The paper aims at exploring the consequences of the gradually increasing availability of Open Data for evaluation as we know it. Using concepts from the literature on evaluation and democracy, it contends that new technologies both require a new behavior by evaluators and open up possibilities in the very framework in which evaluation is done.
The pressure to open up data changes the way governments and public sector offices conceptualize, produce, and disseminate data. Responding to this demand requires that internal procedures change in fundamental, still partially unexplored ways.
Issues arise also for citizens seeking information. They face a rapid growth of internet-based sources, which both creates opportunities for research and difficulties in assessing data quality, credibility, and usability.
It also implies that public interventions--be they programmes, projects, or services--are open to public scrutiny of a new, more informed type. It increasingly involves expert, non-expert, and differently-expert scrutiny.
It is highly unlikely that Open Data will ever provide all--or even most--information needed for an evaluation. There is a risk that, in addition to opening up new research avenues and framing new evaluation questions by new actors, the availability of great masses of data on public policies obscures the need to directly observe effects and to build credible theories about phenomena.
The very existence of open data, and the possibilities they open up to public scrutiny call into question the role of internal and external evaluators. This is even more so when thinking of the opportunities opened by the ability to conjure collective intelligence in evaluation processes--using concepts already developed in the participation tradition.
The paper explores these themes based on an on-going research project. The two authors are involved in the Open Data movement in Italy and will advance their research during the next months through their work, research on existing literature, and holding workshops (e.g. within the Sapienza Seminar on Classic Evaluation Theorists).
10th EES Biennial Conference
Open Government Partnership, Open Data and FOI – A road map towards convergencemauricemcn
A joint presentation made at the "Regional Conference on Freedom of Information Laws (FOI) in the Caribbean – Improving Management for the Environment" This presentation, delivered jointly by Dr Maurice McNaughton, Mona School of Business & Management, University of West Indies and Mrs Carole Excell, Senior Associate, World Resources Institute, sought to explore the philosophical differences and institutional synergy between the FOI and Open Data communities.
Electronic Open and Collaborative Governance - An Overviewsamossummit
An introduction to the electronic open and collaborative governance for the summer school participants, aiming to provide background knowledge.
Euripidis Loukis, University of the Aegean, Greece
Gov4All :An open data and open services repository for supporting citizen-dr...Yannis Charalabidis
Open data portals have been a primary source for publishing datasets from various sectors of administration, all over the world. However, making open data available does not necessarily lead to better utilisation from citizens and businesses. Our paper presents a new framework and a prototype system for supporting open application development by citizen communities, through gathering and making available open data and open web services sources from governmental actors, combined with an application development environment, training material and application examples.
This is a presentation of Gov4All platform, a web site for managing citizen-driven development in Greece.
Micah Sifry, Erin Simpson, and Matt Stempeck present a field guide to civic tech at The Impacts of Civic Technology Conference at the Barcelona World Trade Center, April 2016.
Open Government Partnership, Open Data and FOI – A road map towards convergencemauricemcn
A joint presentation made at the "Regional Conference on Freedom of Information Laws (FOI) in the Caribbean – Improving Management for the Environment" This presentation, delivered jointly by Dr Maurice McNaughton, Mona School of Business & Management, University of West Indies and Mrs Carole Excell, Senior Associate, World Resources Institute, sought to explore the philosophical differences and institutional synergy between the FOI and Open Data communities.
Electronic Open and Collaborative Governance - An Overviewsamossummit
An introduction to the electronic open and collaborative governance for the summer school participants, aiming to provide background knowledge.
Euripidis Loukis, University of the Aegean, Greece
Gov4All :An open data and open services repository for supporting citizen-dr...Yannis Charalabidis
Open data portals have been a primary source for publishing datasets from various sectors of administration, all over the world. However, making open data available does not necessarily lead to better utilisation from citizens and businesses. Our paper presents a new framework and a prototype system for supporting open application development by citizen communities, through gathering and making available open data and open web services sources from governmental actors, combined with an application development environment, training material and application examples.
This is a presentation of Gov4All platform, a web site for managing citizen-driven development in Greece.
Micah Sifry, Erin Simpson, and Matt Stempeck present a field guide to civic tech at The Impacts of Civic Technology Conference at the Barcelona World Trade Center, April 2016.
Participative local democracy: Possibilities with new technologiesDaniel Gracia
In this report I examine the possibilities t offered by new technologies, such as the Internet, informatics devices and telecommunications, to improve legitimacy. I will be focusing specially in local institutions, like the city council of Illescas. Due this space allows implementing these tools faster with less cost and risk. From this point, I distinguish four fields in which new technologies may be used in order to reach a remarkable political participation: 1) elections, 2) referendums, 3) transparency, and 4) legislative initiative. However, before assessing the possibilities of new technologies in the field of local democracy; I determine the requirements to succeed in our idea.
Amplifying citizen voices and driving civic tech usage through mainstream mediamysociety
This was presented by Justin Arenstein from Code for
Africa at the Impacts of Civic Technology Conference (TICTeC2016) in Barcelona on 27th April. You can find out more information about the conference here: https://www.mysociety.org/research/tictec-2016/
This was presented by Kate Krontiris (Omidyar
Network, USA) at the Impacts of Civic Technology Conference (TICTeC2016) in Barcelona on 27th April. You can find out more information about the conference here: https://www.mysociety.org/research/tictec-2016/
New meets old media: Civic Tech users in West Africamysociety
This was presented by Nicole Anand from Reboot at the Impacts of Civic Technology Conference (TICTeC2016) in Barcelona on 28th April. You can find out more information about the conference here: https://www.mysociety.org/research/tictec-2016/
Presentation on eGovernance and Open Governance products launched/under development in Moldova, in the context of building e-Democracy. 6th Internet Governance Forum, Kyiv, Ukraine, September 30, 2015
Use of Computational Tools to Support Planning & Policy by Johannes M. BauerLaleah Fernandez
Quello Center Director Johannes M. Bauer sharing his insights on the use of big data analytics and computational tools for policy design, implementation and monitoring at the 9th Annual Workshop on Survey Methodology, organized by NIC.br and ENCE, in São Paolo, Brazil, on May 21, 2019
Participative local democracy: Possibilities with new technologiesDaniel Gracia
In this report I examine the possibilities t offered by new technologies, such as the Internet, informatics devices and telecommunications, to improve legitimacy. I will be focusing specially in local institutions, like the city council of Illescas. Due this space allows implementing these tools faster with less cost and risk. From this point, I distinguish four fields in which new technologies may be used in order to reach a remarkable political participation: 1) elections, 2) referendums, 3) transparency, and 4) legislative initiative. However, before assessing the possibilities of new technologies in the field of local democracy; I determine the requirements to succeed in our idea.
Amplifying citizen voices and driving civic tech usage through mainstream mediamysociety
This was presented by Justin Arenstein from Code for
Africa at the Impacts of Civic Technology Conference (TICTeC2016) in Barcelona on 27th April. You can find out more information about the conference here: https://www.mysociety.org/research/tictec-2016/
This was presented by Kate Krontiris (Omidyar
Network, USA) at the Impacts of Civic Technology Conference (TICTeC2016) in Barcelona on 27th April. You can find out more information about the conference here: https://www.mysociety.org/research/tictec-2016/
New meets old media: Civic Tech users in West Africamysociety
This was presented by Nicole Anand from Reboot at the Impacts of Civic Technology Conference (TICTeC2016) in Barcelona on 28th April. You can find out more information about the conference here: https://www.mysociety.org/research/tictec-2016/
Presentation on eGovernance and Open Governance products launched/under development in Moldova, in the context of building e-Democracy. 6th Internet Governance Forum, Kyiv, Ukraine, September 30, 2015
Use of Computational Tools to Support Planning & Policy by Johannes M. BauerLaleah Fernandez
Quello Center Director Johannes M. Bauer sharing his insights on the use of big data analytics and computational tools for policy design, implementation and monitoring at the 9th Annual Workshop on Survey Methodology, organized by NIC.br and ENCE, in São Paolo, Brazil, on May 21, 2019
This slide set examines the contention that opening data is an inherently good thing - that the case for open data is an open and shut case. It sets out a contrary view that whilst open data is desirable, much more critical thinking is required as to what this means in practice and the possible negative implications of opening data, and calls for a wider debate about the relative merits and politics of open data and how we go about opening data.
Professor Rob Kitchin from the Programmable City and Maynooth University presents the possible pitfalls to opening data in addition to the costs associated with this practice.
ODDC Context - Investigating the Impact of Kenya’s Open Data Initiative on Ma...Open Data Research Network
Presentation in the first workshop of the Exploring the Emerging Impacts of Open Data in Developing Countries project. Looking at the context of open data, and the research case study planned for 2013 - 2014. See http://www.opendataresearch.org/project/2013/jhc
DELSA/GOV 3rd Health meeting - Barbara UBALDIOECD Governance
This presentation by Barbara UBALDI was made at the 3rd Joint DELSA/GOV Health Meeting, Paris 24-25 April 2014. Find out more at www.oecd.org/gov/budgeting/3rdmeetingdelsagovnetworkfiscalsustainabilityofhealthsystems2014.htm
The presentation analyses the open data movement across the world and in India. The current experiments in benchmarking open data initiatives are also briefly mentioned.
This talk reviews the foundations of Open Data and provides insight into the implementation and economic benefits by reviewing existing initiatives and lessons learned, as well as emerging models.
E-governance, meaning ‘electronic governance’ is using information and communication technologies (ICTs) (such as Wide Area Networks, the Internet, and mobile computing) at various levels of the government and the public sector and beyond, for the purpose of enhancing governance. The application of ICT to transform the efficiency, effectiveness, transparency and accountability of exchange of information and transaction:
between Governments,
between Government agencies,
between Government and Citizens, and
between Government and businesses
Government Process Re-engineering using IT to simplify and make the government processes more efficient is critical for transformation to make the delivery of government services more effective across various government domains and therefore needs to be implemented by all Ministries/ Departments.
NATIONAL E-GOVERNANCE PLAN (NEGP)
negpThe National e-Governance Plan (NeGP), takes a holistic view of e-Governance initiatives across the country, integrating them into a collective vision, a shared cause. Around this idea, a massive countrywide infrastructure reaching down to the remotest of villages is evolving, and large-scale digitization of records is taking place to enable easy, reliable access over the internet. The ultimate objective is to bring public services closer home to citizens, as articulated in the Vision Statement of NeGP.
“Make all Government services accessible to the common man in his locality, through common service delivery outlets,and ensure efficiency, transparency, and reliability of such services at affordable costs to realise the basic needs of the common man”
The Government approved the National e-Governance Plan (NeGP), comprising of 31 Mission Mode Projects (MMPs) and 8 components, on May 18, 2006.
Click the link to view the Official website for the National E-Governance Plan (NeGP)
E-GOVERNANCE INFRASTRUCTURE
Digital India
State Wide Area Network (SWAN): Under this Scheme, technical and financial assistance are being provided to the States/UTs for establishing SWANs to connect all State/UT Headquarters up to the Block level via District/ sub-Divisional Headquarters, in a vertical hierarchical structure with a minimum bandwidth capacity of 2 Mbps per link. Each of the State / UT can enhance the bandwidth up to 34 Mbps between SHQ and DHQ and upto 8 Mbps between DHQ and BHQ depending upon the utilization. Steps have been initiated to integrate all SWANs using the National Knowledge Network (NKN).State Service Delivery Gateway (SSDG): State Service Delivery Gateway (SSDG), is one of the core infrastructure pillars of the NeGP which would establish Electronic Service Delivery in all 35 States / UTs. This project aims to enhance the services provided to the citizens through Common Service Centers (CSCs) by carrying out the Implementation of the State Portal, State Service Delivery Gateway (SSDG) & Electronic Form application. It is envisaged that the common infrastructure (SWAN, SDC
La confiance dans les systèmes de santé publique: le cas des Open Data en Emi...Pina Lalli
Intervention dans le cours de Communication publique comparée, Master Communication Publique et Politique, Université Paris Est Créteil, 20 janvier 2015
E-Government as a New Studying Subject. Towards a Theoretical Integration Proposal. By Juan Ignacio Criado Grande, Mentxu Ramilo Araujo and Miquel Salvador i Serna
Impacts of Open Data Standards on Transparency Tools - Khairil Yusof (Sinar P...mysociety
This was presented by Khairil Yusof (Sinar Project) and Soe Lin Htoot (Myanmar Fifth Estate), at the Impacts of Civic Technology Conference (TICTeC@Taipei) in Taipei on 12th September 2017. You can find out more information about the conference here: http://civictechfest.org/agenda
Abstract:
Most Open Data initiatives assume the provision of data by governments which will then be picked up and used by a variety of sectors for the good of all.
But for countries with opaque governments, or whose NGOs lack technical capacity, the promises of Open Data will fall far short of the reality.
This active research shows how adopting Open Data standards for government data helps civil society organizations collaborate in building usable Open Data sets for transparency, governance — and tools that increase participation by citizens.
And for those in places where government do not reliably release Open Data, discover how to source unstructured data by other means. Finally, Khairil discusses the contrasting impacts and uses of this approach in the two different environments of Malaysia and Myanmar.
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How evaluations change with open data
1. Swarm Intelligence or Lost in the
Crowd. Open Data, Public Scrutiny of
Public Action, and How Evaluations
Change
Aline Pennisi e Laura Tagle
EES Annual Conference
Helsinki, October 2012
3. the increasing use of ICT in all domains
• Increasingly citizens/businesses are making their own
information on the internet and consuming information made
by others
• The internet is increasing the value of information created by
government
There is economic and social use of all this information…
…. and new opportunities to evaluate government policies
4. what open data is
“A piece of content or data is open if anyone is free to use, reuse, and
redistribute it —without restrictions from copyright, patents or other
mechanisms of control.”
• collected by governments while performing its tasks (open
government data)
• created and shared by users
• Restrictions: technological or legal features
Focus: how open data changes the way the public
sector relates to the external world and works
internally
5. how open data and ICT affect the way the
public sector works
• Dissemination of raw administrative data (while dissemination of
statistics is not a novelty ...) and accessibility to anyone
• Interaction with a huge number of external bodies (citizens,
businesses, other public authorities) on a much wider range of
possibilities, with fewer filters
• The connection/integration between your data and the
data produced by other parties ... public but also non-public
• Crowd-sourcing and collaborative data collection/validation
• The increased uncertainty about official/truth, given a less
marked border between "certified" information and not
• The possibility that others provide a service that was previously
the sole prerogative of the Government / public sector (in competition,
replacement or in addition)
6. Open government and e-government
• Overlapping yet not the same
• Different approach to use of ICT
• Both share similar limitations
– Digital divides (territorial, age, socio-economic)
– New vulnerabilities
7. E- government
• Stress on technology: use of ICT to provide services
• Allows, but not necessarily requires:
– new services
– collaboration
– openness
– Scrutiny
Frustratingly interacting with an automated system from
home not intrinsically better than walking to the counter
to frustratingly interact with a human
8. Open government
• Stress on activities
• Data as public good: push for publication of data changes
internal functioning of government
• Openness relates to
– Possible collaboration: accomodates or invites interactions with
other public and private entities
– New services: no fixed bundle of services, but invites and
accomodates creative use of existing public goods (among which
data) to provide new services
– Multi-centric, democratic governance
– Scrutiny of government action
12. first claim on benefits of open data / ICT
• efficiency: with open data the role of Government/public
administration in informing the citizens of public affairs and in providing
utilities can be largely reduced (e.g., Robinson & Yu, 2010)
o other (private intermediaries, profit or not-) can do this better,
because they are on the "user’s side“ and having to compete every
day in the market they need to continuously innovate and do it better
o others can do this at lower cost, extrapolating data from more and
more numerous sources, and giving it more meaning (through
research, representation, processing, data update---beyond simple
data delivery)
But some questions are left unresolved:
who is responsible for ensuring these services and making sure they are fair/
for everyone?
are we really willing to pay "public" services supplied by third parties at a cost?
does “everyone” really mean everyone? How many people are digitally literate?
13. second claim on benefits of open data / ICT
• democracy: Open data allows you to re-invent the relationship
between rulers and ruled, between public service providers and citizens
— in favor of the latter (e.g., Tim O'Reilly, 2009; Maier-Rabler & Huber,
2011)
o Government/public administrations can offer an unbiased platform
where all actors interact (government as a platform ... from Donald
Kettle's "vending machine" to Eric Raymond's "Bazaar")
o everyone can monitor the actual conduct of the
Government/Administration
But some questions are left unresolved:
It is not clear whether we have enough or the right data to determine accountability
If there isn’t a first “authentic/explicit” interpretation of data will we actually know
which are the objectives of policies?
If there is no official info who will lead the citizen in choosing between alternatives?
Which groups are more active on the internet? How are vulnerable groups/territories
reaching out on the internet?
14. third claim on the benefits of open data / ICT
• effectiveness: Open data improves the services provided and
supports better policy decisions (e.g.,)
o It reduces the information asymmetry and citizens/businesses can
more easily report about the situation on the ground
o allows you to rebuild confidence between the parties and share
goals, and then to generate co-operative behaviors between policy
makers and policy beneficiaries
o dissemination, extreme detail and speed of information facilitates
coordination among the various policy actors
o it can provide valuable data for informing the choices of citizens and
economic operators
o You can create a stronger pressure towards results
however: is voice enough to identify policies "that work“? how to deal with moral
hazard? How to select among all the information available?
15. opportunities for evaluation
o increased availability of (often free!) data on the programs, projects or
services that you want to evaluate
o possibility to have many more reviews from many more evaluators
(since they all have the same chances to have access to crucial data)
o open government data is changing the way to collect and make
available data on social phenomena (e.g., urban decor, environment,
crime)
o and it pushes the observation of social phenomena towards more
detailed territorial level (using more administrative archives and fewer
samples/estimates)
MORE ?
16. challenges for evaluations
• Input data overwhelm the discourse already
• Government-produced information on programs, projects and services are not
necessarily sufficient for the assessment of effects ..
• Open government data can only concern secondary data (created or collected or
archived by public sector for its purposes)
• Difficulties in discerning sense, reliability, biases in primary data—not exactly new
issues, but with NEW technical features and at a (potentially) much larger scale
• Judgment criteria multiply exponentially
• Speaking truth to power has a new meaning: main client is not anymore public sector
but the public
• Independence becomes a must: reputation vis-à-vis the masses, not only the policy or
professional community
• Quality control not only Steering Groups or advisory groups but the collective
intelligence
Evaluation needs primary data
17. challenges for evaluators
• Skills
• Demand: will open data stimulate demand for evaluation? Or will the
availability of multiple analyses fulfill the need for evaluation—in a
time of shrinking resources?
• Status
18. expert, non-expert, and differently-
expert scrutiny
o how is the data going to be interpreted now that everyone is
legitimated to do it?
o Myriads of analyses and new “evaluators”
Who needs to pay an evaluator when there are thousands of self-
appointed analysts?
Where do we acquire the new skills?
19. New frontiers
• opportunities opened by the ability to conjure collective intelligence in
evaluation processes--using concepts already developed in the
participation tradition
• evaluators also now have new tools to gather information, which can
change the relationship with what is observed or evaluated
• Evaluation as expert knowledge, as an application of methods by
“evaluators”, questioned.
• Clearer what has always been there:
• evaluation is one among many practices of public scrutiny,
• New, different expertise come into the play-field
• People with no voice & power can have their say.