge naval force called the Spanish Armada to invade England in 1588, in response to English attacks on Spanish ships and cities, but the Spanish Armada was defeated by the English navy, marking the beginning of the decline of the Spanish empire. Religious wars erupted between Catholics and Protestants in France, culminating in the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre, until Henry IV converted to Catholicism while still granting religious toleration. Louis XIII strengthened the French monarchy by appointing the powerful Cardinal Richelieu as his advisor and designating the young Louis XIV as the next king.
Struggle for north america
France claimed territory in North America called New France, which included the Great Lakes region, Mississippi River Valley, and Louisiana. New France was profitable for fur trapping, trading, and fishing. Only Catholics were allowed to settle there under King Louis XIV. England established its first permanent colony at Jamestown in 1607 focused on tobacco, while the Pilgrims founded Plymouth in 1620 seeking religious freedom. The colonies practiced self-government, with each having its own representative assembly to make local decisions.
The search for spices
The document summarizes the key motivations and events that led to the Age of Exploration. It discusses how the search for spices drove Portuguese exploration down the coast of Africa. It then outlines some of the major voyages including Diaz rounding the Cape of Good Hope in 1488, Vasco da Gama reaching India, and Columbus sailing west hoping to find a route to Asia but landing in the Caribbean instead. Finally, it briefly discusses the rise of the slave trade and growing European colonial presence in Africa.
The renaissance in the north
The printing press, invented by Johann Gutenberg, mass produced books and made them more affordable. This helped spread ideas and contributed to the Northern Renaissance. Flanders was a center of this intellectual movement, where artists like Jan van Eyck, Pieter Bruegel, and Peter Paul Rubens flourished. Albrecht Dürer was a renowned German painter and engraver who portrayed religious themes. Humanists like Erasmus and Thomas More promoted educational and religious reform through their writings.
Reformation ideas spread
The document discusses the English Reformation and the rise of Protestant sects. It describes how King Henry VIII established the Church of England after breaking from Catholicism to divorce his wife. It also discusses his six marriages and the reigns of his children Edward VI and Mary Tudor, with Mary trying to return England to Catholicism. The document concludes that Elizabeth brought a religious compromise and unity to England with the Elizabethan Settlement that made it a Protestant nation with Catholic traditions.
The renaissance in italy
The document summarizes key aspects of the Renaissance period in Italy, including its focus on humanism, secular education, and revival of ancient Greek and Roman styles of art, architecture, and literature. Major Italian city-states like Florence were centers of culture and trade, ruled by powerful families who patronized the arts. Famous Renaissance artists mentioned include Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, and Botticelli.
Korea and its traditions
Korea's history and culture are linked to those of China and Japan due to its geographical position between the two countries. Korea received influence from China in particular, as the Chinese Han Dynasty established a military colony there in 108 BC, bringing Chinese traditions of government, writing, and farming methods. Over subsequent centuries, three separate kingdoms ruled Korea and Chinese influence continued through cultural exchanges like Buddhism and Confucianism. Korea also improved upon Chinese inventions and spread its own culture to Japan.
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Taxingandspending
- 1. Ch. 7, sec. 2
- 2. Govt needs $$$$ to function This $$$ comes from TAXES People pay taxes Businesses pay taxes Who’s in charge of controlling taxes? CONGRESS!! Which article of the Constitution gives Congress this power?
- 3. The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defense and general Welfare of the United States
- 4. Tax bills must start in the House of Reps Most important tax work happens in the Ways and Means Committee CLOSED RULE- before 1973 Only members of Ways and Means committee could write, amend, or contribute to tax bills. In 1973, House members of other committees revolted and demanded that they be allowed to get involved in constructing tax bills
- 5. Alltax bills must start in the House, but Senate can propose amendments Senate tries to change tax bills often Finance Committee deals with tax bills in the Senate Ways and Means Committee (House) and Finance Committee (Senate) = POWERFUL!
- 6. Look at Chart on page 190. 1. Which countries collect more than 50% of their GDP from taxes? 2. What do these countries have in common? 3. Where does the U.S. fall on this chart?
- 7. Approval of government spending Congress must approve before govt. departments/agencies can spend any money Two step process 1. authorization bill- how much money max may be given to a certain program 2. appropriation bill- actually gives the money to the program- may be less than requested based on budget constraints
- 8. In both the House and the Senate Heads of agencies and departments must testify before the appropriations committees explaining why they need the money they have requested Heavilyinfluenced by lobbyists trying to convince committee members to give more money to certain agencies
- 9. Congress cannot control spending on certain programs Social Security Interest on national debt Social programs (called entitlements) TheU.S. govt is legally obligated to pay for these programs
- 10. 4. What is Appropriation? 5. What are the two steps in the appropriation process? 6. List some examples of uncontrollable expenditures that Congress cannot control. 7. What are the most powerful committees in the House and Senate that deal with govt. money issues? 8. In which house must all tax bills begin?