For Complete Learning- http://www.thelearnet.com/
UNIT I
Introduction Concepts: Goals and Applications of Networks, Network structure and architecture, The OSI reference model, services, Network Topology Design, connecting devices,
Physical Layer: Transmission Media, Line coding scheme, Basic idea of modulation and multiplexing, Switching methods.
Medium Access sub layer: Medium Access sub layer - Channel Allocations, LAN protocols - ALOHA protocols, CSMA, CSMA/CD, Overview of IEEE standards
UNIT II
Data Link Layer: HDLC and point to point protocol, Error detection and correction, Flow control (sliding window protocol)
Network Layer: Network Layer –IP addressing, Internetworking, Address mapping, introduction to IPv6, transition from IPv4 to IPv6, routing.
UNIT III
Transport Layer: Transport Layer - Design issues, connection management, Flow control, TCP window management, congestion control-slow start algorithm
Session Layer: Design issues, remote procedure call.
Presentation Layer: Design issues, Data compression techniques, cryptography
Application Layer: Application Layer: File Transfer, Access and Management, Electronic mail, Virtual Terminals
For Complete Learning- http://www.thelearnet.com/
UNIT I
Introduction Concepts: Goals and Applications of Networks, Network structure and architecture, The OSI reference model, services, Network Topology Design, connecting devices,
Physical Layer: Transmission Media, Line coding scheme, Basic idea of modulation and multiplexing, Switching methods.
Medium Access sub layer: Medium Access sub layer - Channel Allocations, LAN protocols - ALOHA protocols, CSMA, CSMA/CD, Overview of IEEE standards
UNIT II
Data Link Layer: HDLC and point to point protocol, Error detection and correction, Flow control (sliding window protocol)
Network Layer: Network Layer –IP addressing, Internetworking, Address mapping, introduction to IPv6, transition from IPv4 to IPv6, routing.
UNIT III
Transport Layer: Transport Layer - Design issues, connection management, Flow control, TCP window management, congestion control-slow start algorithm
Session Layer: Design issues, remote procedure call.
Presentation Layer: Design issues, Data compression techniques, cryptography
Application Layer: Application Layer: File Transfer, Access and Management, Electronic mail, Virtual Terminals
This presentation briefly describes the different types of computer networks along with their advantages and disadvantages and comparison between them.
A computer network, or data network, is a digital telecommunications network which allows nodes to share resources. In computer networks, computing devices exchange data with each other using connections (data links) between nodes. These data links are established over cable media such as wires or optic cables, or wireless media such as WiFi.
The term network is defined as a set of computers of different types, terminals, telephones, and other communication equipments, connected by data communication links, which allow the network components to work together. The network components may be located within a small area or spread over many remote locations. In any case, data communications hold the network together.
The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model) is a conceptual model that characterizes and standardizes the communication functions of a telecommunication or computing system without regard to its underlying internal structure and technology. Its goal is the interoperability of diverse communication systems with standard protocols. The model partitions a communication system into abstraction layers. The original version of the model defined seven layers.
Packet Tracer is a cross-platform visual simulation tool designed by Cisco Systems that allows users to create network topologies and imitate modern computer networks. The software allows users to simulate the configuration of Cisco routers and switches using a simulated command line interface. Packet Tracer makes use of a drag and drop user interface, allowing users to add and remove simulated network devices as they see fit.
A computer network is a group of computers linked to each other that enables the computer to communicate with another computer and share its resources, data, and applications.
A computer network can be categorized by its size. A computer network is mainly of four types:
Computer Network Types
LAN(Local Area Network)
PAN(Personal Area Network)
MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)
WAN(Wide Area Network)
is a lesson about computer network that is the development EngAbdirahman Hassan Nour of students IT university Golis of Berbera to receive an assignment of the PPT 21Slide...
This file is about the networking system. All the theory and pictures of Networking with complete detail. Like and share it
Thank you so much for your Kindness
#Faisal Shahzad Khan
What is Networking?
A computer network is defined as the interconnection of two or more computers. It is done to enable the computers to communicate and share available resources.
Application:
• Sharing of resources such as printer.
• Sharing of expensive software's and database.
• Communication from one computer to another computer.
• Exchange of data and information among users via network.
• Sharing of information over geographically wide areas.
This is the basic study lesson in Theosophy:
The Theosophical Society was officially formed in New York City, United States, in November 1875 by Helena Blavatsky, Henry Steel Olcott, William Quan Judge and others.
* To form a nucleus of the universal brotherhood of humanity without distinction of race, creed, sex, caste, or colour.
* To encourage the study of comparative religion, philosophy, and science.
* To investigate the unexplained laws of nature and the powers latent in man.
Theosophical Society in the Philippines
No. 1 Iba St. corner P. Florentino St.
Quezon City (near Welcome Rotonda)
Tel. No: (02) 741 -5740
Mobile: 0927.403.49.83
Please LIKE our PAGE
https://www.facebook.com/Students.of.Theosophy
Follow-us on TWITTER
https://twitter.com/theosophy101
This presentation briefly describes the different types of computer networks along with their advantages and disadvantages and comparison between them.
A computer network, or data network, is a digital telecommunications network which allows nodes to share resources. In computer networks, computing devices exchange data with each other using connections (data links) between nodes. These data links are established over cable media such as wires or optic cables, or wireless media such as WiFi.
The term network is defined as a set of computers of different types, terminals, telephones, and other communication equipments, connected by data communication links, which allow the network components to work together. The network components may be located within a small area or spread over many remote locations. In any case, data communications hold the network together.
The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model) is a conceptual model that characterizes and standardizes the communication functions of a telecommunication or computing system without regard to its underlying internal structure and technology. Its goal is the interoperability of diverse communication systems with standard protocols. The model partitions a communication system into abstraction layers. The original version of the model defined seven layers.
Packet Tracer is a cross-platform visual simulation tool designed by Cisco Systems that allows users to create network topologies and imitate modern computer networks. The software allows users to simulate the configuration of Cisco routers and switches using a simulated command line interface. Packet Tracer makes use of a drag and drop user interface, allowing users to add and remove simulated network devices as they see fit.
A computer network is a group of computers linked to each other that enables the computer to communicate with another computer and share its resources, data, and applications.
A computer network can be categorized by its size. A computer network is mainly of four types:
Computer Network Types
LAN(Local Area Network)
PAN(Personal Area Network)
MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)
WAN(Wide Area Network)
is a lesson about computer network that is the development EngAbdirahman Hassan Nour of students IT university Golis of Berbera to receive an assignment of the PPT 21Slide...
This file is about the networking system. All the theory and pictures of Networking with complete detail. Like and share it
Thank you so much for your Kindness
#Faisal Shahzad Khan
What is Networking?
A computer network is defined as the interconnection of two or more computers. It is done to enable the computers to communicate and share available resources.
Application:
• Sharing of resources such as printer.
• Sharing of expensive software's and database.
• Communication from one computer to another computer.
• Exchange of data and information among users via network.
• Sharing of information over geographically wide areas.
This is the basic study lesson in Theosophy:
The Theosophical Society was officially formed in New York City, United States, in November 1875 by Helena Blavatsky, Henry Steel Olcott, William Quan Judge and others.
* To form a nucleus of the universal brotherhood of humanity without distinction of race, creed, sex, caste, or colour.
* To encourage the study of comparative religion, philosophy, and science.
* To investigate the unexplained laws of nature and the powers latent in man.
Theosophical Society in the Philippines
No. 1 Iba St. corner P. Florentino St.
Quezon City (near Welcome Rotonda)
Tel. No: (02) 741 -5740
Mobile: 0927.403.49.83
Please LIKE our PAGE
https://www.facebook.com/Students.of.Theosophy
Follow-us on TWITTER
https://twitter.com/theosophy101
FX Hedging at Risk in New FASB Exposure DraftHedgeTrackers
Recently, the FASB staff disclosed that the 2008 Exposure Draft language prohibiting hedging of intercompany transactions that eliminate in consolidation are scheduled for inclusion in the redline version of the exposure draft. The redline version has been delayed and is now due out at the end of August though the comment letter period has not been extended and the deadline remains at September 30th. For more info visit www.hedgetrackers.com.
Emerging Trends in Corporate Finance - Foreign Currency Hedging - Part - 11Resurgent India
Foreign currency hedging is an important tool leveraged by corporates to overcome the negative impact of price volatility in the global financial markets. Hedging helps corporates with foreign currency exposure to protect themselves from unfavorable fluctuations in exchange rates.
Fx Risk Exposure Of Asia Pacific BreweriesMeggiePhan
- Identifying the kind of risk APB face when going global.
- Evaluating their current itnernational risk management
- Providing recommendations for improvement
Academic course on Computer Network Chapter -1 for BCA, Tribhuwan University
** Applicable for other courses as well
Includes the Basic of Computer Network, Topologies, Types of Network
Summarize the purpose of a WAN and define what makes up a WAN connec.pdfFOREVERPRODUCTCHD
Summarize the purpose of a WAN and define what makes up a WAN connection.
Detail the types of devices used to establish and maintain a WAN connection and list some of the
more common WAN connection methods.
Discuss the differences between WAN and LAN connections, and who is responsible for
providing WAN connections.
Discuss how a modem handles digital information over analog signals.
Describe how to configure and setup remote access protocols.
What factors need careful consideration?
Solution
Remote Access Protocols
Remote access protocols square measure accustomed management the institution of connections
and therefore the transmission of information over WAN links. 3 varieties of remote access
protocols square measure supported by Windows Server 2003 remote access:
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP): AN industry-standard set of protocols providing the most
effective security, multi-protocol support and ability.
Serial Line net Protocol (SLIP): employed by older remote access servers. A Windows Server
2003 RAS server doesn\'t support SLIP dial-up connections.
Microsoft remote access protocol: additionally called Asynchronous NetBEUI (AsyBEUI) and is
employed by inheritance remote access purchasers, like Windows NT three.1, Windows for
Workgroups, DOS and computer network Manager purchasers.
LAN may be a electronic network that connects computers in tiny areas. WAN may be a network
that covers a broad space victimization personal or public network transports.
The terms {lan|local square measurea network|LAN|computer network} and WAN are usually
confusing for those that aren’t that school savvy. These square measure each connections that
permit users to attach their laptop to a network, as well as the web. computer network is brief for
native space Network, whereas WAN is brief for Wide space Network. These 2 disagree from
one another in distinct ways that. computer network may be a electronic network that connects
computers in tiny areas like home, office, school, corporation, etc. employing a network media.
it\'s helpful for sharing resources like printers, files, games, etc. A computer network network
includes a few of laptop systems connected to every alternative, with one system connected to a
router, electronic equipment or AN outlet for net access. The computer network network is made
victimization cheap technologies like local area network cables, network adapters and hubs.
However, alternative wireless technologies are obtainable to attach the pc through a wireless
access. so as to put together a computer network network, an individual might also need
specialised software system software system. the foremost widespread software system includes
the Microsoft Windows’ net affiliation Sharing (ICS), that permits users to make computer
network. distinction between computer network and WAN
Key Difference: computer network may be a electronic network that connects computers in tiny
areas. WAN may be a network that covers a broad space victimizat.
It elaborate about the network fundamentals like Computer networks, Network Devices, Network Topology, Types of Networks.
it helps to get start with computer network as a beginner.
happy learning : )
Business Valuation Principles for EntrepreneursBen Wann
This insightful presentation is designed to equip entrepreneurs with the essential knowledge and tools needed to accurately value their businesses. Understanding business valuation is crucial for making informed decisions, whether you're seeking investment, planning to sell, or simply want to gauge your company's worth.
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
www.seribangash.com
Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
Attending a job Interview for B1 and B2 Englsih learnersErika906060
It is a sample of an interview for a business english class for pre-intermediate and intermediate english students with emphasis on the speking ability.
Tata Group Dials Taiwan for Its Chipmaking Ambition in Gujarat’s DholeraAvirahi City Dholera
The Tata Group, a titan of Indian industry, is making waves with its advanced talks with Taiwanese chipmakers Powerchip Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation (PSMC) and UMC Group. The goal? Establishing a cutting-edge semiconductor fabrication unit (fab) in Dholera, Gujarat. This isn’t just any project; it’s a potential game changer for India’s chipmaking aspirations and a boon for investors seeking promising residential projects in dholera sir.
Visit : https://www.avirahi.com/blog/tata-group-dials-taiwan-for-its-chipmaking-ambition-in-gujarats-dholera/
VAT Registration Outlined In UAE: Benefits and Requirementsuae taxgpt
Vat Registration is a legal obligation for businesses meeting the threshold requirement, helping companies avoid fines and ramifications. Contact now!
https://viralsocialtrends.com/vat-registration-outlined-in-uae/
LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024Lital Barkan
Have you ever heard that user-generated content or video testimonials can take your brand to the next level? We will explore how you can effectively use video testimonials to leverage and boost your sales, content strategy, and increase your CRM data.🤯
We will dig deeper into:
1. How to capture video testimonials that convert from your audience 🎥
2. How to leverage your testimonials to boost your sales 💲
3. How you can capture more CRM data to understand your audience better through video testimonials. 📊
3.0 Project 2_ Developing My Brand Identity Kit.pptxtanyjahb
A personal brand exploration presentation summarizes an individual's unique qualities and goals, covering strengths, values, passions, and target audience. It helps individuals understand what makes them stand out, their desired image, and how they aim to achieve it.
RMD24 | Retail media: hoe zet je dit in als je geen AH of Unilever bent? Heid...BBPMedia1
Grote partijen zijn al een tijdje onderweg met retail media. Ondertussen worden in dit domein ook de kansen zichtbaar voor andere spelers in de markt. Maar met die kansen ontstaan ook vragen: Zelf retail media worden of erop adverteren? In welke fase van de funnel past het en hoe integreer je het in een mediaplan? Wat is nu precies het verschil met marketplaces en Programmatic ads? In dit half uur beslechten we de dilemma's en krijg je antwoorden op wanneer het voor jou tijd is om de volgende stap te zetten.
Putting the SPARK into Virtual Training.pptxCynthia Clay
This 60-minute webinar, sponsored by Adobe, was delivered for the Training Mag Network. It explored the five elements of SPARK: Storytelling, Purpose, Action, Relationships, and Kudos. Knowing how to tell a well-structured story is key to building long-term memory. Stating a clear purpose that doesn't take away from the discovery learning process is critical. Ensuring that people move from theory to practical application is imperative. Creating strong social learning is the key to commitment and engagement. Validating and affirming participants' comments is the way to create a positive learning environment.
Improving profitability for small businessBen Wann
In this comprehensive presentation, we will explore strategies and practical tips for enhancing profitability in small businesses. Tailored to meet the unique challenges faced by small enterprises, this session covers various aspects that directly impact the bottom line. Attendees will learn how to optimize operational efficiency, manage expenses, and increase revenue through innovative marketing and customer engagement techniques.
Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
of marketing resources. Formulating such competitive strategies fundamentally
involves recognizing relationships between elements of the marketing mix (e.g.,
price and product quality), as well as assessing competitive and market conditions
(i.e., industry structure in the language of economics).
RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
Retail media wordt gezien als het nieuwe advertising-medium en ook mediabureaus richten massaal retail media-afdelingen op. Merken die niet in de betreffende winkel liggen staan ook nog niet in de rij om op de retail media netwerken te adverteren. Marvin belicht de uitdagingen die er zijn om echt aansluiting te vinden op die markt van non-endemic advertising.
Kseniya Leshchenko: Shared development support service model as the way to ma...Lviv Startup Club
Kseniya Leshchenko: Shared development support service model as the way to make small projects with small budgets profitable for the company (UA)
Kyiv PMDay 2024 Summer
Website – www.pmday.org
Youtube – https://www.youtube.com/startuplviv
FB – https://www.facebook.com/pmdayconference
35. IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) Protocol testing<br />In general, protocol testers work by capturing the information exchanged between a Device under Test (DUT) and a reference device known to operate properly. In the example of a manufacturer producing a new keyboard for a personal computer, the Device under Test would be the keyboard and the reference device, the PC.<br />Network Architecture<br />I<br />n computing, network architecture is the design of a computer network.The design principles, physical configuration, functional organization, operational procedures, and data formats used as the bases for the design, construction, modification, and operation of a communications network. The structure of an existing communications network, including the physical configuration, facilities, operational structure, operational procedures, and the data formats in use. It outlines the products and services required in data communication networks. <br />Browsing<br />w<br />eb browser is a software application which enables a user to display and interact with text, images, videos, music, games and other information typically located on a Web page at a website on the World Wide Web or a local area network. Text and images on a Web page can contain hyperlinks to other Web pages at the same or different website. Web browsers allow a user to quickly and easily access information provided on many Web pages at many websites by traversing these links. Web browsers format HTML information for display, so the appearance of a Web page may differ between browsers.<br />Therefore, Browing is nothing but surfing the webpapes located on the world wide web using a web browser.<br />Some of the Web browsers currently available for personal computers include Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Safari, Netscape, Opera, Avant Browser, Konqueror, Google Chrome, Flock, Arachne, Epiphany, K-Meleon and AOL Explorer. Web browsers are the most commonly used type of HTTP user agent. Although browsers are typically used to access the World Wide Web, they can also be used to access information provided by Web servers in private networks or content in file systems.<br />Protocols and standards<br />Web browsers communicate with Web servers primarily using HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol) to fetch webpages. HTTP allows Web browsers to submit information to Web servers as well as fetch Web pages from them. The most commonly used HTTP is HTTP/1.1, which is fully defined in RFC 2616. HTTP/1.1 has its own required standards that Internet Explorer does not fully support, but most other current-generation Web browsers do.<br />Pages are located by means of a URL (uniform resource locator, RFC 1738 ), which is treated as an address, beginning with http: for HTTP access. Many browsers also support a variety of other URL types and their corresponding protocols, such as gopher: for Gopher (a hierarchical hyperlinking protocol), ftp: for FTP (file transfer protocol), rtsp: for RTSP (real-time streaming protocol), and https: for HTTPS (an SSL encrypted version of HTTP).<br />The file format for a Web page is usually HTML (hyper-text markup language) and is identified in the HTTP protocol using a MIME content type. Most browsers natively support a variety of formats in addition to HTML, such as the JPEG, PNG and GIF image formats, and can be extended to support more through the use of plugins. The combination of HTTP content type and URL protocol specification allows Web page designers to embed images, animations, video, sound, and streaming media into a Web page, or to make them accessible through the Web page.<br />Early Web browsers supported only a very simple version of HTML. The rapid development of proprietary Web browsers led to the development of non-standard dialects of HTML, leading to problems with Web interoperability. Modern Web browsers support a combination of standards- and defacto-based HTML and XHTML, which should display in the same way across all browsers. No browser fully supports HTML 4.01, XHTML 1.x or CSS 2.1 yet. Currently many sites are designed using WYSIWYG HTML generation programs such as Adobe Dreamweaver or Microsoft FrontPage. Microsoft FrontPage often generates non-standard HTML by default, hindering the work of the W3C in developing standards, specifically with XHTML and CSS (cascading style sheets, used for page layout). Dreamweaver and other more modern Microsoft HTML development tools such as Microsoft Expression Web and Microsoft Visual Studio conform to the W3C standards.<br />Some of the more popular browsers include additional components to support Usenet news, IRC (Internet relay chat), and e-mail. Protocols supported may include NNTP (network news transfer protocol), SMTP (simple mail transfer protocol), IMAP (Internet message access protocol), and POP (post office protocol). These browsers are often referred to as Internet suites or application suites rather than merely Web browsers.<br />Web search Engine<br />A<br /> Web search engine is a search engine designed to search for information on the World Wide Web. Information may consist of web pages, images, information and other types of files. Some search engines also mine data available in news books, databases, or open directories. Unlike Web directories, which are maintained by human editors, search engines operate algorithmically or are a mixture of algorithmic and human input.<br /> Before there were search engines there was a complete list of all web servers. The list was edited by Tim Berners-Lee and hosted on the CERN web server. As more and more web servers went online the central list could not keep up. On the NCSA Site new servers were announced under the title quot;
What's New!quot;
but no complete listing existed any more. <br />The very first tool used for searching on the (pre-web) Internet was Archie. The first Web search engine was Wandex, a now-defunct index collected by the World Wide Web Wanderer, a web crawler developed by Matthew 1828800676275Gray at MIT in 1993. Another very early search engine, Aliweb, also appeared in 1993.<br />Search engines were also known as some of the brightest stars in the Internet investing frenzy that occurred in the late 1990s. Several companies entered the market spectacularly, receiving record gains during their initial public offerings. Some have taken down their public search engine, and are marketing enterprise-only editions, such as Northern Light. Many search engine companies were caught up in the dot-com bubble, a speculation-driven market boom that peaked in 1999 and ended in 2001.<br />Around 2000, the Google search engine rose to prominence. The company achieved better results for many searches with an innovation called PageRank. This iterative algorithm ranks web pages based on the number and PageRank of other web sites and pages that link there, on the premise that good or desirable pages are linked to more than others. Google also maintained a minimalist interface to its search engine. In contrast, many of its competitors embedded a search engine in a web portal.<br />By 2000, Yahoo was providing search services based on Inktomi's search engine. Microsoft first launched MSN Search (since re-branded Live Search) in the fall of 1998 using search results from Inktomi.As of late 2007, Google was by far the most popular Web search engine worldwide. A number of country-specific search engine companies have become prominent; for example Baidu is the most popular search engine in the People's Republic of China and guruji.com in India.<br />Web search engines work by storing information about many web pages, which they retrieve from the WWW itself. These pages are retrieved by a Web crawler (sometimes also known as a spider) — an automated Web browser which follows every link it sees. <br />Exclusions can be made by the use of robots.txt. The contents of each page are then analyzed to determine how it should be indexed (for example, words are extracted from the titles, headings, or special fields called meta tags). Data about web pages are stored in an index database for use in later queries. Some search engines, such as Google, store all or part of the source page (referred to as a cache) as well as information about the web pages, whereas others, such as AltaVista, store every word of every page they find. This cached page always holds the actual search text since it is the one that was actually indexed, so it can be very useful when the content of the current page has been updated and the search terms are no longer in it. <br />This problem might be considered to be a mild form of linkrot, and Google's handling of it increases usability by satisfying user expectations that the search terms will be on the returned webpage. This satisfies the principle of least astonishment since the user normally expects the search terms to be on the returned pages. Increased search relevance makes these cached pages very useful, even beyond the fact that they may contain data that may no longer be available elsewhere.<br />