An introduction to the electronic open and collaborative governance for the summer school participants, aiming to provide background knowledge. Euripidis Loukis, University of the Aegean, Greece

1. Electronic, Open and
Collaborative Governance
An Overview
Dr Euripidis N. Loukis
Professor
University of the Aegean
Department of Information and Communication
Systems Engineering

2. Introduction
 In the sessions of the Samos Summit 2018 and in the
Summer School lectures,
 there have been/will be many interesting presentations of
mainly some novel/emerging types of information
systems (IS)
 government agencies
 which are currently under development or have started
being used in the daily work of them
 = NEW E-GOVERNMENT
 However, they currently represent a small part of ICT
usage and ICT budgets of government agencies

3. Introduction
 Most of the ICT usage/budgets in government agencies, and
most of the time spent by ICT professionals and ICT
management, concern some traditional types of IS
 = TRADITIONAL E-GOVERNMENT,
 So it is important to have a global overview - picture of the
e-government domain, of the main areas of it
 internal efficiency IS, transactions with citizens/firms IS,
transparency/consultation IS, public policy formulation IS
 the various traditional or novel types of government IS each
area includes.
 This is the objective of this lecture, and is very useful, as it
allows connecting the presentations you will attend,
 and connect each of them to a specific area of e-government
domain and a specific type of government IS

4. Introduction
 Also having a global overview-picture of the e-government
domain = areas+types of government IS each area includes
 enables you to evaluate the usage/exploitation of ICT in a
specific government agency
 = to what extent it has developed IS for each area of e-
government domain and for each type of government IS
 or to make a strategic plan of future ICT exploitation and
ICT investment in a specific government agency
 = what IS we should build next for each area of e-
government domain and for each type of government IS
 Usually a balanced mix of both traditional and new type of
IS

5. Introduction
E-GOVERNMENT
Internal
Efficiency
IS
Citizens/Firms
Transactions
IS
Citizens/Firms
Transparency
Consultations
IS
Public Policy
Formulation
IS

6. Agenda
 Government: our main target
 Definitions
 Types of private sector IS
 Types of government IS - evolution
 Adoption - Diffusion

7. Government
 Government has an important role to play in modern
society and economy
 The extent and content of this role is a topic of a big
debate at the academic level and at the political level,
 and varies between political ideologies:
 Conservative (Republican): limited role of government
 Social-democrat (Liberal): stronger role of government
 However, it is widely recognized that government has
some very important roles to play – duties to perform,
 which are critical for the society and the economy:

8. Government– Create laws and other types of rules for the behavior of persons
and firms, so that they do not cause problems to others
– Apply and enforce them (through auditing-controls, penalties,
licenses for some important activities, etc.)
– Provide some important services (e.g. national defense,
security/policing, justice, health, education, pensions, protect the
environment, etc.)
– Create and operate critical infrastructures (e.g. roads)
– Redistribute income from richer citizens to citizens to poorer ones
(especially to citizens who cannot afford basic needs), or who are
in very difficult situations (e.g. unemployed)
 In order to perform the above duties government has to
conduct two types of activities:
 design activities (= DECIDE WHAT WE SHOULD DO =
formulate policies - design services)
 execute activities (= IMPLEMENT=operations/transactions)

9. Government – policy making
• A public policy (for addressing a need of citizens, or
solving a problem of them) include:
• laws + rules,
• services provision,
• building and operating infrastructures
• The design of public policies for addressing the complex
needs and problems of modern societies is a very difficult
task,
• since the problems of societies have become more
complex
• and societies became more heterogeneous and pluralistic
in terms of culture, values, concerns and lifestyles
•  different groups with different views of the problem
and different needs and objectives

10. Government – operations
• Government operations: transactions with citizens’ and firms
• Applications for services and licenses, tax statements, need for
internal processing of them
• Usually they are complex: long and complicated processes,
using many documents (some of them issued by other public
organizations)
• Numerous employees (public servants), high costs, delays
• For citizens/firms: spending time and money, inconvenience, c
complaints
• ICT has been initially used for supporting and transforming
internal operations (=lower sophistication activities),
• then transactions, and dialogues/consultation (= medium
sophistication activities)
• and recently for policy making + decision making (=higher
sophistication activities)

11. Government Activities
GOVERNMENT AGENCY
Design of Policies
Internal Operations
Citizens/Firms
Needs and Problems
Citizens/Firms
Applications
(for Licences/Services)

12. Electronic (Digital) Government
 = The use of ICT in order to automate and support the internal
works of government agencies (=operations +policy making), as
well as their interaction with their external environment
(citizens and firms they serve
 interaction = transactions + dialogue/consultation
 While initially ICT are used in order to automate and support
the existing internal works (=operations +policy making), as
well as ways of external interaction of government agencies
=SUPPORTIVE USE OF ICT,
 gradually they realize that much more benefits can be gained if
we use ICT in order to transform and improve internal work
methods, processes as well as ways of external interaction (e.g.
replace serial with parallel processing, abolish certificates from
other agencies)

13. Electronic (Digital) Governance
 = TRANSFORMATIVE (INNOVATIVE) USE OF ICT
 This is called ‘Electronic (Digital) Governance
 = The use of ICT in order to transform the internal work
methods and processes of government agencies, as well as the
ways of interaction (= ways of making transactions +
dialogue/consultation) with their external environment (= the
citizens and firms they serve).
 This happens with all new technologies (both in the private and
the public sector):
 initially they are used in order to automate or support existing
work methods, processes, products, services,
 and latter (as we learn each technology better) they are used in
order to transform/innovate - improve work methods, processes,
products, services = DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION

14. Electronic (Digital) Government/Governance
 We can distinguish three main generations in it:
 E-GOVERNMENT/e-GOVERNANCE 1.0
 = use of ICT in order to automate/support/transform the internal
works/processes of government agencies, as well as the
transactions of citizens/firms with it (e.g. enable transactions
not F2F but through the Internet)
 E-GOVERNMENT/e-GOVERNANCE 2.0
 = use of ICT in order to automate/support/transform the bi-
directional communication of government agencies and
dialogue/consultation with citizens/firms (e.g. through the
Internet and recently the Social Media)
 E-GOVERNMENT/e-GOVERNANCE 3.0 (emerging)
 = use of ICT in order to automate/support/transform the policy
making - decision making in government agencies

15. Electronic (Digital) Government/Governance
 Policy Informatics (= use of ICT for assisting policy and in
general decision making)
 Policy Analytics ( = use of advanced modelling techniques
from statistics, artificial intelligence, etc. for assisting policy
and in general decision making)
 Furthermore, this new generation of e-government /e-
governance 3.0 focuses on the exploitation of some new
‘disruptive’ ICT (= having the potential to change a lot)
 Internet of Things (IoT), big data, business analytics, data
mining, artificial intelligence, distributed ledger technologies
and blockchain, gamification, and societal simulation,
 for policy making and decision making = for the highly
sophisticated activities of government agencies
 as well as for the lower sophistication activities (such as the
transactions with citizens/firms, e.g. for personalization, or the
internal operations, e.g. for detection of fraud or tax evasion)

16.  islands of automation (unconnected applications, such
as general ledger, payrol)
 functional IS (support firm’s main functions: financial
management, sales, procurement, production)
 enterprise resource planning - ERP
 E-sales IS
 E-procurement IS
 customer relationships management – CRM
 supply chain management – SCM
 decision support systems (DSS) – data warehouses –
data mining – business analytics
Types of IS in private sector

17. Types of IS in private sector - ERP

18.  IS for central management of firm’s social media
accounts
 IS for central monitoring of interesting external social
media accounts (e.g. various blogs where discussions
of interest take place concerning the types of
products/services produced by the firm)
 which are also called reputation management IS
Types of IS in private sector

19. Types of IS in Government
• IS for automating – supporting - transforming its internal operations
(reducing employees required, costs, time)  INTERNAL IS
• for enabling transactions with citizens – firms through the Internet
 E-TRANSACTION IS
• Electronic one-stop shops
• IS for the procurement of good and services  E-PROCUREMENT
• E-GOVERNMENT/E-GOVERNANCE 1.0 (Managerial Approach)
• IS for communication/consultation with various stakeholders –
citizens’ groups during the design of public policies  E-
PARTICIPATION IS
• latter using the social media for understanding better citizens’ needs
and problems, and cooperating with them for the design of public
policies, exploiting their knowledge, proposals, ideas and creativity
 SOCIAL MEDIA EXPLOITATION IS

20. Types of IS in Government
• Social Media Management IS - Active Crowd-sourcing IS
• External Social Media Monitoring IS - Passive Crowd-
sourcing IS – filtering capabilities – passive Expert-sourcing
• Open Government Data IS (opening government data to
citizens e.g. firms/sectors/regions financial data, pollution,
accidents, crime, accidents, education, health, weather,
agricultural production, tourism), in order to be used for
scientific, political and commercial (=new electronic
services and apps) purposes
• E-GOVERNMENT 2.0 (Participatory Approach)

21. E-Transactions IS

22. Electronic One Stop Shops
• Development of advanced composite e-government transaction
services of ‘electronic one-stop shop’ type,
• which enable citizens/firms to conduct electronically many
different transactions
• with multiple government agencies
• required for specific ‘life-events’
• e.g. birth of a child, buying a car, or moving to another area for a
citizen, or creation of a new firm, expansion of a firm, etc.

23. Open Government Directive
• Extensively debated and highly influential ‘Open
Government Directive’ of USA
• Basic Principles: transparency, participation of citizens
and collaboration with them.
• As all of them can be greatly facilitated and supported by
ICT (and especially the Internet),
• this growing open government trend has strengthened
further the interest in and also the practical application
• of the participatory approach to e-government

24. Active Crowd-sourcing IS

25. Passive Crowd-sourcing IS

26. Types of IS in Government
• Internal IS (Integrated IS – ERP model)
• E-Transactions IS (e-commerce model)
• Electronic One Stop Shops (Interoperability)
• E-Procurement IS
------------------------------- e-government 1.0
• E-Participation IS
• Social Media Management IS
• External Social Media Monitoring IS
• Open Government Data IS
------------------------------ e-government 2.0
• Modeling and Simulation IS  public policy and decision making
• IoT smart cities IS (pollution, traffic, etc. sensors in the city –
connected with a central system and transmitting data)  policy
making, short term decision making, services to citizens

27. Technology Acceptance
Model (Davis)
 The intention to use a new technology (e.g. a new
type of IS) and its actual use,
 is determined mainly by two characteristics of it:
 its perceived ‘ease of use’ (= the degree to which
potential users believe that using it would require
minimal effort)
 and its perceived ‘usefulness’ (= the degree to
which potential users believe that using it will
enhance their job performance)

28. Diffusion of Innovations
Theory (Roger’s)
Characteristic Definition
Relative Advantage The degree to which an innovation is perceived as better
than the idea, work practice or object it supersedes
Compatibility The degree to which an innovation is perceived as being
consistent with the existing values, past experiences, and
needs of potential adopters
Complexity The degree to which an innovation is perceived as difficult
to understand, implement and use
Trialability The degree to which an innovation may be experimented
with on a limited scale basis
Observability The degree to which the results of an innovation are visible
to others