This document discusses system engineering concepts and provides examples of different types of systems. It describes a generalized model of a system with inputs, processes, and outputs. It also discusses system control using feedback loops, hierarchical system structures, and techniques for handling complex systems. The document provides examples of different system types and classes. It proposes general models for different information systems and discusses managing systems after implementation.

1. CHAPTER 8: SYSTEM ENGINEERING:
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

2. CONTENTS
 System Concepts
 Examples of System
 Generalized model of System
 System control
 Types of System
 Hierarchical structure of System
 Handling System Complexity
 Classes of System
 General model of MIS
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3. System Concepts
 The word System is used in day to day in life with describing the subjects
for example education system, business system etc
 System provides a meaningful framework for describing and
undertanding the functions and features of subjects
 System is defined as a set of elements arranged in an orferly manner to
accomplish an objective
 System is always deigned to fulfill a perticular task with special objectives
for example Student information System will give complete detail of
student.
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4. Examples Of System
Systems Elements Objective
Computer Input, Process and output Process data and provide
devices, OS information
,Compilers ,Packages etc
Accounting Financial transactions, Process the transactions
Accounting principles and and produce monthly
rules, Transaction books of account and
processing methods and information about financial
tools. management
Business Organization People , Plant and Produce goods and
Machinery, Product and services to achieve the
services,Communications business objectives of
,Transport and Material Service, Turnover and
profits.
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5. Generalized Model of System
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
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6. System Control
 First control is regarding measuring output of system
 Then set standard of the output as an index as system performance
 If the measurement of output is not according to plan then feedback
provided to system and stop the operations
 This process take place in comparison unit
 Mechanism which provide a signal to system about quality, performance
is called feedback mechanism
 The process of measuring output, comparing with standard, Sending
signal to the corrective unit and corrective unit active according to it is
called control.
 It is done threw this diagram
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7. Control System Model
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
SENSOR
Channel Of
CORRECTIVE COMPARISION
UNIT Feedback UNIT
STANDARD
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8. MIS and System Control
System Components Business System MIS
Inputs Rawmaterials,plant,manuefact Data from purchase,
uring,selling,accounting production and sales,
receipt and payments
Process Purchasing,manufacturing,selli Transaction processing
ng.acccounting. and data processing
Outputs Quality of Computation of production
production,Sales,Stock,Incom in numbers,sales in
e and profit. value,stocks in
weight,income and profit in
rupees
Sensor Profit Income less assigned post
Comparison unit Expectation profit vs Actual Income vs Budgeted
income
Standard Profit, Target Budgeted profits of
various products
Feedback Balance sheet and Analysis Expectation reports
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Corrective Unit MD and Business decision Decisions of marketing

9. Types of System
 A system is defined and determined by its boundaries and objectives
 System is an arrangement of smaller system in logical order where many
smaller system together make a larger system.
 A large system can be spilicit or decomposed into subsystems up to a
certain level.
 The system can be classified in different categories based on
predictability of its output and the output is known with certainty
 Some Examples are:
- Determistic vs Probabilistic
- Open vs Closed System
- System vs Subsystem
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10. Types Of System
 Here is example of Sub Systems
Bill Processing
System
Preparation of
Collating Bill Amount Cheque and
Collecting Bill
To goods payable payment
Bill Compute Compute Finance
Bill Bill
Auditing Gross Taxes and
Security Booking Security Accounting
Amount duties
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11. Handling System Compexity
 There are some methods used to deal with system complexity which are
- Identify the subsystems which have together for the function ‘cohesion’
- Form cluster of these subsystems and identify interconnection of this
cluster
- Form cluster of the remaining subsystems
- Connect the cluster with interface
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12. System Efficiency and Effectiveness
 The performance can measured 2 ways the efficiency and effectiveness
 The efficiency indicates manner in which inputs are used by the system
 The effectiveness is the measure of deciding whether a system provide a
proper output or not.
 A system has to be effective and efficient for the highest utility of the
system
 The effectiveness I measured goodness of output
 Efficiency is a measured a productivity of system
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13. Post Implementation Problems of system
 There are lots of problem occurs after system has implemented
successfully so to navigate this problem following steps has to be taken
- A periodic review of system
- User meeting to assess the current utility of the system and the level of
satisfaction
- Subjecting the system to an audit check threw the test data
- Running the system under audit trail
- Bringing out system modification
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14. Post Implementation Problems of system
 The key terms to handle the post implementation problems in system are:
- The core design must be comprehensive and flexible to undergo a quick
change
- The associated sub systems must be built under flexible design
The most successful way of handling these problems is to have a
business analyst in org provide proper information with decision making
authority to them.
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15. Classes of System
 MIS should Classifies systems in 5 ways
- Data processing System(DPS)
- Transaction Processing System(TPS)
- Application Processing System(APS)
- Business function processing System(BPS)
- Integrated Information Processing System(IPS)
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16. MODEL OF DPS
System Of Checking, Result
Input Validating Reports
Processing
Master Record Query
Files Files Processing
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17. MODEL OF TPS
Transaction TPS for Accuracy,
Data Files Completeness, Report or
Consistency, Document
Validity,
Decision for rejection
Or acceptance
Master Files
Display
Transaction Query
Transaction
Process Processing
Records
Algorithm
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18. MODEL OF APS
Application
Data Files APS for Verification, Report or
,Checking, Selecting Document
Rules and compute
formula
Master Files
Display
Application Query
Application
Process Processing
Records
Rules
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19. MODEL OF BPS
Application
APS for Verification, Future Mis
Data Files
,Checking, Selecting Report or
Rules and compute Document
formula
Transaction
Files
Display
System System Summary of Query
Process Result Result file Processing
Rules Files For DSS
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20. General Model Of MIS
Sourcing System Production System
Data Processing Query Processing
Transaction Processing
Process Exception Reporting
Application Processing Data base
DSS
System Processing
MIS Model
Or & packages
Integration
Other Systems
Bps,Aps etc
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21. General Model Of MIS
 The MIS is an arrangement of data processing and information systems in
an orderly manner to support the management in achieving the business
objectives
 Mis is designed to provide the information
 The performance of the mis design starts decaying in the post
implementation period
 Mis provide complete mechanism to bring back the system original
equilibrium
 Mis provide hierarchical structure for proper system implementation
 Mis provide complete overview of system and ability to access
 Mis is useful to measure performance of system and helpful to system
control
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